\/- 




HISTORT 



©F THE 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICit, 



WITH A 



4JGEOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX, 



AND A 



Cfironolofiical ^Tafjlc oi ^mxxnin. 

FOR THE USE OF 

FAMILIES AND SCHOOLS. 
BY FREDERICK BUTLER, A. M. 



THIRD REVISED AND IMPROVED EDITION- 



WETHERSFIELD : 

?UCUSn£D BY D£MINO & FrANCIS. 

1828. 







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DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT, SS. 
Be It remembered, Tiiat on tlic twentieth day of December, in 
L. IS. the fiftieth year of the Independence of the United Slates ot 
America, Doming & Francis, of the said district, have deposi- 
ted in this office tlie title of a Book, the rigrht whereof they claim as 
proprietors, in the words following, to wit ; 

•' A History of the United States of America, with a Geographical 
Appendix and a Chronological Table of Contents ; for the Use of Fam- 
ilies and Schools. By Frederick Butler, A. M." 

In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, en- 
titled *' An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the cop- 
ies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors ©f such 
copies, during the times therein mentioned." And also to the act en- 
titled " An act supplementary to an act, entitled, * An act for the en- 
couragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and 
books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times 
therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits thereef to the arts dl 
desjgnmg, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." 

CHARLES A. INGERSOLU^^^i^^lj^ ' 

Clerk of the District of Conneeticul- 
A true copT of Record, examined, and sealed by me, 
CHARLES A. INGERSOLL, 

Clerk of the District of Connecticut, 



..«''^' 



FRSFACE. 



The great and important uses of history are, to inform thr 
Hiind, enlarge and str-jngthen the understanding, and mend the 
heart. To effect these objects, the style, as well as the nar- 
rative, should be easy, chaste and interesting as possible, thft 
subject both useful and important, the arrangement clear and 
per-'picuons, and the facts indubitable. Under the influence 
of these impressions, the author commenced and has carried 
forwanl the work ; and to accomplish his purpose the more 
effectually, he has divided it mto the following parts, viz. 

Part I. commeitces the settlement of New England, and car- 
ries forward those stales, from their origin, down to the peace 
of 1763, because this confederacy was more immediately con- 
nected with the French and Indian wars, in Canada. 

Part n. embraces the history of the Middle and Southern 
states, from their origin down to the same period, because 
they were moieVnmediately connecter! with the French and 
Indian wars of the west, anrl the Spanish and Indian wars at 
the south. 

Part III. embraces the whole period of the revolutionary 
war, together with 'the causes that led to it. In this period 
the grand confederacy of the nation is first formed, and the 
history of the several states becomes national, and is carried 
forward therefrom, in their united capacity. 

Part IV. embraces the commencement and continuance of 
the federal government, together with the causes that led to 
and promoted the change in the old confederation. Also a 
succinct account of those measures, that were the immediate 
causes of national party, under Washington's administration ; 
with a general view of that, and the subsequent administra- 
tions ; the Indian wars ; war with France, and the Barbary 
powers ; a particular view ot the late war with England, and 
the causes that led to that war. Also, a chronological view 
of the rise and progress of those southern and western stales, 
that have grown up under the administration of the fedepai 
government, and become members of the federal union. 



PREFACE. 

The author has added, at the close of each part, remarks 
upon the manners and customs, religion, trade and commerce, 
arts and manufactures, agriculture, education, and wars, of 
that particular period. 

The work closes with an appendix, containing the declara- 
tion of independence, the old confederation, the new federal 
constitution, president Washington's farewell address, a brief 
geographical view of the United States, and a chronological 
table of contents. 

The author is fully persuaded that this is the only plan up- 
on which a clear and perspicuous view of the history of the 
United States can be exhibited ; and in the execution of his 
plan, he has endeavored to avoid all party interest, and to br 
governed entirely by the principles of candor and truth. 

In collecting and arranging the mateiials of this work, the 
author has endeavored to iSx as strong an impression upon the 
wise and virtuous institutions of our forefathers, civil reli- 
gious and literary, as the nature of things'would fairly war- 
rant, in order to enforce upon the minds of the rismg genera- 
tion, the necessity and importance of cultivating and preserv- 
ing pure religion and morals, so long as they wish to enjoy the 
benefits of free education and free government. The author 
has been the more urgent in this, because the work is de- 
signed immediately for the use of families and schools, to the 
heads of which, he begs leave to address himself, by saying, 
let the rising generation have every possible advantage to ac- 
quire a knowledge of history, that they may learn the prin- 
ciples upon which our free institutions are founded ; remem- 
bering that they are to become the guardians of all those pre 
eminent privileges that we enjoy, and that to them will b^ 
committed the destinies of this great and rising nation, 



INTRODUCTION. 

The discovery of Aoierica, may be considered as one of tl.ie 
most important events in the annals of man. It will ultimate- 
ly be productive of the j^reatest consequences to the world. 

In 1492, (,ibout two whole centuries 'after Goya had un- 
folded the secrets of magnetism, and taught the use ot the 
mariner's compass,) Christopher Columbus traversed the 
vast ocean of the Atlantic, and opened a new world to the 
family of man. This Genoese pilot was well skilled in the 
science of navigation, and well versed in the sciences of as- 
tronomy and geography, for that age ; and fully persuaded in 
his own mind, that a largo body of land must be situated in 
the recfions of the west, in order to give the earth that bal- 
ance, which was absolutely necessary, to preserve that equa- 
ble motion, which marked her ^diurnal rotation. To ascer- 
tain this fact, he formed the plan of exploring the Atlantic 
ocean, in quest of this unknown continent. To effect this, it 
became necessary to obtain ships, men, and money, and to 
procure them, he offered his services, iirst to the republic of 
Genoa, (his own country) where his scheme was treated as 
visionary, and disregarded ; he next offered his services to 
Portugal, but without success ; next to Spain, but without 
success ; he next sent his brother Bartholomew to tender his 
services to the king of England ; but his brother was ship- 
wrecked on his iiassage, which delayed the application for 
several years ; and when application was made to the king, 
(then Henry VII.) he gave no countenance to the adventure. 

Ferdinand, king of Spain, was deaf to the views of Colum- 
bus ; but Isabella, his queen, listened to his overture ; her 
capacious mind saw the force of his reasoning, caught the spir- 
it of the enterprise, and gave Columbus a gracious recep- 
tion ; she pawned her jewels to raise money for the occasion, 
and thus with the assistance of her husband, fitted out three 
small vessels ; gave Columbus the command ; and he set sail 
into the unknown regions of the west. To recount the perils 
of the voyage, the dangers of the seas, the mutiny of the sail- 
ors, their conflicting passions, that threatened his life, and 
pressed him to return ; the fatigues of anxious cares, sleepless 

1» 



vt INTRODUCTION. 

nights, and constant vvatchings, that distressed his mind, ami 
wasted his health, upon this long, this interesting voyage, 
would exceed the limits of this work. All these he endured 
with a steady eye to the great object before him ; and on the 
1 1th of October, 1492, he discovered land, that proved to be 
OQe of the Bahama islands, which he called San Salvador, (in 
allusion to his wonderful preservation) and after visiting the 
island of Hispaniola, he shipped on board several of the na- 
tives ; planted a little colony in the island, and returned to 
Spain. 

To relate the perils and distresses he endured, when over- 
taken by a violent storm, on his return to Spain ; to express 
the anxiety he felt, lest the knowledge of the new world 
should be buried with him, forever, in the tempestuous deep : 
or recount the joy that greeted his return to Spain, the hon- 
ors bestowed upon him by his benefiictress, and her illustri- 
ous piince, will exceed our limits ; suffice it to say, that the 
modesty with which Columbus disclosed his adventures, the 
riches of the west, and the character of the natives, drew up- 
on himself universrd admiration and applause. 

The outlines of the further adventures, which led to the 
discovery and settlement of the several parts of the New 
World, are given in a concise manner, in the following chrono- 
logical form : — 

tJolunbus made a second voyage, which proved unsuc- 
cessful, " A. D. ]49;> 

Made a third voyage, and discovered South America, 149S 

Americus Yespucius, under the patronage of the mer- 
chants of Seville, followed the track of Columbus ; touch- 
ed upon the continent of South America ; returned ; pub 
lished a pompous account of his- voyage and discoveries, 
and gave his name to the continent of America, 1499 

John Cabot, a Venecian, obtained a grant from Henry 
VII. of England, for foreign discoveries ; explored the 
coast of North America ; touched upon the coast of Lab- 
rador, and returned to England, 1496 

The next year he explored the whole extent of the 
American coast, from Davis' strait to Florida ; discover- 
ed Newfoundland, and returned to England, 1497 

Sebastian Cabot, (son of John Cabot) under Henry 
VII. pursued the adventures of his father ; visited New- 
foundland, and carried several natives to England, 1502 

Alvarez de Cabral, on his passage to India from Lisbon, 
(Portugal) discovered Brazil, 1500 



INTRODUCTION. vii 

Juan Leon, an adventurer from Porto Ricg, discover- 
ed Florida, gave it its name, and attempted a settlement, 161.3 

Terra Firma, (on tlie continent of South America,) 
was settled by Spain, 152(^ 

Cortez, the Spanish adventurer, conquered Mexico, 1521- 

The next adventurer was Stephen Gomez, a Spaniard, 
who explored the coast trom Florida to cape Race, lati- 
tude 46 degrees nortli, in search of a north-west passage 
to India, 152^. 

Pizarro, another Spanish adventurer, conquered 
Peru, 1540' 

Ferdinand de Soto, who had served under Cortes, in 
the conquest of i\lexico, sailed from the island of Cuba, 
with a mditary force of 900 men, and landed in Florida, 
in quest of the wealth of anotiier city of Mexico, 1539.'. 

He traversed the interior, through the Chickasaw 
country, crossed the Missij^sippi, and proceeded up Red 
river, a very considerable distance, where he died, at 
the end of three years. His troops returned to the Mis- 
sissippi, constructed such shipping as would convey them 
down the river, and thus returned to Cuba, under Alver- 
do, their leader, 1541;;- 

The Portuguese settled Brazil, 1549 

Francis I. king of France, made some efforts for dis- 
coveries in the n«w world, by John Verezano, a Floren- 
tine ; but he was lost in his second a(!venture, 1524 

Ten years after this, Francis I. made another effort, by 
James Q,uartier, vv'ho touched at Newfoundland ; discov- 
ered and gave name to the gulf of St. Lawrence, and 
made an unsuccessful attempt to lind a j)assage to China, 1534 

The next year he explored the St. Lawrence, up to 
the rapids ; wintered in the country, at a fort which he 
built on the isle of Orleans, and in the spring, carried 
several of the natives to France, 1630 

James Q,uartier pursued his adventures under the 
same patronage, to complete a settlement in Canada, or 
New-France, where he remained, at a place which he 
named Charlebdurg, about two years, and then retire(^ 
to Newfoundland, 154()r 

Francis I. sent out other adventurers to strengthen the 
settlements in Canada ; but they all fiiled, 1545 

About this time began the Newfoundland fisheries, 
which have since proved so profitable to the world. 



via 



mTRODtJCTIO>r 



The French, under Chittillon, made some further dis- 
coveries in East Florida, and attempted a settlement, 
irhich failed, 15^^ 

About this time, several French adventurers visited 
the coast, in quest of a passage to India, and returned to 
France. Commodore Ilibault was despatched from 
France, by the admiral Coligni, with two ships, to plant 
a colony in North America. He touched at Port Royal, 
(South Carolina) landed his men, built a fort, and called 
it Charles, where he left a colony of twenty or thirty 
men, under captain Albert and returned to France, 1564 

Commodore Loudonnier was sent out from France, 
with three ships, to plant a colony in Florida, and in June 
he built a fort on the river May, or St. Mary, where he 
}>lanted a colony of 100 men, and called it Carolina, in 
honor of Charles IX. 15t;6 

In Auo-ust folUwins;, commodore Rrbault arrived with 
a colony of French Huguenots, to strengthen the colony 
at Port Royal ; but they had mutined and butchered their 
captain, Albert, and were gone. 

In September of the same year, Pedro Melanges, a 
Spaniard, with six ships, by order of Philip H. his mas- 
ter, pursued Ribault, with his little colony, up the river, 
landed a strong force of 200 soldiers and 2600 planters, 
look his fort and colony, and put all to the sword, or hung 
ihem upon the trees. 

The next adventurer who visited the coast, was captain 
Frobisher, who sailed from England m quest of a north- 
west passage to Irvdia ; but being obstructed by the ice, 
he abandoned the enterprise, and returned to England, 157G 

This year sir Francis Drake doubled cape Horn, and 
discovered New Albion, upon the western coast, north of 
California. 

Queen Elizabeth granted letters patent to sir Hum- 
phrey Gilbert, for foreign discoveries, and in his adven- 
tures he touched at Newfoundland, and from thence to 
the continent, and took possession for the crown of Eng- 
land. He was lost in a storm, 15§3 

The coast of Virginia was discovered ; named after the 
virgin queen, and settled by 107 persons, near Roanoke, 
by sir Walter Raleigh, who sailed ander a commissien 
from queen Elizabeth. 1585 

4' . 



INTRODUCTION. *a 

The same year, this colony returned to E^ngland, with 
sir Francis Drake, ]58ti 

Sir Walter Raleigh sent out seven ships, with another 
colony, to the same settlement on the Koanoke, where 
they endured extreme hardships, and were in their turn, 
conveyed back to England, by sir Francis Drake, 158 7 

Sir Walter sent out governor White with a colony, to 
strengthen the rormer colony at Roanoke, with a charter, 
and a regular form of government ; but they were gone, 
and governor White left a colony of 1 15 at Koanoke, antl 
returned, 1500 

Governor White came over again, to recruit the little 
colony in Virgin!;^ ; but alas ! they had ail shared the fate 
of his former colony, and not a vestige of them remained, 1590 

With this colony, came out Manteo and I'owaye, two 
natives, who had been carried to England by former ad- 
venturers. The former was baptised in August, which 
is not only the first convert among the natives, but the 
first notice of any religious rite in all these numerous ad- 
ventures. At the same time, a daughter was born in the 
colony, of a Mrs. Dare, whom she called Virginia. This 
was the first christian birth in North America. 

A Spanish expedition under Juan de Fuca, was sent out 
from Mexico, to explore a north-west passage, who dis- 
covered the strait that bears his name, latitude 48 north, 
and returned. 159" 

In the reign of Henry IV. of France, an expedition sail- 
ed under De la Loche, consisting of convicts, to conquer 
and settle Canada. De la Loche landed forty on the isle 
of Sables, where they languished seven years, and then 
twelve returned to France, where they were pardoned, 
and received fifty crowns each, from the king, to recom- 
pense their sufferings, 1599 

This year, cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Eliza- 
beth Island, and Dover Cliff, were discovered by Bar- 
tholomew Gosnold, and thirty-tivo adventurers, who made 
an attempt to settle on Elizabeth Island ; but failed, and 
returned to England, JCQ^ 

At this time not one solitary English, French, or Dutch 
settlement had been permanently made, on the whole 
coast of North America, through the long period ©f ad- 
ventures, for 110 years. 

The English made two adventures to Virginia, and no| 



X INTRODUCTION. 

finding the third colony at Roanoke, and being roughly 
handled by the natives, they all returned to England, 160c^ 

The French began their settlement at Port Royal, on 
the bay of Fundy, -- 1604 

The English, under captain Weymouth, explored the 
coast of the Province oi' Maine ; made no settlement, but 
carried off several natives, and returned, 1605 

This year James I. divided Virginia into two colonies 
or districts, (for there was not a settlement in either) 
the southern was bounded on the 34th and 41st degrees of 
north latitude, and styled the first colony, and granted to 
ihe London Company. The northern or second colony, 
was included within the 38th and 45th degrees of north 
latitude, and granted to the Plymouth company, 1606 

Each of these companies consisted of a president and 
twelve assistants, to govern the affairs of the colonies ; 
with express prohibitions to settle within 100 miles of 
each other. 

The next year another colony commenced the settle- 
ment of Jamestown, on James river, under captain New- 
port, 1607 

This was the first permanent settlement planted in 
North America. 

The Plymouth company sent out admiral sir Rawley 
Gilbert, with 100 planters, to North Virginia, with cap- 
tain George Popham for their president. Admiral Gil- 
bert^touched at Sagadahoc (Kennebec) river ; landed 
forty-five men, with their president, and the rest return- 
ed to England. At the same time a company from St. 
Maloes, in France, founded Quebec, 1607 

The sufferings of the Sagadahoc colony ; the loss of 
their store-house, by fire, and of their president, induc- 
ed them to return to England, the next season, 1608 

The same year Ja nestown was burnt. 

This year the London company sent out supplies and a 
recruit of two hundred persons, to strengthen the colony 
at Jamestown, which now amounted to 500, 1608 — 9+ 

Admiral Somers, on his passage to America, with a part 
of this little fleet, was wrecked on one of the Bahama 
islands, and lost his ship ; but the crew and passengers 

t The same year the Rov. John Robinson removed with his flock, to 
Holland. 



# 



INTRODUCTION. _ xi 

were ail saved, and remained there until the next year^ 
when they were taken off by lord Delaware, on his pas- 
sage to Virginia.! 

The colony at Jamestown was now reduced to sixty, 
and had all embarked for England ; but meeting his lord- 
ship at the entrance of the bay, they were induced tore- 
turn with him and resume their settlement at Jamestown, 
June 10th, 1610 

Here commences the history of Virginia. 

This year sir Thomas Dale and sir Thomas Gates, sent 
out each 300 men, with cattle, swine, &c.^forthe settle- 
ment, 1611 

In the year 1607 — 8, captain Henry Hudson received 
a commission from king James I. for foreign adventure, 
and in the service of the East-India company, sailed in 
quest of a north- west passage, 1607 — 8 

In 1609, he left this service in disgust, and prosecuted 
his advtintures in the service of the Dutch. He entered 
North river, which he called by his own name, 1609 

This adventure gave rise to the Dutch settlement at 
New-Netherlands, 1613 

Conception bay, in the island of Newfoundland, was 
settled by John Gray, under a patent from king James, 1613 

This 3'ear captain Smith, with two ships, sailed to the 
coast of North Virginia, and took out wiih him, Tantum 
or Squantum, an Indian formerly carried to England, by 
captain Weymouth, in 1605. Captain Smith landed Tan- 
tum at cape Cod, and explored the Massachusetts bay, 
and returned to England m one vessel ; but left the oth- 
er with captain Hunt, who touched at Sagadahoc river, 
and decoyed on board twenty Indians, and carried them 
to Spain, where he sold them for j£2() each, as slaves, 1614 

This perfidious act proved highly prejudicial to the 
trade, hereafter. 

When captain Smith returned to England, he drew a 
chart of this coast, and called it New-England, which 
still continues. >.j- 

This year William Baffin, in search of a north-west %{j 

passage, discovered the bay that bears his name, 1616 

t By some it is understood that they built a vessel aod sailed for 
Jamestown, without the assistance «f lord Pelawait. 



xPi INTRODUCTION. 

About this time, a sweeping sickness among the natives, 
desolated the coast about Massachusetts bay, and the 
tribe of Patuxet was wholly destroyed. This prepared 
the way for the settlement of the Puritan colonv at New- 
Pi vmouth, * 1^^30 



HISTORY 
OF THE UNITED STA TESo 

PART 1. 
CHAPTER I. 

• OMMENCEHENT OF TUE SETTLEMENT OF \EW-EXGLAXD 

rLYMOUTH. 

THE commencement of the reformation in Eni^lantl, un 
tier John WickhiTo,in the 14th century; the rise ofthedisci 
pies of VVickhfte called Lollards ; their principles, their perse- 
cutions under Henry VHI. ; the bloody reign of queen Mary, 
und the succeeding reigns ; their flight to Germany and Swit- 
zerland ; the refinement of their principles and modes of 
worship under the advice of John Calvin, the great apostle 
of Switzerland, which gave to their church the title or name 
of puritan ; their return to England in the reign of queen Eli- 
zabeth ; their persecutions in the reign of James the 1st ; 
their flight to Holland, in the year 1608, under the pious John 
Robinson, their pastor, are all faithfully recorded in Neal's 
history of the puritans, and in Hume's history of England. 

Let us now accompany a part of this flock to the wilds of 
America, and witness how God rolls on the successive events 
»f his providence, to accomplish his purposes and designs. 

Twelve years this little flock enjoyed their religion io 
peace among their brethren in Holland ; but the abuses oi 
the Sabbath, together with the confusion of business, and the 
general character of the Dutch, rendered their residence irk- 
some ; they therefore resolved to make one more eftort to 
find a retreat, where they might enjoy the religion of their 
hearts in peace. To effect this, they turned their attentiea 
to the shores of North America, 

They sent their agents to England to negociate v?ith the 
London company, who were at that time making efforts fvv 
the settlement of Virginia, and obtained a patent for tkeir ar 



14 HISTORY OF THE 

commodation, 1619.t In July, 1620, a part of Mr. Robin- 
son's congregation tore themselves from theirbeloved pastor 
and friends, and embarked for England, where they landed to 
complete the preparations for their voyage. 

In August they embarked at Southampton, and set sail for 
America ; but were constrained to return on account of the 
leakiness of one of their vessels On the 6th of September, 
they took their departure from Plymouth, and on the 18th of 
November came to anchor in the harbor of cape Cod. 

Their object was to join the Dutch colony at Manhattan, at 
the mouth of the Hucison river ; but the Dutch captain de- 
feated this object by touching at cape Cod, at the entrance of 
Massachusetts bay. 

Such had been the severities and distresses of the voyage, 
thatihey preferred landing upon this solitary coast, to encoun- 
tering again the perils of the deep, at this late season of the 
year. They accordingly made the necessary arrangements 
for landing upon this dreary, desolate, inhospitable waste. 
To effect this, they tirst poured out their souls to God in pray- 
er and thanksgiving, tor their preservation and deliverance ; 
they next drew up and subscribed a solemn compact, for the 
government of the colony ; and when this had been duly exe- 
cuted, by twenty- four heads ot fam.ilies and seventeen single 
men, making forty-one subscribers, in behalf of the whole, 
which amounted to one hundred andjprie, they proceeded to 
elect Mr. John Carver as their governor, for one year. 

Having thus organized their little colony they proceeded 
to land their families and effects, and to imprint the first foot- 
steps of civilized man, upon this desolate shore of a new 
world. 

This being accomplished, they fell on their knees, and 
poured out their souls renewedly, in prayers and praises, 
with thanksgiving, and dedicated their hearts, their lives and 
all that they possessed, to God their deliverer ; and commit- 
ted themselves to his most holy keeping, — November 2Uth, 
1620. 

When they had celebrated the first sabbath in this little 
colony, and thus rendered the shores of this howling wilder- 
ness vocal with the praises of their God, they commenced the 
labors of the week in exploring the coast, in their shallop, and 

tKing James I, granted letters patent to this company in 1606. which 
authoriaed them to possess all lands in America, lying between 34 apd 
4S deg. of N. latitude. 



UNITED STATES. 15 

die forest with an armed party, to spy out the land and disco- 
ver the face of the country, in quest of a permanent resi- 
dence. In all their several attempts to explore the forest, 
they discovered the natives, who sometimes fled at their ap- 
proach, and at others, annoyed them with showers of arrows, 
and the horrors of their savage yells ; but the report of their 
fire-arms awed them into submission, or hold them at bay. 

On the 18th of December, they discovered a site at the 
bottom of spacious, delightful bay, which attracted their at- 
tention, as being best adapted to their necessities, for a 
permanent residence. There they planted their little colo- 
ny, and called it Plymouth, in honor of the port that wit- 
nessed their last adue to the land of their Withers. There 
they erected their dwellings, which formed the first village in 
New-England ; a village of log huts ; there they again cele- 
brated the sabbath, and the wilderness agam became vocal 
with the praises of their God. Thus they planted down upon 
the borders of an unbounded forest, at the commencement of a 
New-England winter; without support, except the scanty re- 
mains of the voyage ; and without friends to succor or protect 
them. Before them was the wilderness, full of the habitations 
of cruelty ; behind them, that ocean, with its boisterous and 
tempestuous billows which had borne them to these remote 
regions. In their dwellings a mortal sickness soon prevailed 
that raged through the winter, and sweptoff forty-six of their 
number. To add to this, and other calamities, their store, 
house took fire, and consumed much of their valuable effects. 
Here was a picture of distress, that opened a field for the dis- 
play of the virtues of that religion, which they had forsaken 
fathers and mothers, houses and lands, and even their dear na- 
tive country, the land of their fathers, and thus jeoparded 
their lives upon the ocean, and in the wilderness, to secure 
and enjoy. This field of distress became to them a field of 
delight ; for they had escaped the persecution of their ene- 
mies, and in the midst of their sufferings, their hearts were un- 
appalled 5 they trusted in God. and he was their deliverer. 

In the midst of this distress, a friendly Indian, who spoke 
English, came into their village, and exclaimed welcome Eng- 
lish, welcome English.] By this Indian, they learnt the geo- 
graphy of the adjacent country, and the names and number of 

tThis Indian, whose name was Samoset, had been carried to Spain 
in the year 1614, by a Capt. Hunt, from whence he went to England* 
whcife HO learnt the language, &c. and returned to America. 



to HISTORY OF THE 

tiie tribes in this region ; and also that the tribe ot' Paluxet 
which liad possessed the section on which they had hmded 
had shortly before been cut off by a mortal sickness. Thro* 
the instrumentality of this Indian, a fri'endly intercourse wan 
opened with the neighboring tribes, and a friendly conference 
introduced with their chiefs ; he taught them also how to 
cultivate the Indian corn, the next season. 

In the course of the winter they formed themselves into a 
military company, and chose Miles Standish for their captain, 
who became to the colony a distinguished chief. The first 
military display of captain Standish, appears in his conducting 
the great sachem, Massasoit,t upon a friendly interview with 
governor Carver, March 1621. At this interview a treaty of 
alliance, offensive and defensive was concluded, with an in- 
terchange of great civilities. The governor kissed the hand 
of the sachem, and the sachem the hand of the governor ; and 
the treaty was religiousl}'^ observed for more than fifty years. 
Captain Standish became the champion of the colony, exhibit- 
ing specimens of distinguished coolness, intrepidity and brave- 
ry, that rendered his n.jme a terror to the savages and great- 
ly endeared him to the colon}'. In the midst of these scenes, 
died governor Carver, April, 1621, and was succeeded by 
governor Bradford. 

During this year, a patent was obtained of the Plymouth 
("omp^any or council of Plymouth for the colony of Plym- 
outh, in the name of VVm. Bradford, his heirs, associates and 
assigns, which defined the limits of New-England, and con- 
firmed their former title against all encroachments from the 
crown, or foreign adventures ; and gave them the right of 
holding the country, either by purchase or conquest. This 
patent gave strength to the C(^lony, and opened a commercial 
intercourse with England, in the fur trade, which proved use- 
ful and profitable to the parties. | 

In the meantime they continued to explore the country, to 
cultivate the ground, and maintain upon just and equitable 

iChief of the Packanockcts. 

■\Oii the 3d of Nov. 16'-20, king James granted a patent to the earl of 
Warwick, the duke of Lenox, sir Ferdinando Gorges, and others, (te 
the number of about forty) and their successors, styling them the 
council of riymouth, in the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling, 
ordering and governing of New-England, in America. This charter 
included all that part of America which lies between the 40th and 48tli 
degrees of north latitude, and wasthebasis oi'all the subsequent cha-r 



f No-. England. 



ONITED STATES. 17 

terms, their friendly intercourse with the natives. And in 
autumn they were blest with plentilul supplies for the ap- 
proaching winter. 

This friendly intercourse excited the jealousy of the Na- 
ragansetts, and other tribes yet more remote, which produ- 
ced some collisions with the friendly tribes ; but these the 
colony soon quelled by the terror of their fire-arms. 

At this time (Nov.)a ship arrived from England, with thir- 
ty-iive passengers, by which they learnt the distracted state 
of their country ; and they rejoiced in the God of their com- 
forts, who had given them a quiet retreat amidst the savages 
of the forest, where they might enjoy the religion of their 
hearts. 

In 1624, the first cattle were brought into New-England, 
:!nd in 1629, about one hundred and fifty head of horses, cat- 
tle, sheep and goats were imported, and they had a rapid in- 
crease. 



CHAPTER II. :h 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

In the year 1625, died king James I. and was succeeded by 
his son Charles I. The fire of civil and religious contro- 
versy, which distracted the reign of James I. was kindled in- 
to a flame in the reign of Charles I. by the madness of the 
king, his ministers and prelates, at the head of whom stood 
the duke of Buckmgham and bishop Laud. These scenes of 
distress and persecutions, drove into voluntary banishment, 
muijy of those sons of liberty and virtue, which increased the 
colony of Plymouth, and augmented her strength. Some of 
the best blood of the nation, looked to the wilds of America 
for a retreat, and actually obtained patents from the crown, 
to accomplish their designs. 

In the year 1627, the council of Plymouth granted a patent 
to sir Henry Roswell and others— constituting them a body- 
politic, under the name of" the governor and company of the 
Massachusetts bay, in New-England," &c. This patent ex- 
tended three miles north of the Merrimac, and three south of 
Charles river, and from the Atlantic on the east to the Pa- 
' ific on the west ; which laid the foundation of the colony of 

2* 



^^ HISTORY OF THE 

Massnchuselts. A settlement commenced this year, at Na- 
umkeag, (Salem) by an emigration from England, under the 
administration of capt. John Endicott ; this was augmented 
the next year, by another emigration, to the number of three 
hundred. 

In 1629, king Charles confirmed the patent of Blassacuu- 
.setts by special charter, which defined the powers of the colo- 
ny, and appointed John Winthrop and Thomas Dudley, gov- 
ernor and lieut. governor, with sir Richard Saltonstall and 
seventeen others, as assistants ; and in February, 1630, 
they arrived from England, with their charter, accompanied 
by an emigration of about fifteen hundred souls. This acces- 
sion of wealth, numbers and character, gave new eneigies to 
New-England, and called forth the homage of their hearts, in 
gratilude and praise to God, by a public thanksgiving.! 

On the 30lh ol July, 1630, the first christian church was 
formed in Boston, and in August following the first general 
court was held. Justices were regularly appointed, as in 
England, and a regular support for the gospel was provided 
by law. iJuring this year, the settlements at and about Bos- 
ton, progressed rapidly ; and the population became so nu- 
ufierous in Boston that it was necessary to build a meeting- 
house. 

In the springof 1631, the general court resolved, " that 
the governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature, should be 
chosen by the freemen only ; that none should be admitted to 
the freedom of the company, but such as were chosen mem- 
bers, wno had certificates from their ministers, that they 
were of orthodox principles, and that none but freemen should 
vote as electors, or act as magistrates or jurors." Seven men 
were chosen in Boston, to regulate the distribution of the 
town lands, which originated the custom of choosing selectmen 
to regulate town affairs, throughout New-England. J 

During this yearthe French from Le Acadia, (Nova Sco- 
lia,)seized on a trading establishment at Penobscot, owned by 

t At this time a wasting famine produced a mortal disease in the set- 
tlements, which led them to appoint Friday, February 6th, as a day ot' 
fasting, humiliation and prayer ; l)ut the arrival of this ship, with sup- 
plies from England, on the 5th, changed the fast into a day of public, 
thanksgiving. 

JThis year the first vessel was built, called the Blessing of the Bay 
and the next year the first mill was built near Watertown. In 1640 a 
ship 9(^QQ tons was built at Salem, and one of 160 tons at Boston. 



UNITED STATES. 19 

the Plymouth company, (erected 1628)\vhich kindled a lire 
that was never fully extinguished until the peace of 1763. 

In 16:52 — Sand 4, several emigrations from England arriv- 
ed, and settled the towns of Ipswich, Medford and Newberry. 
The churches nad now extended more than thirty miles around 
Boston, and were supphed with faithful pastors. Amono- the 
ipost distinguished of them, were a Higginson, a Parker, a 
Noyes, a VVoodbridge, .1 Chauncey, and others, whose names 
are embalmed in the m* nories of the pious 

Atthis time afric-ndly negotiation, for mutual support and 
defence took place between the colonies of Plymouth and 
Massachusetts Bay, which proved highly important to the par- 
ties. 

The flattering prospects of the pilgrims in New-England, 
were soon published in England, where the spirit of bitter- 
ness and persecution continued to rage, and many were indu- 
ced to abandon their country, and fly into voluntary banish- 
ment, to join the standard of the church in the wilderness. 
Among the most distinguished, were a Haynes, a Hooker, a 
Cotton, a Stone, with sir Henry Vane, and others, all pious and 
godly men, who held the first distinctions in the civil and re- 
ligious establishments of New-England . 

In 1634, the general court passed a bill of rights, which 
guaranteed to the citizens of Massachusetts, the fundamental 
principles of civil and religious liberty ; which remained dur- 
ing the continuance of their charter, and which, with little al- 
teration, they have continued to enjoy to this day.f 

The first trade between New-England and the West-Indies 
commenced in 1635, and the next year they imported the 
first negroes, which commenced African slavery amon«" 
Ihem. 

About the year 162£t, the Indian claims to the southern sec- 
tion of New-Hampshire, were extinguished by John Wheel- 
right and others, of the colony of Massachusetts ; but their 
efforts to settle it were feeble, and they sold their claims t© 
two adventurers in England, Mason and Gorges, who attempt- 
ed to divide New-England into twelve lordshids, under a vice- 
roy or governor general. The whole plan failed, althoughit 

tin 1637, the first synod held in America, was convened at Newr 
town. The design of this synod was to inquire into certain heretical 
opinions, publicly taught by one Ann Hutchinson, in the town of Bos- 
ton, and they discovered and Gondenuied eighty- two, as b#inff vaex- 



>0 HISTORY OF TH]S 

was sanctioned by king Charles I. and Gofges veste^d with the 
supreme authority. Mason died early > and Gor'jre&, vviUi all 
his schemes, languished and finally expired, wi'chout producing 
one solitary settlement. 

About the years 1633 to 4^, settlem^enls commenced at 
Portsmouth, Dover, Humplon and Exter, but they were soon 
after assigned over to tho jurisdiction of Massachusetts bay. 

In 1(338, the great earthquake, (so called)was felt through- 
out the country, which fixed a remarkable epoch in the annals 
of New-Englanch 

In 1639 and 40,1 the settlements progressed rapidly, and 
improvements kept pace with the settlements. Religion was 
the first object of attention in New-England ; next, civil go- 
vernment and a regular system of education. To effect these 
great objects, they built meeting houses in all the towns ; pro- 
vided for and settled minir-ters ; established regular civil and 
judicial courts throughout the colonies — -each colony maintain- 
ing its independence. Regular schools were established by 
law throughout theirtowns, and in 16^9, the colony of Masssa- 
chusetts laid the foundation of the college at Cambridge, by ap- 
propriating, as a permament fund, the sum of £400, which had 
been granted in 1636, for a public school. In 1639, the rev. 
John Harvard, minister of Charlestown, made a bequest to the 
college, of five hundred and forty pounds, which conferred up- 
on the institution the honor of his name. In 1640, the gene- 
ral court granted to the college the avails of the ferry at 
Charlestown ; and the rev. Henry Dunster became their first 
president. To give permanence ani respectability lo the 
college, the general court appointed the magistrates and teach- 
ing elders oftlie six: nearest towns, together with the presi- 
dent, as a perpetual government. 

In 1G50, the general court gave to the college a charter, 
which appointed a new corporation, consisting of seven, who 
were to be^lective, under thi^ title of the President and Fel- 
lows of Harvard College. These two branches united, com- 
posed the government of the college. Professorships m all 
the branches of science have been regularly endowed in this 
college, (now university) of Cambridge, by a HoUis, a Han- 
cock, a Boylston, a John Alfred, a gov. Bowdoin, and others, 
whose names distinguish their several professorships. This 
institution began early to flourish, andhascontmuedto flourish 

till lG39the cod fishing commenced off cape Ann, and inl641,moTo 
than 300,000 were shipped abroad to foreign markets. 



UNITED STATES. 2i 

down to the present time, when the number of students gene- 
rally amounts to about three hundred. 

Printing was introduced into the colony, as early as 1639, 
and a weekly paper soon commenced atCambiiJge. 

In 1640, a system of laws, to the number of one hundred, 
was established by the general court, styled the " Body of Li- 
berties." In this system, it was a fixed principle, " that no 
injunction should be laid upon any church, church officer, or 
member, in point of doctrine, discipline or worship, besides 
the institution of the Lord." Whenever any law should prove 
defective, " the word of God was to be the rule of decision."! 

At this time, more than four thousand frimilies had fled from 
the persecutions of their suffering country, and taken refuge 
inthe wilds of New-England. The expense of this numerous 
emigration, was estimated at about two hundred thousand 
pounds sterling, exclusive of the price paid to extinguish the 
Indian titles to their lands ; and all these efforts were made to 
lay the foundation of that civil and religious liberty, whicii 
they have transmitted down to us their descendants, and whick 
we so richly enjoy. J 

At this time, settlements had commenced in the colonies of 
Plymouth, Massachusetts, New-Hampshire, Connecticut, N. 
Haven and Khode-Island, and were rapidly progressing. 

In May, 1643, commenced the general confederacy between 
the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut and 
New-Haven, under the title of the United Colonies of New - 
England. This compact became the palladium of New-Eng 
land ; and its good eflects have l>een felt through the whole 
period of her political existence, to this day. The same lan- 
guage, laws and religion, united to the same pursuits, gave the 
same manners, customs and habits, to the whole ; and render- 
ed them one common family. 'I 

tSo early as 1639, the custom of drinking healths was prohibited hj 
law ; and in 1651, all persons were prohibited from " wearing any gold 
or silver lace, or any bone lace, above 2s. per yard ;" and the select men 
wore authorised to take notice thereof, together with " the apparel of 
the people, especially m their wearing ribbands and great boots." 

:j:In 1650 the general court passed a law against quakcrs, with a pe- 
nality of £100 for all masters of vessels who should bring one into the 
colony. The next year the statute was amended by adding the pun- 
ishment of boring their tongues, cropping their ears, &c. and in case of 
obstinacy, banishment or even death. In 16: 9, four were actually ex- 
ecuted under this statute, 

Ijlu 1646 a synod met at Cambridge, and continued by adjournments 
into the year ie48. They formed and adopted wliat is termed the 



22 HISTORY OF THE 

I will now proceed to bring forward the other colonies ot 
New-England, to the timeof this confederacy. 



CHAPTER HI. 

CONNECTICUT. 

This district of country, lying south of Massachusetts, and 
we^t of Plymouth, was granted by the Plymouth council in 
England, to the earl ol Warwick, and confirmed by Charles 
I. 1630, extending 120 miles west of the river Naragansett. 

In 1631, the earl of Warwick conveyed this grant to the 
lord* Say and Seal, and Brook, and associates, in trust for the 
pilgrims.! 

In 1632, the Plymouth colony sent out adventurers to ex- 
plore the country, by land. They also explored the coast, 
the next year and sailed up the Connecticut, as far as the 
mouth of the ^Vindsor river, where they erected a trading 
house. 

The Dutch settlers at Manhattan, at the mouth of the Hud- 
son river, had explored the coast upon the Sound, and 
commenced a settlement at Branford ; they had also explored 
the Connecticut, and erected a small fort at mouth of the 

Cambridge platform, founded upon the " Westminster confession of 
faith." The churches of Connecticut and New-Haven were represen - 
ted in this synod, and the doings of this council were binding upon 
those colonies, until they established the Saybrook Platform, about 60 
years afterward. 

tThe grant conveyed to lords Say and Seal and Brook, and associ- 
ates, is as follows : " All that part of New-England in America, which 
lies and extends itself from a river there called Naraganset river, for 
the space of forty leagues, upon a strait line, near the shore, towards 
the southwest and west by south, as the coast runs, towards Virginia; 
accounting three English miles to the league, and all and singular, the 
lands and iiereditaments whatsoever, lying and being the lands afore- 
said, north and south, in latitude and breadth, and in length and lon- 
gitude, of and within all the breadth aforesaid, throughout all the 
mam lands there, from the Western Ocean to the South seas ; and all 
lands and grounds, soil, wood and woods ground, havens, forts, creeks 
and rivers, waters, fishings and hereditaments whatsoever, lying with- 
in the said space, and every part and parcel thereof; and also all isl- 
ands lyingin America aforesaid, in the said seas, or either of them, on 
the western or eastern coasts, or parts of the said tracts of land, by 
these presents to be given or granted." 



UNITED STATES. 23 

little river at Hartford, which site retains the name of Dutch- 
point, to this day.^ 

In 1633, John Winthrop, son of tjje governor of Massa- 
chusetts, arrived at Boston, with a commission which he had 
received in England, from lords Say and Seal and Brook, as 
[governor of Connecticut ; and he sent out by water, a party of 
fibout twenty men, to take pcsses&ion of the mouth of the 
Connecticut. A settlement commenced, and a fort »vas built 
by this company, with Mr. Fenwickat their head, under the 
patronage of lords Say and Seal and Brook, and the place re- 
tains the name of Saybrook. This settlement obtained a grant 
of the river Connecticut, by a treaty with thePequots, which 
embraced the adjacent country indefinitely, 1634. 

In 1635, a little colony of about one hundred persons, from 
Lhe towns of Dorchester, Newtown and Cambridge, in Massa- 
chusetts, removed in a body across this howling wilderness, 
with their families and eifects, and after traversing the desert 
fourteen dnys, which for the first time resounded with the 
praises of the -rue God, they reached the banks of the Con- 
necticut at Windsor, where a part of the company passed 
over and planted themselves down at the mouth of Windsor 
river, in anxious expectation of their effects, and supplies for 
[he approaching winter, whsch they had sent round b}' water. 
Here the scenes and distresses of the pilgrims of Plymouth 
were renewed ; they were in the midst of numerou-*, fierce, 
ravage tribes ; divided from their friends by a pathless desert, 
their effects and supplies were all lot^t on their pas-^age, and 
the blasts of a New Enghmd winter, threatened them with in- 
evitable ruin. They fed on such game as they could find, to- 
gether with acorns, and even the bark of trees, through the 
winter, and when spring returned, their hearts expanded with 
gratitude and praise to God. 

In June, 1636, a company from Wcitertown and Dorches- 
ter, Mass. with their pious clergyman, the rev. Mr. Hooker, 
began their march, and with their flocks and herds, traversed 
the wilderness, as the Windsor company had done before, and 
commenced settlements at Wothersfield and Hartford. 

These settlements first originated a political government for 
tiie colony of Connecticut, by a solemn compact, bearing date 
the 14th of January, 1639. This compact was confirmed bj^ 
the charter of king Charles II. 1662, which included the co- 

tThis fort hailed the English boat as she passed, and fired or threat- 
ened to fire upon her, but she kept on her course. 



24 HISTORY OF THE 

lony of New-Haven, and was continued down to the year 
1818, when it was superseded by a new constitution.! 

+The following is the original constitution of Connecticut, adopted 

April, 1639 : 

*' Forasmuch as it hath pleased Almighty God, by the wise disposi- 
tion of his divine providence, so as to order and dispose of things, that 
we, the inhabitants of Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield, are now 
cohabiting and dwelling in and upon the river of Connecticut, and 
the lands thereunto adjoining, and well knowing where a people are 
•athered together, the work of God requireih, that to maintain the 
peace and union of such a people, there should be an orderly and de- 
cent government established, according to God, to order and dispose * 
of the affairs of the people, at all seasons, as occasion shall require ; 
do therefore associate and conjoin ourselves to be as one public state, 
•r commonwealth, and do for ourselves, our successors, and such as 
shall be adjoined unto us at any time hereafter, enter into combina- 
tion and confederation, together, to maintain and preserve the liberty 
and purity of the gospel of our Lord Jesus, which we now profess, as 
also the discipline of the churches, which according to the truth of 
said gospel, is now practiced among us as also in our civil affairs to 
he cruided, and governed according to such laws, rules, orders and de- 
crees, as shall be made, ordered and decreed, as follownth : — 

I. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that there shall be yearly* 
two f^eneral assemblies, or courts ; the one on the second Thursday of 
April, and the other on the second Thursday of September following. 
The first shall be called the court of election, wherein shall be chosen 
from time to time, so many magistrates and other public officers, as 
shall be found requisite ; whereof one to be chosen governor for the 
year ensuing, and until another be chosen and no other magistrate to 
be chosen for more tlian one year ; provided always, there be six cho- 
sen, besides the governor ; which being sworn according to an oath 
recorded for that purpose, shall have power to administer justice, ac- 
cording to the laws here established, and for want thereof, according 
to the rule of the word of God ; which choice shall be made by all that 
are admitted freemen, ana have taken the oath of fidelity, and do co- 
habit within this jurisdiction, having been admitted inhabitants by 
the major part of the town, where they live, or the major part as shall 
He then present. 

II. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that the election of th« 
aforesaid magistrates shall be in this manner ; every person present 
and qualified to vote shall bring in to the persons deputed to receive 
them, one single paper, with the name written on it whom he desires 
to have governor, and he that hath the greatest number of papers shall 
be governor for that year ; and the rest of the magistiates and publip 
•fiicers, to be chosen in this manner ; the secretary for the time being, 
shall read the names of all that are to be put to choice, and then shall 
severally nominate them distinctly, and every one that would have th« 
person nominated to be chosen, shall bring in one single paper, writ- 
ten upon ; and he that would not have him chosen shall bring in a. 
blank, and every one that has more written pap^ers than blanks shall 
Ve 9, i&agietratd for that year, which jaap«rs shall )»§ r«eeiY«d, anil tol^ 



UNITED STATES. 






in 1636, the first court in Connecticut was held at Weth- 
ersfield. 

by one or more that shall be chosen by the court and sworn to be faith 
ful therein ; but in case there shall not be six persona, as aforesaid, 
besides the governor, out of those which are nominated, then he or 
they which have the most written papers, shall be a magistrate, or 
magistrates for the year ensuing, to make the aforesaid number. 

III. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that the secretary shall 
not nominate any person anew, nor shall any person be chosen newly 
into the magistracy, that was not propounded in some general court 
before, to be nominated at the next election, and to that end, it shall 
be lawful for each of the towns aforesaid, by their deputies, to nomin- 
ate any two, whom they conceive fit to be put to election, and the 
oourt may add as many more, as they may judge requisite. 

IV. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that no person be chosen 
governor, above once in two years, and that the governor be always a 
member of some approved congregation, and formerly of the magistra- 
cy within this jurisdiction ; and all the magistrates, freemen of this 
commonwealth ; and that no magistrate, or other public officer, shall 
execute any part of his or their office, before Ihey are severally sworn, 
which shall be done in the face of the court, if they be present, and in 
ease of absence, by some one deputed for that purpose. 

V. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that to the aforesaid court 
of elections, the several towns shall send their deputies, and when 
the elections are ended, they may proceed in any public services, as at 
other courts ; also the other general court, in September, shall be for 
making laws, and any other public occasions, which concern the good 
of the commonwealth. 

VI. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that the governor shall, 
•ither by himself, or by the secretary, send out summonses to the con- 
stables of every town, for the calling of those two standing courts, one 
month at least before their several terras ; and also, if the governor 
and the greatest part of the magistrates see cause, upon any special 
occasion, to call a general court, they may give orders to the secretary 
so to do, within fourteen days warning ; and if urgent necessity re- 
quire, upon a shorter notice, giving sufficient grounds for it to the de- 
puties, when they meet, or else be questioned for the same. And if 
the governor or major part of the magistrates, shall either refuse or 
neglect to call the two standing courts, or either of them, as also at • 
other times when the occasions of the commonwealth may require, the 
freemen thereof, or the major part of them, may petition them so to do, 
and then if it be either neglected or denied, the said freemen, or tlio 
major part of them, shall have power to give order to the constable.5 
of the several towns, to do the same, and so may meet together, and 
choose to themselves a moderator, and may proceed to do any act of 
power, which any other general courts may. 

VII,. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that after there are war- 
rants given out for the warning of any of the said general courts, that 
the constable or constables of each town, shall forthwith give notice 
distinctly, to the inhabitants of the same, in some public assembly, or 
hy going or s«ndinf from house to house, that at a place and time b» 

3 



■^6 HISTORY OF THE 

When the English explored the Connecticut river, in IG34 
the Pequots murdered a captain Norton, with six of his com- 

him or them limited and set, tliey meet and assembled themselves to- 
gether, to elect certain deputies, to be at the general court then fol- 
lowing-, to agitate the affairs of the commonwealth, which said depu- 
ties shall be chosen by all that are admitted inhabitants, in the seve- 
ral towns, and have taken the oath of fidelity : provided that none be 
chosen a member of the general court, who is not a freeman of this 
commonwealth. The aforesaid deputy shall be chosen in the follow- 
ing manner : every person that is present and qualified, as before ex- 
pressed shall bring the names of such persons, written upon a piece of 
paper, as they desire to have chosen for that employment, and those 
three or four, njore or less, being the number agreed on to be chosen 
at that time, that have the greatest num')er of papers written for them, 
shall be deputies foi that court ; whose names shall be indorsed upon 
the back of the warrant, and returned into the court, by the consta- 
bles hand under the same. 

VIII. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that Windsor, Hartford 
and Wethersfield shall have power to send four of their freemen from 
each town, as deputies to every general court, and whatsoever other 
towns shall be hereafter added to this jurisdiction, they shall send so 
many depvities,as the court shall judge meet; a reasonable proportion 
to the number of freemen in each town, being to be attended therein ; 
which deputies shall have the power of the whole town to give their 
Totes and allowance, to all such laws and orders as may be for the pub- 
lic good, and unto which the said towns are to be bound. 

IX. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that the deputies thus cho- 
sen, shall have power to appoint a time and place of meeting together, 
before any general court, to advise and consult of all such things as 
may concern the public good, as also to examine their own elections 
whether according to the order ; and if they or the greatest part of 
them find any election to be illegal, they may seclude such person, for 
the present, from their meeting and return the same and their reasons 
to the court ; and if it be true, the court may fine the party or parties, 
so intruding upon the town, if they see cause and give out a warrant 
to go to anew election in a legal way, either in part or in the whole ; 
also the said deputies shall have power to fine any one that is disorder- 
ly in their meetings, or for not coming in due time or place, according 
to appointment ; and they may return said fine into the court, if it be 
refused to be paid, and the treasurer is to take notice of it, and to es- 
treat or levy the same as he doth other fines. 

.X. Itis ordered, sentenced and decreed, that every general court(ex- 
ceptsuch as through neglect of the governor, and the greatest part of 
the magistrates, the freemen themselves do call ) shall consist of the 
••overnor or some one chosen to moderate the court, and four other 
mao-istrates at least, with the major part of the deputies of the several 
towns, legally chosen ; and in case the freemen or the major part of 
them, through neglect or refusal of the governor, and major part of the 
magistrates shall call a court that shall consist of the major part of 
the freemen that are present, or their deputies, with a moderator cho- 
sen bj them, in which said general court, shall consist th« supr«m« 



UNITFD STATES. 27 

•pany which showed the hostihty of their character. In 1636, 
they murdered a Mr Oldham, at Block-Ishmd. These acts 
of hostihly, roused the resentment of Massachusetts, and thej- 
resolved to punish the outrage, and bring the offenders to jus- 
tice. They accordingly detached captain Endicot, with nine- 
ty men, with orders to take exemplary punishment on the of- 
fenders. They set sail immediately for Block-Island, prompt- 
ly executed their commission, and from thence directed their 
course to Connecticut river, where they took twenty men, 
and returned to Pequot river, (Thames) where they commen- 
ced an attack upon their villages ; dispersed the Indians, 
(about 300) burnt their Trigwams, canoes, corn, &c, and re- 
turned to Boston. 

power of the commonwealth, and they only shall have power to mak« 
laws or repeal them, to grant levies, to admit freemen, and to dispose 
of lands undisposed of, to several towns or persons, and also shall have 
power to call other courts, or magistrate, or any other person whatso- 
ever, into question, for any misdemeanor; and may for just cause, dis- 
place or deal with otherwise, according to the nature of the offence ; 
and also may deal in any other matter thai concerns this common- 
wealth, except the election of magistrates, which shall be done by the 
whole body of the freemen ; in wliich court the governor or moderator 
•hall have power to order the court to give liberty of speech ; and si- 
lence unreasonable and disorderly speaking, to put all things to vote, 
and in case the vote be equal, to have a casting vote ; but none of these 
courts shall be adjourned or dissolved, without the consent of the ma- 
jor part of the same. 

XI. It IS ordered, sentenced and decreed, that when any genera? 
court have agreed upon the occasions of the commonwealth, upon any 
sum or sums of money, to be levied upon the several towns within this 
jurisdiction, that a committee be chosen, to set out and appoint what 
shall be the proportion of every town to pay, of the said levy, provided 
the committee be made up of an equal number from each town. Jan- 
uary 14th, 1638—9." 

I have inserted this compact at large, to shew the simplicity of that , 
form of government, that formed the basis of the colony of Connecti- -^ 
cut, and which served as her political standard, through a period of 
nearly two centuries ; a standard that gave to Connecticut more poli- 
tical peace and enjoyment, than ever fell to the lot of any other body 
politic in the whole family of man.. Out of this compact, have grown 
up with the rising colony, a system of habits and morals, that have 
been as powerful in their effects in restraining vice and promoting vir- 
tue, in suppressing discord and promoting order, as the laws them- 
selves ; a system of morals and habits, which in Connecticut may fair- 
ly be denominated the handmaids of the laws. These habits serve to 
shew with what reverence the sons have cherished the virtues and the 
virtuous institution of their sires, as well a^ the blessings they hay* 
^nUerited as their rich rewgirdj 



HISTORY OF THE 

This roused the resentment of the savages ; they assaulted 
the settlement atSaybrook.and an action commenced, in which 
one of the English was wounded. Depredations were conti- 
nued, and it became dangerous for the English to appear 
abroad in their tields, to pursue their labors. In autumn ot 
ihe fcame year, the Narragansett chiefs entered into a confede- 
racy with the English at Boston, against the Pequots. 

The Plymouth company complained of the aggressions ci 
the Massachusetts colony, upon the Pequots ; but theyjusti- 
lied themselves by the necessity of the case. 

About this time, the Pequots murdered one Tilly, on the 
banks of Connecticut river, by cutting off his hands and leet. 
and thus leaving him to perish. 

In May, 1637, six men and three women were killed at 
Wetherstield ; three young girls were taken prisoners, and 
twenty cows were driven otf. This led the settlers to build 
a stone fort upon a rising ground, near the great meadow, 
where the whole village retired to pass the night, and where 
the women and children sou2;ht safetv in times of alarm. The 
men, after this, went armed into the tield, to their common 
labor. 

At this time a general court was convened at Hartford, antl 
they resolved to commence and prosecute the war with the 
Pequots. 

The Dutch at Manhattan, encouraged the Indians in their 
hostilities, which led to a union of effort between Connecticut 
and Massachusetts. The former turnished ninety men, and 
the latter one hundred and tbrty ; these were joined by twen- 
ty more from Connecticut, which amounted to two hundred 
and tifty ; and Uncas, sachem of the Mohegans, united in the 
war. When the Connecticut troops were assembled tor war. 
the Rev. Mr. Hooker, of Hartford, delivered to them the 
following address. May 1G37 : 

*• Fellow soldiers, countrymen and companions ! you are 
this day assembled by the special providence of God ; you are 
not collected by wild tancy, nor ferocious passion. It is not 
a tumultuous assembly, whose actions are ab«>rtive, or if suc- 
cessful, produce only theft, rapine and murder ; crimes incon- 
sistent with nature's light — inconsistent with a soldier's valor. 
You, my dear hearts, were selected from your neighbors, by J 
the godiy fathers of the land, for your known courage, to ex- m 
ecute such a work. Your cause is the cause of heaven : '^^^ * 



tJNrTED STATES. 29 

encmv have blasphemed your God,t and slain his servants ; 
^ou aVe only the ministers ot his justice. I do not pretend 
that your enemies arc careless or inditlerent ; no, their ha- 
tred is inflamed, their lips thirst lor blood ; they would de- 
vour you, and all the people of God ; but my brave soldiers, 
their guilt has reached the clouds ; they are ripe lor destruc- 
tion ; their cruelty is notorious ; and cruelty and cowardice 
are always united. There is nothing, therefore, to prevent 
your certain victory, but their nimble feet and their impenetra- 
ble swamps and woods ; from these your small numbers will 
entice them, or your courage drive them. I now put the 
♦{uestion — Who would not tight in such a cause ? fight with 
undaunted boldness ? do you wish for more encouragement ? 
more I give vou. Riches waken the soldier's sword ; and 
though vou will not obtain silver and gold on the field of vie- 
tory, you will secure \vh;it is intinitely more precious, you 
will secure the liberties^ the privileges, an/ the lives of Christ'' a 
churchy in this new w 'vld. You will procure safety for your 
aft'ectionate wives, sateiy iov your prattling, harmless, smilinj^ 
bahes : you will secure all the blessings enjoy<^l by the peo- 
ple of God, in the ordinances of the gospel. Distinguished 
was the honor conferred upon Diivid, for lighting the battles 
of the Lord ; this honor, O ye courageous soldiers of God, is 
now prepared for you. You will now execute his vengeance 
on the heathen ; you will bind their kings in chains and their 
nobles in ietters of iron. But pcihups some one may fear 
that a fatal arrow may cieprive him of this honor. Let every 
faithful soldier of Jesus Christ, be assured, that if any servant 
be taken away, it is merely because the honors of this world 
are to narrow for his reward ; an everlasting crown is set 
upon his head, because the rewards of this life are insufficient. 
3Iarch then with christian courage, in the strength of the 
Lord ; march with faith in his'divine promises, and soon youF 
swords shall iLnd your enemies, soon they shall fall like the 
leaves of the forest under your feet." 

This war opened soon with an action between the Mohe- 
gans and Pequots ; the former were successful ; they killed 
tive,took one, and one only escaped: Upon their prisoners 
they practiced the tortures usual in Indian warfare ; they then 
cut off their heads, and set them upon the fort. This gave a 
general alarm ; and the Pequots retired to their forts ; the 

tThey had said the Englishman's God was one Ftr, and th« Eng- ■ 
i^hman one s<iua\t. 

3* 



;3U HISTORY OF THE 

principal of which was on a hill, in what is now the town oi 
Groton. At the head ol this tribe was Sassacus, a sachem of 
great valor, who was considered as invulnerable as a god. 

The whole army of Connecticut, under the command of 
captain Mason, embarked at Say brook, and entered Mystic ri- 
ver, where they were joined by about seventy friendly In- 
dians ; landed their forces, and entered the forest in quest of 
the enemy. They approached one of their forts in the dead 
of night, when the Indians were buried in sleep, and com- 
menced an assault ; a faithful dog, (the Indian's friend and 
companion) gave the alarm, and the sentinel cried out, VVan- 
ux, VVanux, [English, English !] but before they could awake 
and stand in their defence, the English were in the fort ; the 
work of death had begun, and the fort was in flames. t Here 
opened a scene of indiscriminate butchery, amidst the flames 
of their dwellings, the explosion of fire-arms, the shrieks of 
the wounded, and the groans of the dying, too horrible to be 
described. More than six hundred Indians fell a sacrifice in 
this terrible carnage. This scene kindled in the breasts of 
Sassacus and his warriors, the keenest revenge, and at the 
same time tilled them with dismay. 

When the English were returning to Pequot harbor, (New- 
London) a distance of six miles, they were attacked by about 
300 Indians, with all their savage fury, and the whole wilder- 
ness resounded with the war-whoop, and their savage yells ; 
vet the English were unappalled. They met them with firm- 

less, repelled their attack, drove them into the forest, and 

ihey retired to the other fort of Sassacus. 

About the first of July, the Massachusetts troops(about 200 

In number) arrived, under the command of capt. Stoughton-, 
with their Narragansett allies, surprised a party of Indians ki 

a swamp, killed thirty warriors and took eighty captives, but 

.pared the lives of the women and children. 

The time of vengeance had fallen upon the Pequots ; they 

had made indiscriminate war upon their neighbors, who in 

their turn practiced a similar warfare and butchery upon their, 

and killed and destroyed all in their way. 

Captain Stoughton pursued the fugitives into the heart of 

Connecticut ; but they eluded liis pursuit, and made their 

escape. On his return to Pequot, he discovered about one 

hundred Indians in a swamp ; commenced an attack, killed 

t An India.i fort' consists 0f a compact mniiber of wgy79i.ms^ or hul«f 
.nclosed by pallisa^JoQs. 



UNITED STATES. ^ 3i 

md took about one half and put the remainder to flight. — 
He distributed his prisoners among the Narragansetts, or sent 
them to Boston. 

Soon after, the Massachusetts and Connecticut troops form- 
ed a junction, and set sail ibr (^uinnipiack, now New-Haven, 
killed and took eight more on their passage, at a point of land, 
(now Guilford) and cut off the head of a sachem, which gare 
name to the point, that continues to this day.j 

The object of this expedition was to lind Sassacus, wh« 
had abandoned his fort, and lied into the wilderness ; but the 
terror of the chief had enliv*^ned his sag;. city, and given wings 
to his feet ; he fled to the Mohawks. The remainder of hi« 
tribe, which he had abandoned, tied to a swamp, near Fair- 
field, with their women and children, where they were as- 
saulted and compelled to surrender ; but the men taking ad- 
vantage of the night, whilst the English were securing the 
women and chddren, stole away out of the swamp and made 
their escape. 

The Mohawk:;, dreading the resentment of the English, 
cut ofi'the head of Sassacus, and sent it to Boston. 

Thus ended thf Pequot war, and the whole nation was ex- 
terminated or dispersed. In August the troops returned t© 
their homes, without fhe loss of one man, by the enemy. — 
Two only had died, with sickness. Peace was restored, and 
a day of public thanksgiving was observed throughout New- 
England. 

The pequot war had opened a field for exploring the couu- 
try, as well as for conquest, and led also to the settlement of 
New-Haven. This was effected by a company from Boston, 
with the Rev. John Davenport at their head — a matt of great 
piety and worth, accompanied by Messrs. Eaton and Hopkins 
(two noted London merchants), who settled the town of New - 
Haven, 1638. There the first sermon was preached under w 
large spreading oak, April, 1638, which gave rise to the cele- 
brated song of the pilgrims, " Around the huge oak." 

This settlement at New -Haven formed an independent com • 
pact, very similar to that of Connecticut, and chose Theophi- 
ius Eaton their first governor ; and the two colonies remaineil 
independent, until their mutual union in 1665. 

The government of the colony of New-Haven was more 
iinmediately a theocracy, than either of the other calonjes 

■'Sachem's heatl. 



J2 HISTORY OF THE 

in New-England. The church was at the head of the colon\ , 
and the learned and pious Mr. Davenport, was at the head of 
the church. Tliey held all things in common ; all purchases 
were made in the name of the colony, and all lands apportion- 
ed by a regular distribution. None were admitted as freemen, 
but such as were church members ; of course all the officers 
of the colony were men of religion. This fundamental prin- 
ciple of the colony, was confirmed by their first general court 
held at New-Haven, Oct. 1039. This court consisted of the 
governor, lieut. governor, magistrates, and two representa- 
tives from each town, to be chosen annually. This general 
court was vested with legislative and judicial powers ; with 
the right of appeal m all cases, to the supreme court, which 
was composed of all the magistrates in the colony,sixof whom 
constituted a quorum. 

Thus organized, this theocracy took the word of God for 
the rule of their faith and practice ; and his moral and judi- 
cial laws for the basis of their civil code. 

The antinomian ahsurdities, that were distracting the 
church in Massachusetts, when Messrs. Davenport, Eaton and 
Hopkins arrived there, from Eniiland, led them to guard this 
colony against similar evils, in their hrst foundation ; and the 
purity of the church, which grew out of this, as well as their 
civil and judicial institutions, have proved lasting monument* 
of the wisdom and piety of their founders. 

In 1G43, the colonies of Connecticut and New-Haven enter- 
ed into a confederacy with the colonies of Massachusetts anti 
f Ivmouth, for mutual aid and defence. 



CHAPTER IV. 

RnODE-ISLANI>. 

The pilgrims carried with them into the wilds of America, 
the same civil and I eligious principles, which prevailed in 
England, in the time of the commonwealth, and these formed 
the basis of their civil and religious institutions. 

Impressed with the extremes of these virtues, the Rev. 
Roger Williams emigrated from England, and settled at Salem 
as assistant to the Rev. Mr. Skelton, 1631. Mr. Williams 
sooQ disclosed the following sentiments; 1. "That sw:k 



rtt 



UNITED STATES. 3 

churclics or church members, as had held a communion ^tith 
the church of England, should manifest their repentance by a 
confession. 2. That it is not lawful for the godly to hold 
communion with the ungodly, either in prayer, or in an oath. 

3. That it is not lawful for the unregenerate to pray. — 

4. That the magistrates ought to be excluded from all inter- 
ference in religious matters, and that whatever controlled a 
free toleration of religious sentiment, was persecution ; and 
lastly, that king Charles' patent was founded in injustice, and 
therefore a nullity." 

These sentiments, openly and publicly avowed, led thr 
colony of Massachusetts to call Mr. Williams to an account, 
and banish him from their limits. t Mr. Williams fled intothr 
wilderness, and settled upon the banks of a noble river, near 
the confines of Massachusetts, where he began a settlement. 
which he called Providence, commemorative of his proTiden- 
tial deliveran.e and preservation. This commenced the set- 
tlement of Rhode-Island, 1636. 

In 1636, William Coddington, a rich and respectable mer- 
chant of Boston, together with the Rev. John Clark, and sir- 
teen others, removed from Massachusetts, and purchased 
the island of Aquetnec, which they called Rhode Island, (in 
allusion to the island of Rhodes) where they commenced d 
settlement called Portsmouth. 

In 1639, Newport was settled, and they formed a civil com- 
pact and chose Mr. Coddington their tirst chief magistrate. 

In 1640, the inhabitants of Providence associated in a form 
of government, and the settlements in the colonies progressed 
rapidly. These compacts were purely democratic, and em 
braced the whole field of religious toleration. J i|||. 

In 1644, they obtained, through Mr. Williams, a patent 
from the earl of Warwick, which guaranteed to them the 
right of governing themselves.il They proceeded to elect a 
president, and fnur commissioners, as conservators of the 

tMr. Williams was summoned to appear before the general courf. 
where all the ministers of the colony were convened, and Mr. Hooker 
of Hartford, (Conn.) was selected to hold a public conversation with 
hira, to reclaim him, if possible ; but Mr. Williams was fi.xed, and he 
^Yas sentenced by the court to perpetual banishment, in six w«eks; an«l 
the ministers approved the sentence. 

^Mr. Williams laid the foundation of his colony with the Baptist 
f.hurch, which was the first m America. 

i|Mr. Williams, visited England this year, and as agent for th© colo- 
ny, obtained their patent. 



:U HISTORY OF THE 

peace, together with a legislative court of commissioners, coq- 
sisting ofsix, whose acts were binding, unless repealed by the 
freemen. In May, It)47, the first general court enacted a 
body of laws that gave permanence to the government. 

In 1652, the patent of the earl of Warwick was revoked b}' 
order of parlinment ; but was renewed soon after, and con- 
tinued until 1663, when they obtained a regular charter from 
king Charles 11. under the title of " the governor and compa- 
ny of the English colony of Rhode-Island and Providence 
plantations." 

This charter placed Rhode-Island upon the same footing as 
the colony of Connecticut, and authorised them to pass and 
repass through, and traffic with, any of the colonies in New- 
England. 

The first legislative council, that assembled under this char- 
ter, by a special act. excluded Roman catholics from the lib- 
erties of freemen, and thereby from the government. 

At the commencement of the reign ot James II. who was a 
catholic, they were brought to smart in their turn, for their 
intolerance. James ordered a writ of quo warranto against 
the charter, and placed Rhode Island under the government 
of sir Edmond Andros, governor of Massachusetts, 1886. 

Thje revolution in England, of 1688, which stripped James 
II. of his crown, and sent him into banishment, caused the 
recovery of Rhode Island. She resumed her charter, and 
has continued to preserve it. 

In 1764, Nicholas Brown, esq. founded the university at 
Warren, which bears his name, by a donation ol ^5000. This 
was removed to Providence shortly after, where it became 
flourishing and respectiible, 1770. 

Before we enter upon that crisis, which fixed the destiny 
of New England, known by the name of Philip's war, we will 
take a survey of the nutiv s of the country, the number of 
their tribes, local residence, particular chiefs. &c. 



CHAPTER V, 

NATIVES OE NEW-ENGLAND, WITH THEIR SACHEMS AND TRIBE^. 

The charter of the colony of Plymouth embraced three 
sachemdoms, including many small tribes ; the principal ol 



UNITED STATES. 35 

these tribes were the Naucets, whose sachem was Mashpee. 
They lay about the cape. 

On the west ol the colony, and extending into Rhode-Isl- 
and, lay the Packanuckets, a numerous tribe, with their great 
sachem Massasoit,t whose influence and control extended 
over the neighboring tribes The great Philip, whose wars 
we are about to relate become the sachem of this tribe, and 
thus acquired his influence 

West of the Packanockets, extending along the coast, and 
about the Narragans.eU bay, lay the Narragansetts. These 
embraced several smaller tribes, under their great sachem 
Miantonimo. This was the most numerous sachemdom in 
New- England. 

West of the Naragansetts, lay the Pequots, whose destruc- 
tion has been noticed. North of the Pequols lay the numer- 
ous tribes of Haddam, Middletown, VVetherstield, Hart- 
ford and Windsor^ which were styled the river tribes, but 
the most numerous of all these, was the tribe of Podunks, at 
Windsor. 

West of the Connecticut, not only upon the sea-cost, but 
extending back into the country, were various tribes, and 
sachemdoms, inhabiting the fertile banks of all the numer- 
ous rivers and streams with which the country abounds. 

East of the river Indians, and north of the Pequots, were 
the Mohegans, which extended into the now counties of Wind- 
ham and Tolland, who were governed by the great sachem 
Uncas. This tribe, with the Pequots, in 1636, could muster 
one thousand warriors ; and the whole number of Connec- 
ticut Indians vvas then estimated at about l2,000. 

The Rhode-Island Indians, at the commencement of Philip's 
war, were estimated at :£000 warriors, and about onehalf had 
fire-arms. Their whole number in that state, in 1636, was 
estimated at about 80uO. 

The whole nuniber, as well as the particular tribes in Mas- 
sachusetts, at the early settlement, was not known; but at 
the comencement of Philip's war, they were estimated at 
10 or 12,000. 

The great sachem of Massachusetts, resided upon an emi- 
nence at Dorchester, and his dominions extended, generally, 
over the adjacent country, lying about the great bay. The 
mouth of Charles river was the place of general rcndezvoas, 
for all the neighboring tribes. 

tWho made the first treaty with governor Carver. 



.30 ^ HISTORY OF THE 

lu the now county of Worcester, lay the Nipmuck tribe ; 
•At Agawatn or Ipswich, wis another tribe, and at Naumkeag, 
'Salem) was another sachemdom, that embraced all the tribe? 
in the eastern pirt ot' Massachusetts proper. 

In New Hampshire, the Newcehewannock, Wianooset, Pd- 
tuckct, Amoskeag and Peniiecook tribes, dwelt upon the prin- 
cipal rivers. 

In the nrovince of Maine, the Norridgewock, Kennebeck, 
Penobscot, and several oti»er tribes, dwelt upon the principal 
waters. These were denominated Tarenteens ; and with th? 
more eastern Indians, (called Abiuaquies), were numerous 
and warlike, and almost perpetually at war with the English. 

The natives ot' North America, in their physical character, 
liave all a strong resemblance, excepting the Esquimaux of 
Labrador and the northern regions ; these are a dwarfish race 
peculiar to themselves. 

The other tribes are tall and straight in their persons ; well 
proportioned, with hair long, straight and black; small black 
eyes ; teeth white and regular, with olive skin, and firm ath- 
letic constitutions. In their walk, they carry their chins high, 
with a tk"m and manly step. They are shrewd in their intel- 
lectual powers, with strong retentive memories. Warm 
tViends, but implacable enemies, mild in peace, fierce and 
intrepid in war ; easily provoked, but not easily appeased ; 
strong national pride, that disdains to ask even life of an ene- 
my, but takes delight, and even glories in the torture and . 
death of their enemies. They have no books but nature'^*' 
volume, wherein they learn the arts of war and of the chase, 
by which they defend and support themselves. The same 
volume teaches them how to construct their wigwams or 
dwellings ; their bows and arrows, as weapons of war or the 
chase ; their wampum for ornament ; stone hatchets, as sub 
istitutes for the axe, and their stone mortars, to grind or poun 
their corn ; the art,of dressing skins for clothing, and the ar 
of weaving mats from the bark of trees or Indian hemp ; also 
the art of ship-building, so far as to construct canoes from th( 
bark of trees, that are both safe and portable. 

Their husbandry is confined to the culture of a few simples 
such as corn, beans, potatoes, melons, &c. ; these supply 
their wants, for nature's wants are few. 

The same volume of nature teaches them how to heal theij 
diseases and cure their wounds, by the plants that grow iq 
nature's garden. When these fail, they often use the cold o 



UNITED STATES. oi 

\^ixrm bath. But their diseases are few, and their remedies 
few and simple. 

The employments of the men are more generally confined 
to war and hunting ; the squaws till the ground, rear the chil- 
dren, nurse the sick, do the drudgery, and when they travel, 
carry the pappoose upon their back?. In tine, the squaws 
are the slaves. This is not only true of savage life, but of all 
countries where the gospel is not enjoyed. 

The amusements of the men are cjuch athletic exercises as 
are best calculated to render them dexterous, either in waror 
the chase. Their war dances are always round a large tire, 
in which they sing the feats of their \farriors, and in their 
gestures, act over the scenes of the combat. The squaws sel- 
dom, if ever, join in their sports, or enjo}^ amusements, or re- 
creations among themselves. 

The dress of both sexes is very similar, and is adapted di- 
rectly to the season ; in summer, very light ; in winter, the 
skins of the chase keep them w.irm. All classes are fond of 
show and ornament ; but the chiefs take great delight in 
pamting themselves for waror public shows. If for war, the 
more hideous their figure, the more highly ornamental. 

Their habitations, or wigwams, are mere pens, inclosed and 
covered with bark or brush, with an aperture at the top, 
through which the smoke of the fire ascends ; the earth their 
bedsted, and skins their bed and covering. They usually 
sleep around the fire, with their feet inward, like so manr 
radii of a circle. 

Their domestic utensils are such as are necessary to pound 
the corn, roast or boil their food ;. and at the same time mav 
be carried by hand, or on their backs, when they remove. 

Their food is such as the chase affords, or fish when ther 
can be obtained ; and this they devour .uncooked, whenever 
the situation of their enemies, or their own removals, render 
it necessary. 

Their money consists in wampum, skins, shells, orsuch ar- 
ticles of bart^^r, ;ts nature requires. A belt of wampum is 
generally used as a confirmation of a treaty, or any other en- 
gagement, assurance or promise. 

Social intercourse between the sexes is not known ; a squaw 
is a degraded, savage slave, who knows no better condition. 

The language of the Indians is strong, bold, nervous, and. 
energetic ; capable of powerful expression, and they pos- 
?ess powerful means of using it. In fine, both in utterance am! 

4 



38 HISTORY OF THE 

gesture, they are nature's orators, who rise and fall with the 
magnitude of their suhject ; but their language possesses 
nothing of the social turn, and is barren of those expressions 
peculiar to the tete a tete of social life. 

War is the study and delight of the savage ; and this he con- 
ducts, by surprising and destroying his enemies ; or if discov- 
ered too soon, by rushing to the conflict with daring intrepid- 
ity, and rending the air with horri 1 yells, whilst the combat 
continues ; but his chief delight is in the torture cf his cap- 
lives. 

The governments of the tribes arc absolute. The will of 
the chief or sachem, is fixed, and binding upon the whole ; but 
in all questions of war or peace, and in all treaties, especially 
such as regird a sale, or exQhmge of property, the chief al- 
ways assembles his council of old men, or warriors, and the 
subject is fairly and fully '^Uscussed. The young men often 
attend in council, but never speak. Although the voice of the 
majority is generally decissv \ stdl it is in the power of the 
chief alone to decide. They speak deliberately, listen atten- 
tively, and such is their memory, that they often retain a long 
speech, and in their reply the next day, repeat it correctly. 

The religion of the Inuiims corresponds with the religion of 
all the ancient he ithsn n itiqns, as well as the more modern. 
They believe in the ex'.stv;ncf of a supreme being, who made 
ana governs all things, whom they call the Great Spirit. Him 
they consider as the author of til good. ihe.y believe also 
in an evil deity, whom they consider as the author of all evil. 
The first, they worship -.s the object of their love ; and the 
other, as the ohjecl oi" their fear 

Marriages among ihe Indians are considered as temporary 
contracts, but they often, if not generally, continue through 
life. The squ.jw, hov^ever; is nev.'r considered by the par- 
ties as being any thing more tlian the menial of her sanepor 
husband. 

The rites of sepulture are more uniform among the Indians 
than any other rites. They generally bury their dead in .a 
sitting posture, with their clothe-i on, anil faces towards the 
east, accompanied with their arms, and other utensils, neces- 
sary for a long journey ; for they believe in a future state 
where they expeci. to visit their friends and relatives,* whose 
smiles will reward their virtues, and whose frowns will punish 
their crimes. Loud bowlings, by way of mourning-, at the 
sepulture of their dead, are common among the Indians. 



UNITED STATES. 39 

it is usual for rome tribes to collect the bones of their detui, 
and deposit them in a common cemetery, now called a bar- 
row. 

The resemblance ofthe natives of America in form and fea- 
tuie, as well as in manners and customs, to the northern Asiat- 
ics, has led to a general belief, that they migrated from that 
continent, across Beering's straits, a distance of only forty-one 
miles, which may often be passed upon the ice. 

It has become a very fashionable opinion, that the natives 
of North America are descendants of the ten tribes of Israel, 
and has the following authority of William Penn. " For their 
origin, (the natives,) I am ready to believe them of the Jewish 
race; I mean of the stock of the ten tribes, and that for the 
following reasons. First, they were to go to a land no t plant- 
ed nor known^ (Esdras xiii. ^Tt — 50.) which to be sure Asia 
and Africa were, and even Europe ; and he that intended that 
extraordinary ju Igment, might make their passage easy to 
them, as it is not impossible to cross from the easternmost 
parts of Asia to the westernmost parts of America. In the 
next place, I iindth'^m of like countenance, and their children 
of so lively a resemblance, that a man could think himself in 
Duke's place, or Berry-street, London, where he seeth them 
But this is not all, they agree in rites, they reckon by moons, 
they offer their first fruits, they have a kind of feast of taber- 
nacles, they are said to lay their altar upon twelve stones, 
their mourning a year, the custom of women, &c." 

The whole number of the New-England Indians, could nev- 
er be exactly known ; but it was at all time, sufficient to have 
destroyed the English, before the settlement of Connecticut, 
and the destruction of the Pequots ; after that time, the Eng- 
lish had become toostrong, and they were able to quell an in- 
surrection of all the tribes, when united in one grand confed- 
eracy, and armed with muskets, as may be seen in the foUow- 
isig war, styled Philip's war.j 

Philip'' s War. 1675.— During a period of fifty-five years, 
the English had lived quietly with the savages of New-Eng- 
land, excepting the war which exterminated the Pequots, and 
Rome small collisions with the Narragansett and some smaller 
tribes ; but this war commenced as a war of extermination, 
by a coalition of all the tribe* of New-England. This plot 

■t The whole number of Indians within the limits of the thirteen 
original United States, at the commenecmont of their settlement, has 
been estimated at 150,000, f^' 



ii) IIISTOrxY OF THE 

was communicated to the English by a friendly Indian, but i' 
was too kite ; he paid for his friendship, by falhng a sacrifice 
to savage resentment, the next day, and the war opened by an 
attack upon the people of Swanzej^ as they returned from 
meeting on the Sabbath. In this attack, two men were killed 
and one wounded ; the people dispersed and lied ; the In- 
dians pursued, and eight men were kdled. 

A body of horse and infantry was despatched from Boston, 
into the enemy's country, and besieged Philip in his retreat. 
They commenced an attack, and dispersed the savages, with 
the loss of one man killed and one wounded. 

They next compelled the Narragansetts to a peace, and re- 
turned to Boston. 

The English at Boston, hearing that Philip had fled to the 
Nipmucks, sent an embassy to renew the treaty with that 
tribe ; but Philip was there, and excited them to war. The 
embassy was received by the explosion of r.n Indian ambush, 
which killed eight of the mission, and wounded their chief: 
the rest fled to a neighboring village, where they all assem- 
bled in one house. 

Philip with his Indians pursued, burnt the village, and sur- 
rounded the house. Here commenced one of the most me- 
morable attacks recorded in the wars of New-England. An 
incessant discharge of musketry pierce(! the house on every 
side, accompanied with the most hideous savage yells ; but all 
w'ithout eft'ect, excepting the loss of one man killed. They 
then set tire to a cart, loaded with swingling tow and other 
combustibles, and moved it up against the house ; yet even 
this was extinguished by a special providential shower ot 
rain. At this critical moment, major Willard arrived with a 
party of English, and put the enemy to tlight with very consid- 
erable slaughter. 

The enemy next appeared at Deerfield, on Connecticut 
river, and laid waste the village. They next attacked North- 
ileld, and killed eight men, ami cut oft" captain Burr, who was 
sent to the relief of Northfield, with a party of thirty men. 
Captain Lathrop, who was sent from Boston, to the relief of 
Deerfield, with a party of ' ighty men and teams, fell into 
an Indian ambush, and lost seventy of his men, who were al! 
buried in one grave.! 

t This party, on their return, were carelessly eng-aged at Mudd> 
Urook, in gathering grapes, when tliey were surprised by a party o' 
.ibout eight hundred Indians, and seventy were sliot dov\'n in a fen- 
.".\ laments. 



UNITED STATES 41 

A cnptaiii Mosely, who w;is near with a body of men, flew 
to the relierof his iiiends, dispersed the enemy, who fled, 
and left 136 killed and wounded, on the field. Captain Mose- 
ly 'lost only two men. 

This scene was distressing beyond what the ])ilgrims had 
ever experienced ; the whole country was tilled with con- 
sternation and distress. 

Tiie Indians next apj)eared at S()ringfield, and burnt thirty- 
two houses. This alarmed the general court, then sitting at 
Boston, and they appointed a civil and ecclesiastical commit- 
tee, to inquire into the state of New-England, ifpossibly, they 
might discover and correct those crying sins, that had brought 
tiuch heavy judgments upon the land. The committee rc- 
])orted agreeable to their a()poinimpnt, and a general reforma- 
tion of manners and morals was recommended. 

The Tarenteens or eastern Indians, at this time, were ex- 
cited to war by the v/anton misconduct olsome English sea- 
men, and they commenced their-rsvages in New-Hampsiiire 
and Maine. Saco, Scarborough and Kiltcry, suffered severe- 
ly by their murders, robberies and confl;igrationfc. More than 
thirty of the English were kdlod. and many houses, barns and 
mills were consumed. New-England was now involved in 
one general distress and gloom. '^ 

The ravages of the enemy had now become general in Mas- 
sachusetts. Before the tl imes of Springfield were extin- 
guished, seven or eight hundred Indians attacked the town of 
Hatfield, but they were repulsed with very great carnage, 
and tied to Narragansett, and took refuge in a strong hold, in 
a dismal swamp, where they felt secure. This fort was sit- 
uated upon a rising ground in the midst of the swamp, and 
surrounded with pallisadoes and trees, and so constructed sis 
to be deemed impenetrable, with but one entrance, which lav 
over a water, upon a singletree ; and this pass was strongly 
guarded. In this fort were collected about 4,000 Indians. 

The forces of New England, consist ng of about eighteen 
hundred men, and one hundred and sixty friendly Indians, now 
rallied to the combat, under g» neral VVmslow. Thev pur- 
sued the enemy in the midst of frost and snow, with the great- 
est possible rapidity, and overtook a pnrty at thdientranre of 
the swamp, who exchanged one shot ;'nd tl^d to their sirono- 
hold. The English ativimced and cemmt need an attack upon 
the fort, but were repulsed with loss^ , 1 hey soon renewed 
the attack with redoubled ardor, and entered the fort amidst iv 



42 HISTORY OF THE 

tremendous explosion of musketry, and put all to the swore 
that fell in their way, excepting about three hundred warri- 
ors, and three hundred women andchiidren, that were taken, 
and the rest fled and made their escape. The English next 
set fire to about six hundred wigwams, which exhibited a 
solemn and awful scene. Amidst the rage of the flames 
were heard the shrieks of the aged and the sick, the infant 
and the mother, and the groans of the dying. With all this 
distress was connected the destruction of their stores, and 
magazines of corn. More than one thousand warriors were 
slain, and the alFrighted fugitives became the miserable vic- 
tims of death the ensuing winter, for the want of those very 
stores, whose destruction they now witnessed. 

'J'hiswas a glorious day to New-England, although they had 
purchased this victory with the loss of six brave captains, and 
about two hundred and thirty men killed and wounded ; yet 
God had given their enemies into their hands, and broken the 
strength of the natives. 

. It was now the 20th of December, and the driving snow 
and piercing cold, were very distressing to the wounded 
among the English ; yet their sufferings were small, compar- 
ed to those of the savages, who had lost theicali, in this mur- 
^ierons conflict. 

Although the strength of the savages was now broken, yet 
the s ime power in Canada that had furnished fire-arms i'or 
vhe war, now furnished allies to fill their ranks, and carry on 
an Indian predatory war. 

In January, they laid M^ndon in ashes. In Fehruary, they 
destroyed Lancaster, and carried off the inhabitants into cap- 
tivity ; particularly Mrs. Rowlinson, the wife of their minis- 
ter, who vviiS then absent. t 

The same torch consumed part of Marlborough, Sudbury, 
Chelmsford and Modford ; and even Plymouth witnessed (he 
loss of two of her f unifies. J|n March, they carried the torch 
into Warwick, Marlboroug^and Sudbury again, Northamp- 
ton and Groton, and committed a massacre at Springfield. 

The English pursued the war with energy ; but they suf- 
fered severely from the musketry ofthe savages»vvho had be- 
come as fierce as bears bereft "f their whel[»s. 

This waf of^xleiminat'c ,' raged through the month ci 

t Mrs. Rowlin55on returned to her fnends, after a long" captivity iij 
Canada, and wrote her owri'niemoirs, in which her sufferings are fullj^ 
described. 



UNITED STATES. 43. 

March, near the close of which, the towns of liehobotb, 
Providence and Audover, suffered severely by conflagration, 
Sudbury was again attacked by about 500 Indiiins, and felt the 
Joss of her brave captain Wadsworth, and more than fifty 
men. The savages wreaked their vengeance on their pris- 
oners, with the most cruel tortures. 

These scenes of desolation am! distress called up the atten- 
tion of the pilgrims to a sense of their situation, and ledthena 
to eye the hand of God in these juflgments, and to pour out 
their souls to him in the deepest humility, fasting and prayer. 
One general spirit of supplication prevailed throughout the 
churches of New-England. God heard their prayers, and 
gave them a gracious answer of peace. 

The ravages of the enemy were soon closed for the want 
of supplies, and the parties which were scattered about the 
country, were hunted like wild beasts, by the united forces o^ 
Massachusetts and Connecticut. They were driven from 
Briiigcwater, xMedfield, Northamj)ton, Hadley, Hatfield and 
Rehoboth, with severe loss and carnage. 

These signal victories opened the hearts of the people of 
Massachusetts, in a {)ublic thanksgiving to Almighty God, for 
the success of the war. 

The scene was now changed. The Matjuas, a powerfui 
tribe, resented some wrongs which they had suffered trorri 
Philip, rose in arms, fi^ll upon his flying parties, and butcher- 
ed them without mercy. 

Struck with despair, Philip ffed to Mount Hope, and Iii^^ 
people sought safety by flight. 

The troops of Mas^^achusetts and Connecticut again entered 
the country of the Narragansetts, and triumphed over their 
enemies, wherever they foand them ; kdling and destroying 
more than 2000 of the savages. I^ist of all, they discovered 
Philip in one of his swamps, shot him, and carried his head to 
Plymouth, where it heightened the gratitude of their public 
thanksgiving, and gave a new zest to the joy of their hearts. t 

'i bus fell great Philip, the head of this terrible confederacy 
against the pilgrims of New England ; and with him all hop^p 
of further success inthis bloody, savage war. 

t Captain Church, the hero of New-Eno'land, ordered Phiiip to bf 
beheaded and quartered, and the Indian who executed the order, thuv 
addressed the fallen chief: — "You have been one very great man, 
You have made many men afraid of you j butsQ bi^ as you be I vr.ill 
cut off your head." 



44 HISTORY OF THE 

To recount (he exploits of the heroes of New-Enghmd, who ! 
uistinguished themselves in this memorable war, would ex- ' 
ceed the limits of this work. Such coolness and br.ivery, as 
well .as intrepidity and skill, as were displayed by both offi- | 
cers and troops, have rarely, if ever been recorded.! 

Such Wiis the severity of the war, that New- England lost 
more than t)00 of her valiant sons, who fell ni)on the field, or 
suffered a miserable captivity. Almost every family was in 
mourning ; more than 600 buildings, (mostly dwelling houses) 
had been burnt ; property to a great amount had been de- ; 
stroycd, and the colonies were greatly in debt. Yet they : 
sustained all this loss, with becoming y)atience and resignation. 
- The ravages ol the Tarentecns continued in New-Hamp- 

t Among the heroes of that day, none were so conspicuously dis- ' 
lin<Tuishcd, and deserving- of notice, as a captain <''hurch, of the cole- " 
ny of Plymouth. More than a double portion of the mantle of the 
renowned captain Standish, had fallen upon captain Church, and ac- 
quired for him, more than a double portion of renown in this memora-^ 
blc war. The daring intrepidity, and the unexampled skill of this 
knight of New -Engl. ind. in eluding the wiles of the enemy, m explor- 
ing their retreats, in repelling their assaults, in conducting his attacks, 
in overawing his enemy, and in cojnmanding the respect, confidence, 
and even aftections of his pi*isoncrs, were all distinguished features,^ 
peculiar to the character of captain Church. He was greatly pros- 
pered in his affairs after the war, and commanded the respect and 
admiration of all who knew him, both as a man and a neighbor, a 
friend and a christian, as well as a hero ; and in 1690, he engaged, with 
a major's command, in a successful expedition against the eastern 
Indians, who had commenced depredations on the settlements in 
INIainc. In 1692, he accompanied governor Phips, to Pemaquid, and 
uoin thence he was detached against the Penobscot tribe, and when 
he had subdued these, and scoured extensively the banks of the Ken- 
nebec, he returned in triumph. In 1696, the governor detached Jiim 
into that eastern country, and he penetrated into the French settle- 
ments at Nova-Scotia, and brought off much spoil. 

In 1704, our hero was detached again with a colonel's command, 
into that eastern country, to quel; the depredations of the French and 
Indians ; lie again scoured the country, and'killed, took or dispersed 
all the French and Indians ; again he entered Nova Scotia, took some, 
of their towns, and again returned in triumph, greatly enriched wilb.j 
the spoils of the enemy. Soon after his rectum, he received a severe; 
contusion, by a fall from his horse, of which he died suddenly, in this 
seventy-eighth year of his age. His memory ^was long held in grat 
ful remembrance by the pilgrims of the wilderness, and his name wi 
ever live in the annals of" New-England. 



UNITED STATES. 45 

shire and Maine, until the spring of 1678, when peace was 
restored. 

We will now carry forward the colony of New-Hampshire. 



CHAPTER Vf. 

NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 

In the month of September, 1679, king Charles H. caused 
the following commission to be issued under the great seal of 
the realm, for the government of New-Hampshire. t 

" After inhibiting and restraining the jurisdiction exercised 
by Massachusetts over the towns of Portsmouth, Dover, Exe-, 
ter and Hampton, and all other lands extending from three- 
miles north of the Merrimac, to the f>roviHce of Maine, this 
commission appoints John Cutts, esq. president for one year, 
and until another shall have been aj)pointed by the same au- 
thority ; also Richard Martin and William Vaughn, with four 
others, to be of the council, who were authorised to choose 
three others in the province, to be added to them. The pres- 
ident to appoint a deputy to preside in his absence ; and the 
president, or his deputy, with tive counsellors, to form a quo- 
rum. They were to meet at Portsmouth, in twenty days af- 
ter the arrival of the commission, and publish it. They were 
constituted a court for the administration of justice, according 
to the laws of England, so far as circumstances would permit : 
reservmg the right of appeal to the king in council, for ac- 
tions of fifty pounds value. They were to appoint military 
officers, and take all needful measures for defence against the 
common enemy. Liberty of conscience was allowed to all 
protestants ; those of the church of England to be particular- 
ly encouraged. For the support of government, they were 
to continue the present taxes, until an assembly could be call- 
ed ; to which end they were to issue writs of election, with- 
in three months, under the province seal, for calling an as- 
sembly, to whom the president shall recommend the passing Ik., 

t It will be recollected that the first attempts to settle this colony in 
1629, so far failed, as to constrain the patentees to assign the jurisdic- 
tion to the colony of Massachusetts, in the year 16 10, where itcgntinu- 
ed until this time. 



iU HISTORY OF THE 

such laws assliould establish their allegiance, good order rnd 
defence ; and the raising taxes, in sncli m inner and |)roportioa 
as they should see fit. All laws to be approv^ed by the pres- 
ident and council, tmd then to remain in full force, until the 
king's pleasure could be known : for which purpose they 
should be sent to England by the Srst ships. 

In case of the president's death, his deputy to succeed 
him ; and on the death of a counsellor, the remainder were ] 
to elect another, and send over his name, with the names of 
two other meet persons, that the king might appoint one of 
the three. 

The king engaged for himself and his successors, tocontiii-,i 
ne the privilege of an assembly, in the same manner and form, 
""unless by inconvenience arising therefrom, he or his heirs; 
should see cause to alter the same." 

On the tirst of March, 1G80, the tirst legislative assembl\'^ 
was convened, according to this commission or charter. They 
proceeded to declare the colon of New- Hampshire t^rce, and 
independent of the colony of Massachusetts, and to enact wise 
and salutary laws. 

The peace of this government was of short duration. Ma- 
son, (son and heir of the original grantee) came over, and de- 
manded a seat in the government, which was granted ; but he 
soon returned to England in fiisgust, and made a partial sur- 
render of his claims to the crown, and mortgaged the remain- 
der to Edmond CranfieM, esq. who vvas appointed lieutenant 
governor and commander-in chief of New- Hampshire. 

In 1682, Cranticlil repaired to his government with acorn- 
mission from the crown, with "lull powers to call, adjourn, 
prorogue, and dissolve general courts, to have a negativv'^ 
voice in all the acts of rjovernment, to suspend any counsellor 
at his will, (which barred his future election,) to appoint a 
depu'y governor, judires, justices, and other oOicers, and to 
exercise the powers of vice-admiral." 

Here commenced a new order of things. Cranfield arriv- 
ed, disclosed his com mission, andcommmcod a system of ty- 
ranny and persecution. A new \3sem!)ly yvas called, jnany 
new laws were en icterl, and a doceur of £-50 voted to the 
governor, which softened for a time, the rigors of his admin- 
istration. The assembly was adjourned. 

In .January, 1083, the ass^^mbly met according to adjourn- 
ment. New collisions sprang up, and the governor dissolved 



UNITED STATES. 47 

the iissembiy ; this threw the colony into confusion, and the 
cry of" hberty mid relorm," became the order of the day. 

These sceries led to new troubles. Mason appeared again, 
setup his claims, and demanded that all lands and estates should 
be held of him by lease, upon an annual rent -; and the govern- 
or favored the claim. The people resi;*ted, prosecutions 
commenced, and judgments were rendered in lavor of Mason, 
but he could not obtain any consideration ; all was anxiety 
and alarm, and the peop'e petitioned the king. 

The governor called an assembly to quiet the people, but 
they were not cordial to his views, cind he dissolved them. 
The i;overnor next commenced a religious persecution, upon 
the English statutes of non-coniormity anci actually obtamed 
judgment against the Rev. Joshua Moody, minister of Ports- 
mouth, one of the worthies of Ncw-Enghmd, and com.mitted 
him to prismi for the term of six month?;, without bail. 

The governor next attempted to levy taxes, by the advice 
of his council, with'-ut the consent of tiie assembly, which 
roused the people to a just sense of their rights ; and they 
exhibited such comphunts to the kmg, as caused his removal ; 
and B irefoot, the lieutenimt governor, succeeded to the chair, 
where he continued until su(ceeded by Dudley, as president 
of New-England. 

The spirit of liberty which prevailed throughout the colo- 
nies, gave great offmde to the king.f and he determined to 
chv'jck and control it ; accordingl}' he appointed sir Edward 
lumdolph, as a special agent of the crown, to remove all their 
charters, by writs of qiio n-arranto^ and scire facias, and ap- 
pointed Joseph Dudley, esq. presitient, and sir VVm. Stough- 
ton vice-pj-esident, with Simon Bradstreet, Robert Mason, and 
thirteen others as counsellors. This government embraced 
Massachusetts, New-Hampshire, Maine, | Rhode-Island and 
Connecticut. 

This form of government commenced May, 1G86, to the 
utter exclusion of those legislative assemblies, which had be- 
come sooffensive to tlie governors of the crown. From this 

t James IT. 

:j: Sir Ferdinand Gorges had obtained of the crown a charter of this 
district, extending from .the rivev Piscataqua to Sao;uIabock, m the 
year 16. 19 ; but failing in his attempts to settle the country, it was an- 
nexed to t^e jurisdiction orMassachusetts, about the year !6 2; or by 
actual purchase of the heirs of Gorges, for the sum of JG 1200, in the 
year 1677. 



43 HISTORY OF THE 

council of the country were selected judges of the county 
courts, with right of appeal to their superior courts, to be 
holden at Boston, and from thence to the crown. Justice 
courts, and probate courts were organized under this govern- 
ment, and a complete new order of thmgs commenced in New^ 
England. 

To strengthen this government yet further, sir Edmond 
Andros, late gov3rnor of New- York, was appointed captain- 
general and commaniler-in-chief over the colonies of New- 
England, not including Plymouth. To this government a 
council was added, tive of whom, with the governor, made a 
quorum, with poweis almost unhmited. To this government 
the colony of New-York was annexed. 

This new order of things in New-England arose out of the 
change which had taken place in England. — Charles II. had 
died, and James II. succeeded to the throne, 1685. James 
was a bigoted Roman catholic, and a tyrant ; and the people 
of England were groaning under his despotic sway, as well as 
the colonies. 

When the people of England expelled James from the 
throne in 1688, and conferred it upon William and Mary, the 
people of Boston rose in arms, seized Andros, and sent him 
to England. 

In this unsettled state of things the colonies resumed their 
charters, and New-Hampshire again put herself under the 
protection of Massachusetts. 

About this time the heirs of Mason sold their claims for 
£750, free from entail, to Samuel Allen, of London, and he 
obtained a commission for the government of New-Hamp- 
shire, with the appointment of John Usher, his son-in-law, as 
deputy governor, with full powers in Allen's absence, togeth- 
er with twelve counsellors, who acted under the crown, in- 
dependent of the legislative assemblies. 

In 1692, Usher took possession of his governmeni, in the 
midst of an extensive Indian war, which tilled that country 
with distress, and drenched it in blood. The Indians of Nova 
Scotia and Canada became engaged in this war, and like that 
©f Philip, it was a war of extermination.! 

+ The whole white population of Eritiish America, »t thii time, did 
not exceed 200,000. 



UNITED STATES. 4y 

CHAPTER VII. 

ISEW-HAMPSHIRE, CONTINUED. KING WILLIIm's WAR. 

The revoiution in Enghmci which drove James -from his 
throne, threw him into the urms ot Louis XIV. king of France : 
brought WiUiam, prince of Ornnge, with Mary his wife,! to 
the throne of England, and involved the nation in a war with 
France, 1688. 

'J he passions which kmdled this war, extended to New- 
England, through the <nstrumentality of the baron de Cas- 
tine, (vvho resided at P: tiobscot,) and the governor of Cana- 
da, the eastern Indians were induced to t^ske up the hatchet. 
The baron had receivt ii some pointed injury from sir Edmond 
Andros, during his ad»nmistration. And about the year 1676, 
400 Indians, upon th^ river Cocheco, had .been seized by a 
major Waldron, sent abroad anci sold as slaves. 

Part of these Indians had now returned, and were thirsting 
for blood. These facts, added to the national war, were the 
cause of immediate hostilities. 

The savages surprised the town of Dover, upon the Coche- 
co, where they murdered major Widdron in a most barbarous 
manner, with twenty-two others, and twenty-nine were car- 
'l"ied captives to Canada ; five or six houses, with the mills^ 
were burnt and the savages made their escape. J 

They next surprised a village on Oyster river ; seized a 
block-house, killed eighteen men, murdered several children, 
and carried the women captives to Canada. 

When winter set in, count Ffontenac, governor of Canada, 
let loose his savages in three divisions, accompanied with 
French Canadians, who spread carn;ige and desolation through- 
out the settlements on the frontier, 16.90. Schenectady (-^ 
Dutch settlement on the Mohawk,) fell the first victim. 

t Daughter of James II. 

\ When the savagts entered the house of major Waldron, he awok« 
at the alarm, seized iiis sword and drove tleni from his apartment ; 
but in attempting- to return for his? gun. an Indian knocked him dov/n. 
They then seized him and bore him into an outer apartment, wher» 
they seated him Uj ;>n a long table, in his elbow chair, and presenting 
themselves before iiun. exclaimed " Who judge Indians now ?" Thej 
then menaced hir.i with their knives, cutting Lim at the same timo 
.^icross the breast and body, exclaimed "I cross, out my account." 
They next cut off his nose and ears, and thrust them into Ins mouth ; 
and when he grew faint from loss of blood, they tumbled him dov,'u 
np«n the point of his own sword, which closed the liorrid scene 

5 



50 HISTORY OF THE 

A settlement at Salmon F.ills, was next surprised by anoth- 
er party ; a sharp action conifnenced, eighty men, women and 
children were either killer or taken ^ the village was plun- 
dered, and the cattle w ere driven off. 

A pany ol 140 men pursued, overtook and dispersed the 
savages, after a sharp action, -snd brought back the spoil. 

In the spring, a third party from Quebec, surprised and de- 
stroyed the settlement at Casco, in Maine, and the eastern set- 
tlers abandoned their villages, and fled to Wells. 

Alarmed at this dar.ng enterprise, the colonies of New- 
England resolved to destroy the power ot the French in Can- 
ada, at a blow. They anordmgly uniteci in titting out a fleet 
and armament against Qik b« c, under the command of sir Wm. 
Phipps ; but the season was too fur advanced, and the expe- 
dition failed. The expenses of this expedition, caused the 
first emission of paper money in New-England. 

The Indians, alaimed at the energies oi the English, prac- 
tised a new stratagem : they voluntarily came in, and proffer- 
ed a truce, which was accepted, ant! the terms of peace were 
agreed upon, and hostages .left on their part to guarantee theic 
fidelity. This truce continuee untii the June following, when, 
in the midst of security, the Indi. ns attacked the fort at Wells, 
which had become the asylum of the east, but were repulsed 
with great slaughter. They next attacked Exeter, but with 
the destruction of only two men. They then fell upon Sandy- 
Beach, where they killed and destroyed twenty-two persons, 
1691. In January, I6j^2 they surprised and destroyed York, 
which closed the scene for the winter, generally ; but in May 
following, they again tell upon the fortress at Wells, and were 
again repulsed with great loss. This, added to the vigilance 
and exertions of sir Wm. Phipps, governor of Massachusetts, 
kept the Indians quiet. 

This state of quiet, which continued through the years 1692 
and 3, became again a snare to the English, by lullingiheni 
into a state of security. In the midst of this false security, 
the sieur V illieu, the brave defender of Quebec, against the 
expedition under sir Wm. Phi[;{s. being now removed to the 
command of the station at Penobscot*, assembled a force of 
about 250 Indians, attended by a Fxen^'h priest, and made a 
descent upon the vilhige of.Doxer. upon Oyster river, where 
he took and destroyed five garrison houses out of tw.el.Se ; the 
others were defended with firmnt ss. In this enteiprlisb, ;;bout 
100 persons were killed lind ti;ken, ynd about twenty houses 




UNITED STATES. «Sl, 51 



rvere destroyed, anrl the Inrlians escaped with their booty, 
1694. The next ye.ir, two men a^-.tin were killed at Exeter, 
md in 1696, a sm;dl vdl.t'^e at Sand) Be i<:hti,w:as surprised and 
l^urnt ; fourteen persons Wt^re killad and four were taken and 
:arried off. A strong party pursued, and recovered the pris- 
oners and plunder, but th'3 savages m »de their escape. They 
next surprised the citizi^.ns of ov.^r, on the Sa!)bath, as they 
returned trom meeting ; three were killed and three wound- 
ed, andihree weretik^ii and earn i to Penobscot, from 
whence they were soon r turned. In 1697, they attempted 
to surprise the town of Exeior, but were providentially dis- 
covered, and they fl;*d. In their retreat, they took ven- 
geance on a major Frost, at Kittery, vvbo had been concerned 
in the capture of the 400 Indians ai Cocheco, which were sold 
in Europe. 

These scenes of distress were but the preludes of what 
were to follow, had the whole plan succeeded. This plan, 
concerted in France, had for its object the destruction of 
New-England, by the assistance oi a fle;^t and armament 
from France, lo co-operite with the forces of Canada, and lay 
waste the whole country. The pi; n was a bold one, but that 
God who had planted his church in the wilderness, had pre- 
served her through sufferings, to meet and repel the attempt. 
The lleet remained at Newfoundland until winter, and then 
returned to France. f The stt aggling parties of Indians com- 
mitted some deprc'dations, but n;4hing of importance. 

The events of Indian war can be related, but the pen can- 
not disclose its blood-chilling horrors. The distresses of our 
iathers are lost in reality, and own their retnembrance is al- 
most swallowed up, in those rich enjoyments they provided 
for their descendants. 

Through all these scenes of alarm and distress, the colony 
of New-Hampshire was cr« ssed, v -xed and perplexed with 
proprietary governors, appomted by the crown, under Ma- 
son's, or rather Allen's claims ; first by Usher, as has been 
noticed, from 1692 to 1695. then by Wm. Partridge, next by 
Allen himself; and in 1699, the earl ofBellomont arrived, 
ligreeable to his appointment, and entered upon the govern- 

t This fleet, under the command of count Nesniond, consisted often 
ships of the line a galhot and two frigates: Count H'rontenac waste 
have joined the expedition at Penobscot, with 1500 men. Boston was 
the first object of their destination. 



52 HISTORY OF THE 

ment of the province, and Wm. Partridge acted as lieut. gov- 
ernor. This change in the government, quieted the feuds 
which had perplexed the colony, and gave repose to the feel- 
ings of the people. 

This war continued to rage, and the eastern settlements 
suffered very severely, down to the peace of Ryswick, 1697. 
In the winter following, hostilities ceased in America, by the 
treaty of Casco.t 

" tThe details of individual sufferings that occurred during this war^ 
irere they faithfully recorded, would excite the sympathies of the most 
unfeeling bosom. One instance only will serve to confirm the remark. 

In an attack, by a body of Indians, upon Haverhill, New Hamp- 
shire, in the winter of 1697, the concluding year of the war, a party of 
the assailants, burning with savage animosity, approached the house 
of a Mr. Dustan. Upon the first alarm, he flew from a neighboring 
field to his family, with the hope of hurrying them to a place of safe- 
ty. Seven of his children he directed to flee, while he himself went 
to assist his wife, who was confined in her bed with an infant a week 
old ; but before she could leave the bed the savages arrived. 

In despair of rendering her assistance, Mr. Dustan flew to the door, 
mounted his horse, and determined in his own mind to snatch up iha 
child which he loved best. He followed in pursuit of his little flock, 
but on coming up with them he found it impossible to make a selec- 
tion. He determined, therefore, to meet hisfaie with them ; to defend 
and save them from the knife of the pursumg savages, or die by their 
aide. 

A body of the Indians soon came up with them, and from short dis- 
tances, commenced a fire upon him and his little company. For more 
than a mile he continued to retreat, placing himself between the fire 
of the Indians and his children and returned their shots with great 
spirit and success. At length he saw them all safely lodged from their 
bloody pursuers, in a distant house. 

It is not easy to find a nobler instance of fortitude and courage, in- 
apired by affection, than is exhibited in this heroic act. Let us ever 
cultivate the influence of those ties of kindred, wiiich are capable oi" 
giving so generous and elevated a direction to our actions. 

As Mr. Dustan quitted his house, a party of Indians entered it. 
Mrs. Dustan was in bed, but they ordeied her to rise instantly, and be- 
fore she could finish dressing, obliged h.er and the nurse, who had in 
rain attempted to escape with the infant, to quit the house, which thay 
plundered and burnt. 

In these distressing circumstances, Mrs. Dustan began her march 
with other captives, into the wilderness. The air was keen, and their 
path led through snow and deep mud, and their savage conductors de- 
lighted rather in their afilictions, than in alleviating their distress. 

The company had proceeded but a short distance, when .an Indian, 
thinking the infant an incumbrance, took it from the arms of the 
nurse and violently terminated its life. Such of the other captives 
as became weary and incapable of proceeding, the Indians killed with 



UNITED STATES. 53 

CHAPTER VIII. 

HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS, CONTINUED. MASSACHUSETTS. 

The character and adventures of the lirst settlers of Massa- 
chusetts, have been noticed, with the charter obtained from 
Charles I. and the spirit and geniu* oitheir government ; the 
loss of their chartcir in the reign of Charles II. 1684, togeth- 
er with the union of the governments of Massachusetts and 
N. Hampshire, under governors sent out by the crown, under 
James II. 1686. Upon the accession of William and Mary, 
sir VVm. Phipps was appointed governor of Massachusetts, 
and arrived at Boston, with their new charter. May 14, 1692. 
This charter embraced all the limits of the old, together with 
the colony of Plymouth and the province of Maine and Nova 
Scotia ; extending to the river St. Lawrence on the north, and 
the South sea on the west, excepting N. Hampshire and New- 
York. By this charter, " all grant;* being made to any town, 
college, orschools of learning, were confirmed," and under the 
sanction of this charter, the g*^ner.d court provided the next 
year, to extend their liberal support to their general system 
of education. 

The council who were named in this charter, were mostly 
descendants of the first worthies of Massachusetts and Ply- 
mouth colonies, and were generally ofthe old council. 

The most im{)ortant subject th it interested the public at 
this time, was the confusion of witchcraft, that distracted the 

their tomahawks. Feeble as Mrs. Dustan was, both she and her 
nurse sustained with wonderful ener^-^y. the fatigues and misery at- 
tending a journey of one hundred and fifty miles. 

On their arriving at tlie place of their destination, they found the 
wigwam ofthe savage who claimed ilu-m, to be inhabited by twelve 
Indians. In the ensuing April, this uunily set out, with their captives, 
for an Indian settlement, still more rtniote. The captives were in- 
formed that on their arrival at the settlement, they must submit to be 
atiipped, scourged, and run the gauuilet between two files of Indians. 
This information carried distress to the minds of the captive women, 
and led them promptly to devise some means of escape. 

Early in the morning ofthe 31st of April, Mrs. Dustan awaking her 
nurse and another fellow-prisoner, they dispatched ten of the twelve 
Indians, while they were asleep; the otlier two escaped. The wo- 
men then commenced their difficult and dangerous journey, through 
the wilderness, and at length arrived sale at Haverhill. Subsequent- 
ly they visited Boston, and received from the general court a hand- 
some consideration for their extraordinary sufferings and heroic eon- 
(iuct," — Dwight's Travels. 

5* 



«^ 



54 HISTORY OF THE 

town of Salem. For the honor of New-England, it is to be 
desired that a subject so disgraceful in itself, might have been 
forever buried in oblivion. The particulars of this contempt- 
ible transaction, may be found in Hutchinson's history of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay.t 

" tThe first suspicion of witchcraft in New-England, and in the Uni- 
ted States, began at Springfield, Massachusetts, as early as 1645. 
Several persons, about tijat time, were accused, tried, and executed iu 
Massachusetts ; one at Charlestown, one at Dorchester, one at Cam- 
bridge, and one at Boston. For almobt thirty years afterwards the 
subject rested. But in 168^ or 16813, it was revived in Boston ; four 
of the children of John Goodwin united in accusing a poor Irish wo- 
man with bewitching them. Unhappily the accusation was regarded 
with attention, and the woman was tried and executed. 

Near the close of February, 1692, the subject was again revived, in 
consequence of several children in Danvers and Salem, beginning to act 
in a peculiar and unaccountable manner. Their strange conduct con- 
tinued for several days, their friends betook themselves to fasting anil 
praj^er. During religious e.^ercises, it was found that the children 
were generally decent and i-till ; but after service was ended, they re- 
newed their former inexplicable conduct. This was deemed sufficient 
evidence that they were laboring under the intluence of witchcraft. 

At the expiration of some days, the childred began to accuse several 
persons in the neighborhood of bewitching them. Unfortunately they 
were credited, and the suspected authors of the spell were seized and 
imprisoned. 

From this date, the awful mania rapidly spread into the neighboring- 
country, and soon appeared in various parts of Essex, Middlesex and 
Suffolk. Persons at Andover, Ipswich, Gloucester, Boston, and sever- 
al other places, were accused by their neighbors and others. 

For some time the victims were selected only from among the low- 
er classes. But at length, the accusations fell upon persons of the 
most respectable rank, in August, Mr. George Burroughs, sometirnw 
minister in Salem, was accused, brought to trial, and condemned. Ac- 
cusations were also brought against Mr. English, a respectable mer- 
chant in Salem, and his wife ; against Mef;srs, Dudley and John Brad- 
street, sons of the then late governor Bradstreet; against the wife of 
Mr. Hale, the lady of sir Wm. Phipps, and against tne secretary of 
Connecticut. 

The evil Jiad now become awfully alarming. One man, named 
Giles Corey, had been pressed to death for refusing to plead, and nine- 
teen persons had bee a executed. More than one tliird of these were 
members of the church. One hundred and fifty ware in prison, and 
two hundred were accused. 

At length, the inquiry was anxiously suggested, where v/ill this ac- 
cumulated mischief and misery end? The conviction soon followed, 
that the proceedings had been rash and indefensible. A special court 
was held on the subject, and fifty, who were brought to trial, were 
acquitted excepting three, who were afterwards reprieved by the gov- 
ernor. These events were followed by a general release of tjiose wh^ 



UNITED STATES, 55 

During the administration. of sir Wm. Phipps, the colonies 
of New-England attempted the reduction of Canada, by an 
expedition against Q,uebec, which failed ; and upon his re- 
turn to Boston, he fell into a controversy with the captain of 
an English frigate, which occasioned him a voyage to Eng- 
land, in his own defence, where he died, February IC, 1695. 

In 1696, lord Bellomont was appointed governor of New- 
York, Massachusetts, and New-Hampshire. His lordship ar- 
rived at Boston, from his government in New York, in June, 
1699, and entered upon his high commission. During the first 
year of his lordship's administration, he entered with zesii 
and spirit into a system of measures for the suppression ot 
piracy, and was so fortunate as to seize, in the port of Boston, 
the noted pimte Kid, and caused him to be executed. Many 
other pirates were taken, and the infamous practice generaliy 
suppressed. 

In the year 170'^'*, his lordship returned to New York 
where he died, March, 1701, <in(l the government devolved 
upon lieutenant governor Stoughton. He died May, 1702, 
and was succeeded by governor Dudley, whose administra- 
tion was in all respects, the reverse of that of the earl of Bel- 
lomont. 

In 1701, king William died, and was succeeded by queen 
Ann, 1702. 

In 1703, queen Ann declared war against France. This 
again opened the frontiers of the northern colonies, to the 
ravages of an Indian war. 

had been imprisoned. "Thus the cloud," says the late president 
Dwight, " which liad so long hung over the colony, slowly and sol- 
ienly retired ; a.nd like the <!arkness of Egypt, was, to the great joy ©f 
the distressed inhabitants, succeeded by serenity and sunshine." 

We who live to look back upon this scene, are wont to contemplat* 
with wonder, the seeming madness and infatuiition, not oftha weak, 
illiterate, and unprincipled, but of men of sense, education, and fer« 
rent piety. Let us consider, however, that at this period, the actual 
existence ©f witchcraft v/as taken for granted, and that doubts respect- 
ing it, were deemed little less than heresy. The learned Baxter, who 
lived at this time in England, where the same notions on this subject- 
prevailed, pronounced the disbeliever in witchcraft, an "obdurat* 
sadducee ;" and sir Matthew Hale, one of the brightest ornaments ot* 
the English bensh, repeatedly tried and condemned those as criminals, 
who were accused of witchcraft. Let us then rather advert with 
g^ratitude to our own freedom from such delusions, than bestow invec- 
tives upon those who can plead, in excuse for their err^r, the spkit tf 
th« i^Q in whish they lived."— PwicrJitV Trav^l^. 



im 



HISTORY OF THE 



In 1704, an Indian invasion coaimenced from Canada, and 
the storm first broke upon Da^rtield ; forty persons were 
Killed, and about 100 captives were carried off into the wil- 
derness, on their way to Canada. Among these captives, 
were the rev. Mr. Willi ims, their minister, with his wife and 
five small children. When the savages had collected their 
prisoners and booty, they set tire to the viii-ige, and made a 
liasty retreat. t On the second day, the strength of Mrs. Wil- 
liams began to fail, and her husband was called to witness a 
most distressing scene ; her m aster sunk his hatchet into her 
liead, and she expired without a groan. About twenty others 
shared the fate of Mrs. Williams, on their way through the 
wilderness ; and on the !j;5th of March, the survivors reached 
<!^anada, where they were treated with humanity, by governor 
Vaudreuil.J 

The year 1709 became memorable for a general union of 
the northern colonies, in an expedition against Canada, under 
the command of general Nicholson ; but it failed, because the 
fleet destined for the service, was called to the support and 
defence of Portugal. 

The year 171i», also became memorable for the capture of 
Port-Royal, (Nova Scotia.) by the united efforts of New-Eng- 
land, assisted by a fleet and armament from En;;land, all which 
was intrusted to the command of geneial Nicholson. 

In 1711, queen Ann sent out another fleet and armament 
to co-operate with the colonies against Canada, and general 

i " One house still remains, as a painful memento to posterity. 
The front door was hacked and hewn with hatchets, until the savage?: 
had cut a hole throufrh it ; thiouf^h this hole they fired into the house ; 
this door, which still bears its ancieni wounds, and the hole, (closed 
only bv a board, tacked on withm.) remains now as the savages left 
it, and is a most interesting monument. 

"• Through the windows thoy a;so fired, and one bullet killed the 
female head of the family, sitting up m bed, and the mark of that 
bullet, as well as of four others is visible m the room ; in one of the 
holes in a joist, another bullet remains to this day. This family wa;^ 
all killed, or carried into captivity.'" — SiHiman's 'four. 

if At the end of two years, JMr. VVihiains, and fifty-teven others, were 
redeemed, and he returned to Deer-eld, where he continued his labor? 
in the ministry twelve years, and died. Uis eldest daa<. liter was mar- 
ried to an Indian in Canada, where she lived many years. She came 
into New-England once or twice, with her sanup and children, t* visi' 
her friends; and at her death left a numerous family. 



UNITED STATES. 57 

Nicholson was honored with the command, j The colonies 
entered with spirit add zeal into the enterprise ; but it was de- 
feated, and the remainder of the fleet returned to England. 

This war continued to rage', until closed by the peace of 
Utrecht, 1713. 

On the death of queen Ann, August, 1711, the house of 
Hanover succeeded to the throne of England, un ler George I. 
who sent out colonel Burgess, as successor to governor Dud- 
ley, and colonel Taylor was appointed lieut. governor. 

la 1716, colonel Shute succeeded governor Burgess, and 
William Dummer, esq. wis ippointed lieut. govertjor. This 
administration was cnore oppressive th m that of governor 
Dudley ; and m the year 1720, thv7 dissensions in the govern- 
ment, the depreciation ot the paper money, and the ravages 
of the eastern Indians, involved the colony in disorder and 
distress. The peop'e now began seriously to feel the loss of 
their liberties, under their new charter, with its despotic 
crown governors. At this time, th ^ small pox broke out in 
Boston, which caused the first inoculations in New-England. 

In 1722, the strife between principle and prerogative be- 
came so serious, that thego*^ernor deserted his government 
and returned to England, and the hcut. governor took the 
chair. 

His honor, the lieut. governor, met the assemble with a 
very conciliatory address, which was kindly received, and as 
kindly answered, by the following arldress, from an aged sena- 
tor, Mr, Sewall, who had been issistant under the old charter. 

" If your honor, and this honorable board please to give me 
, leave, 1 will speak a few words upon this solemn occasion. 

" Although the unerring providence of God has brought 
your honor to the chair of government in a cloudy and tem- 
pestuous season, yet you hive this for your encouragemeot, 
that the people you have to do with, are a part of the Israel 
of God, and you may expect to have of the prudence and pa- 
tience of Moses, communicated ^o you for your conduct. It 
is evident that the Almighty Savior counselled the first plan- 
ters to remove ;ind settle here, and they dutifully followed his 
advice ; therefore he will never leave nor forsake them nor 

t This fleet, which consisted of fifteen sail of the line, forty trans- 
ports, six store ships, with about 7000 land forces, sailed from Boston 
on the 30th of July, and arrived in the river St. Lawrence on the Hth 
♦f August ; on the 22d it was d?ispersed or lost in a storm. 



58 HISTORY OF THE 

theirs, so that you must needs be happy in seeking their hap* 
piness and welfare, which your birth and education will in^ 
chne you to do. D Jicilia qtioe palckra. \ promise myself 
that they who sit at this board will yi dd their faithful advice 
to 3'our honor, accordivg to the duty of their place." 

This address needs no co;ninent. 

We will now bring forward the history of Connecticut. 



CHAPJER IX. 

IIISTORV OF THE PILGRIMS CONTINUED. 

General affairs of Connecticut. — In 1644, the title of lords 
Say and Seal, .ind Bro.)k, was conveyed to the colony of Con- 
necticut, for £lUOu.t 

In 165U, coimni«sioners of the united colonies of New- 
England and the colony of New- York, settled their line 6f 
division and boundar}'. 

In 1659, died governor Eaton, greatly lamented in New- 
England. 

In 1661, the colony of Connecticut, by their agent John 
Mason, extinguished by purchase, all the Indian claims to the 
colony; an I in 1662, th.'y obtained from king Charles II. 
that charter which constituted them a body politic, with the 
ronfirmition of their ancient gnnt from the earl of Warwick. 
This charier embraced all th • fund imental principles of the 
<'olony compact of 1639, an(< extended I'iO miles from the 
south line of Massachusetts, which interfered with the patent 
of the duke of York, and the settlement of the Dutch at Man- 
Iiattan ; also upon the settlements in New Jersey and Penn- 
sylvania. 

In 1664, this claim wa- overruled, and the sea fixed as the 
south boundary of Connecticut. 

The charter of Charles II. included the colony of NevT 
Haven ; but the two colonies were not united until 1 666, when 
it became necessary to form a, union of interest to protect 
their chartered rights. 

"i At this time settlements had commenced in about fifty towns in 
New England, and about eighty ministers had been settled, aad thirty 
#r forty churches had been gathered. 



UNITED STATES. 59 

At this time the king sent out three commissioners to inquire 
into the sta<^e of the colonies.! 

In 1672, the MS. l<iws ot' Connecticut were digested into a 
regular coae, and printed at Cambridge, Mass. in a small 
folio, with duplicate blank pages, for the insertion of all subr 
sequent laws ; and in 1G9.9 the blanks were filled. | 

In 1674, sir Edmond Andross, governor of New York, 
claimed all the lands west of Connecticut river ; and at the 
head of a military force, commenced an attack upon Saybrook, 
but was repelled in a dignified and soldier-like manner, by 
captain Thomas Bull, of Hartfi)rd, who commanded a strong 
military force at that station. Sir Edmond withdrew his for- 
ces and embarked for Long- Island. 

In 1675, comme:iced the famou- Indian war, which has 
been noticed under the head ol Philip's war. 

From the year 1677 to 16i?3— 4, a succession of contro- 
Terted claims arose between Connnecticut and Rhode Island-, 
which ultimately terminated m favor of Connecticut. 

In 1683— 4, govt^rnor Dongan succeeded governor Andros, 
in the colony of New York, and an amicable adjustment took 
place between that colony and Connecticut, in settling their 
boundary line as it now stands. 

In 1685, king James II. succeeded to the throne of England 
upon the death of h<s brother Ch irles 11. and he sent out Ed- 
ward R.mdolph with writs of quo warr nto against the charter 
of Connecticut, and the colony was thrown into a high state 
of alarm. 

In December, 1686, sir Ednond Andros arrived at Boston, 
with a special appointment from the crown, as governor gen- 
eral of New England. 

At the usual October session of the assembly in Connecti- 
cut, 1687, sir Edmond arrived at H irtford, with his suit, and a 
military escort of more than sixty men ; demanded the char- 
ter, and declared the govfrnment (iissolved. Cool delibera- 
tions ensued, with strong remonstrances against the measure, 

t The general character of New England at this time, was formed 
tipon the prniciplcs of the reformation in England ; devout, sincere, 
and full of zeal for the good of the church ; regarding the bible as the 
rule of their faith and practise; they were also hardy, industrious, 
brave and patriotic, yet sharp in their trade ; very inquisitive and fond 
•f repartee. 

:{: These laws provided for the regular support of the ministry and 
of schools, and obh'ged every person to attend public worship on the 
•.Sabbath ,"tjnder a penalty of nVe shillings for every sviiful neglect. 



GO HISTORY OF THE 

until evening, when the candles were lit and the charter was 
brought in and laid upon the table, amidst a great collection ot 
spectators, and an anxious, distressea assembly, awaiting the 
crisis for the surremirr of their liberties. At this eventful 
moment the lights were extinguished ; the charter was in- 
stantly removed by some then unknown person,! and placed 
in the hollow ef an aged o;ik, stamimg in front of the seat oi 
the hon. Samuel Wyllys, then a member of the assembly. All 
was quiet, the candles were relit ; but the charter was irre- 
coverably gone. 

Stung with rage and disappointment, sir Edmond retired, 
and the next day issued the tol lowing proclamation : 

*' At a general asr'emblyjiild at Hartford, October 31, 1G87, 
his excellency s^ir Edmond Andros, knight and captain-general, 
and governor of his maj(^sty*s territories and dominions iii 
New Englan-', by order ol his majesty king James 11. king 
of England, Scotland, F' ranee ann Ireland, the 31st of Octo- 
ber, 1687, took into his hands the government of the colony 
of Coimecticut, it being by bis majesty annexed to iVIassachu- 
setts, and other colonies, under his majesty's government." 

In this form did this modern Nero enter upon the adminir- 
tration of his government. Smooth were his promises, bni 
bitter and severe were his measures ; and his government 
was truly (lespotic. 

In UiMu, he xvas appointed governor of New York, and the 
same imperious sway rei-i^cd throughout the whole : the peo- 
ple mounu'd. 

This rod although severe, was not of long duration ; Go(] 
i)ear(i the crio.- ot his people, both in Eiigl nd and America, 
and raised uy) William, prince of Orange, with Mary his wife. 
lo fill the throne of England ; and in 1689, the news reached 
America ; the people of Boston rose in arms, seized Andros. 
and sent him to Engl.ind. The goveinor and council of Con- 
necticut resumed the gov^ rnment ; and captain Wadsvvorth 
restored the chaitor, from chai^ter oak: the [)eople rejoiced.;^ 

The war in Europe, which I'ollowed this revolution in Eng 
land, involved New England in an Indian war, which has been ' 
noticed under New Hampshire, as king William's war. 

Amidst the distress of this war, in 1694 col. Benjamin j 
.Fletcher entered upon Id,- aj^pointnient as governor of New • 
York, vested with full powers to command the militia of^ 
Connecticut and the neighboring colonies. At the Ociobe 

t Afterwards avowedly the act of captain Wudsworth. 



UNITED STATES, _ bi 

■session of the assembly, colonel Fletcher came to Hartford 
and demanded the surrender of thf militia, in his majesty's 
name, and in the most laconic terms, which was refused. 
Colonel Fletcher ordered the train bands of Hartford to as- 
semble for duty, and they obeyed-his orders. Colonel Bay- 
ard, his aid, attempted to read the commission of colonel 
Fletcher, but captain Wadsworthj ordered the drums to beat, 
which interrupted colonel Bayard ; this was repeated again 
and again. When captain W;idsworth found that colonel 
Bayard was determined to proceed, he turned to his excel- 
lency and said : — Sir, if I anijnterrupte;i ag'iin, I will make 
the sunshine through you instantly. His excellency withdrew 
from the scene, and returned immediately to New-York. 

In May, 1698, general VVinthrop was raised to the chair of 
the colony of Connecticut, and the assembly, by a special act, 
was formed into two houses, termed the upper and lower 
houses of assembly. In M.iy, 1699, the two houses acted 
separate!}'", for the lirst time. 

In 1701, the general assembly, at their May session, re- 
solved that the October session, hereafter, should be held at 
New-Haven, and that the supreme couit should be held, 
hereafter, at New-Haven, on the first Tuesday of October^ 
annually. 

In 1707, died governor Winthrop, who was succeeded by 
governor Saltonstall. 

The year 1708 was rendered memorable by the conven- 
tion of the synod at Saybrook, which established the f^imous 
Saybrook Platfjrm, upon the basis of the Westminster and 
Savoy confessions of faith. 

Yale College. — In 1699 and 1700, a number of the minis 
ters of Connecticut, at their private meetings, contributed a 
few books as the basis of a library for a college, and appoint- 
ed one of their number as librarian, and ten others of their 
number, as trustees. This effort became popular ; and in 
1701, an act of incorporation for the college was obtained at 
the October session, and in November, the rev. Samuel Pier- 
^on, of Killingvvorth, was chosen the first rector. ^ The col- 
lege continued in his parish during his life. 

In 1702, the first commencement was held at Saybrook. 

In 1703, a general contribution vvus raised throughout the 
colony, to erect a suitable building for the college, 

- Of charter memorv. 



62 HISTORY OF THE 

In 1713, the college library had increased to the number 
of 900 volumes, and forty-six graduates had received the hon- 
ors of the college. 

In 1714, rector Pjerson died, and was succeeded by rector 
Aiyirews, of Milford. From this time the classes were divi- 
ded between Milford and Saybrook, until 1717, when a ma- 
jority of the students assembled at Wetherstield, under the 
care of the rev. Elisha Williams. The same year a fund of 
about £1500 W!;S raised by subscription, to build a house for 
the college, and the commencement was held at New-Hnven. 

In 1718, the college was handsomely endowed by the hon. 
Elisha Yale, governor of the British East India company, 
which gave the institution the honor of his name. 

This institution has continued to flourish, undera succession 
of worthy rectors and presidents, and now claims an equal 
rank with the first university in America. 



CHAPTER X. 

MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW-HAMPSHIRE, CONTINUED. FOURTH 

INDIAN WAR. 

Through the instrumentality of the Jesuit Ralle, who re- 
sided at Norridgewag, the eastern Indians were excited to 
war against the eastern settlements, at a time when France 
and England were at peace in Europe.! The Indians beg^ 
their ravages in 1717, by destroying the cattle, &c. with oth- 
er excesses. The English repelled these aggressions, and in 
1721, a military force was sent from the county of York, to 
seize Ralle, at Norridgewag, and convey him to Boston. 
Ralle made his escape, and the detachment seized his papers ; 
these disclosed a recent correspondence with the governor 
of Canada, which unfolded the whole intrigue, with the prom- 
ise of aid in the war. 

In 1722, the Indians increased their ravages, carried off 
several families from Merry meeting-bay, and burnt the town 
of Brunswick. 

t At the close of the last war, the English engaged to erect trading 
houses in the Indian country, which they neglected to fiiJfil, and th« 
Indians feundtd th»ir aggressions upon this negleet. 



■^jiML.. 



UNITFD STATES. 63 

In 1723, they surprised the town of Dover, and extended 
their ravages on to Lamprey river, killed one man and his 
child, and carried oflf his wife and three children. In 1724, 
several repeated attacks were made upon these settlements, 
and many of the Enghsh were either killed or carried into cap- 
tivity. These depredations roused up the English, and they 
sent another detachment to Norridgevvag ; killed Ralle the 
Jesuit, and about eighty Indians, de>itroyed his church, &c. 

This blow roused the resentment of the Indians, and they 
renewed their depredations with increased ferocity, and ma- 
ny of the settlers soon fell a prey to their savage barbarities. 
The war now raged with violence ; a captain Lovewell, with 
his company, were ambushed in the wilderness, by a numerous 
party of Indians, and after a desperate conflict, they secured 
their retreat, witli the loss of their brave captain, and twenty- 
three of their numl)er, killed and wounded. 

The severitv of this action caus<^d the Indians to withdraw, 
and a negociation with the governor of Canada soon after com- 
menced, that led to a cessation of hostilities, and the restora- 
tion of several captives. 

A treaty was held at Boston in the spring of 1 726 ; the con- 
ditions of peace were ratified at Falmouth soon after, and 
trading houses were erected in many p irts o^ the Indian coun- 
try, which served to promote a good understanding between 
the parties. 

As soon as the war was closed, the old leven of discord be- 
gan to prevail in the government. 

Upon the accession of king George II. governor Burnet 
was appointed governor of Massachusetts and New-Hamp- 
shire, 1727. In July, 1729, he arrived at Boston, and enter- 
ed upon the duties of his admini-tration. A controversy 
about a permanent salary, opened with the first session of the 
general court, and continued to rage with bitterness between 
the parties, until September, when the governor died and 
closed the contest. 

In August, 1730, governor Belcher arrived in Boston, as 
successor to governor Burnet, and the old quarrel was reviv- 
ed. Although the point respecting a permanent salary was 
over-ruled by the general court ; yet others sprang up and 
raged, until governor Belcher was removed, and governor 
Shirley succeeded to the chair, 1740.1 . 

tThis year the celebrated Whitfield came into New-England, and 
exerted his pulpit talents to promote the spread of that great revival, 



64 HISTORY OF THE 

Under this administration the old controversj was healed i, 
but the land bank and paper money, greatly distressed the 
province oi Massachusetts. 

The Spanish war, which commenced this year, gave some 
diversion to the parties ; turned their attention to the defence 
of the province, and prepared them to meet the approaching 
French war. 

Among the last acts of governor Belcher's administration, 
was the settlement of the boundary line between Massachu- 
setts and New-Hampshire. This long and sharp controversy 
was finally closed by commissioners, appointed by the crown, 
who settled it according to the charter of Massachusetts. 
The next year this boundisry line was duly established, and 
the colony of New-Hampshire became intiependent of Massa- 
chusetts. Benning Wentworth was appointed governor of the 
former, and William Sliirley governor of the latter. 

Governor Wentworth sailed for America soon after his ap- 
pointment, where he arrived in December, 1741; and was 
hailed as the immediate deliverer of the colony. 

Governor Wentworth maintained a good understanding 
with governor Shirley, and tiieir measures \Tere pursued with ^ 
general harmony. 

The Spanish war continued to rage, and in 1743, France 
took part with Spain, (by the treaty of Fontainbleau) and was 
involved in the contest. The |^rench war brought on collis- 
ions between Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, and the eastern 
colonies, and involved them in the war. The French C(;m- 
menced a successful -ttack upon the island of Canseau, which 
was defended by a small block house, and captured the garri- 
son ; but an attack upon Newfoundland, at the same time, flail- 
ed. - 

They commenced another attack, soon after, upon Anna- 
polis, (formerly Port Ro^'al) but were repulsed with loss. 
These attacks laid open the northern and eastern frontier of 
New-England, to the renewed ravages of the savage foe. 

Louisburg, next to Quebec, had then become the strongest 
fortress in America, and was to France, a strong hold of more 
importance than even Quebec! 

which had commenced at Northampton, in 1737, and was extending: 
throughout New-England, Mr. Whitfield labored with great zeal 
and activity in the vineyard of his Lord, and his labors were greatly 
blessed, 

t The harbor of Louisburg lies in latitude 45 deg. 55 min. ; its en« 
trance is about 400 yards wide. The ajichorage is uniformlv safe, and 



UNITED STATES. 6^ 

It had now become an object of the first importance, that 
the colonies should possess or destroy this Dunkirk of Amer- 
ica. Governor Shirley conceived the plan, and communica- 
ted his views to governor Weniworth, who approved of the 
measure. 

To prepare the way for this important enterprise, govern- 
or Shirley obtained a grant of £200, from the general courts, 
to strengthen the castle, at the entrance of Boston harbor, 
together with the frontier posts generally, and the fortress of 
Annapolis, in Nova Scotia. He next opened his plan to the 
British ministry, and requested a naval armament for the pur- 
ships mny run ashore on a soft muddy bottom. The depth of water at 
the entrance is about nine to twelve I'athom. The harbor lies open 
to the southeast. Upon a neck of land upon the south side of the 
harbor, was built the town, two miles and a quarter in circumference ; 
fortified in every accessible part, v4th a rampart of stone, from thirty 
to sixty feet high, and a ditch eight feet wide. A space of about two 
hundred yards was left without a rampart ; on the side next to the sea, 
it was inclosed with a simple dike, and a line of pickets ; the sea was 
so shallow in this place that it made only a narrow channel, inaccessi- 
ble from its numerous reefs, to any shipping whatever. The side-fir» 
from the bastions secured this spot from attack. There were six bas- 
tions and three batteries, containing embrazures for one hundred and 
forty-eight cannon, of which sixty five were only mounted, and six- 
teen mortars. On an island at the entrance of the harbor was planted 
a battery of thirty cannon, carrying twenty-eight pound shot ; and at 
the bottom of the harbor, directly opposite to the entrance, was the 
grand or royal battery, of twentyfight cannon, forty -two pounders, 
and two eighteen pounders. "On a high cliff opposite to the island 
battery, stood a light-house ; and within this point, at the northeast 
part of the harbor, was a careening whaxf, secure from all winds, and 
a magazine of naval stores. " 

The town was regularly laid out in squares ; the streets were broad, 
the houses mostly of wood, and some of stone. On the west side, 
near the rampart, was a spacious citadel, and a large parade ; on the 
«ne side of which were the governors apartments ; under the rampart 
were casemates to receive the women and children, during a siege. 
The entrance of the town on the land side, was at the west gate, over 
a draw-bridge, near to which was a circulor battery, mounting sixteen 
guns of twenty-four pound shot. 

These works have be(n twenty-five years in building, and have cost 
the crown of France not less than thirty million of iivres. The place 
was so strong as to be called the " Dunkuk of America." It was iu 
peace a safe retreat for the ships of France, bound homeward fjom the 
East or West Indies ; and in war a source of d'stre.«s to the northern 
English colonies ; its situation being extremely favourable for priva- 
teers to ruin their fishery, and intercept their coasting and foreign 
trade ; for which reason the reduction of it was as desirable to them, 
as the reduction of Carthag-e was to the Romans. — Abbe Raynal. 

6* 



66 HISTORY OF THE 

pose. In February, the governor opened his plan to the 
general court, under the injunction of an oath ot* secrecy :. 
but the boldness of the measure astonished the court, and 
tjiey rejected it, as an enterprise too great even to be at- 
tempted. The merchants of Boston, and the friends of gov- 
ernor Shirley, opened the subject anew to the court, by nu- , 
nierous petitions, and the question was carried by a majority ^ 
of one. 

All parties at once entered with zeal and spirit into the 
measure. The governor next laid an embargo throughout 
the colony, and sent desp;itches to the other colonies, as far 
south as Pennsylvania, requesting an embargo, and a cordial 
co-operation in an expedition against Louisburg, which was 
rejected. 

New-England stood alone to prosecute the plan. Massa- 
chusetts raised 3,250 men, exclusive of commissioned ofli- 
cers ; Conne'ticut 500, and Rhode-Island and New-Hamp^ 
shire, each 300. The naval force consisted uf twelve ships, 
with numerous transports ; and in three months, general Pep- 
perell embarked with 4,(jOu troops. On the 24th of xMarch, 
the fleet sailed from Nantasket, and arrived at Canso, on the 
Uh of April, 1745. 

Roger Wolcott, esq lieut. governor of Connecticut, appear- 
ed at the head of the colonial troops, and held the second 
command in the expedition. 

Governor Shirley h -d sent a request to commodore Warren, 
upon the West-India station, to support tiie expedition with 
his squadron ; but he declined to engage without orders ; tht: 
commodore, however, received orders from the admiraityj 
in a few days; and on the last of April, joined the expedition 
vvith his squadron 

On the o'Jth of April, the troops were all landed at Chap- 
i>eauro?-ue ; the fleet took their station ofl'the harhorofLou- 
isburg, and the city was invested before they had knowledge 
of the expedition. Such was the general surprise, that the 
troops destroyed all the houses and stores, without the walls, 
and took the grand battery, without exchanging a shot. Thus 
having entered upon the arduous duties before them, they 
next drew their cannon through a deep morass, covered by 
the fire of the main battery, which they had taken from the 
enemy ; this lire became very alarming and destructive to 
the town. Having surmounted the difliculties of the morass, 
and constructed batteries for the cannon, they were now pre- 



UNITED STATES. 67 

pared to co-operate vvith the fleet, in one general attack upon 
the town. 

At this critical moment, a store-ship from France appeared 
off the harbor, for the relief «f the gurrison, and was taken by 
the New-England fleet, This was a valuable acquisition to 
the besiegers, and a severe blow to the besieged. 

The general next ordered a detachment ot 400 men, to at- 
tack and carry the island battery, wtiich failed with the loss 
of 60 men killed, and 116 taken ^jrisoners. This occasioned 
the general to send an express to Boston, for a reinforcement. 

Massachusetts sent on 400, and Connecticut 200 men ; and 
at this eventtul moment, one sixty and one forty gun ship, ar- 
rived from England anil joined ihe fleet. May 22. Early in 
June, two sixty gun ship.s, and one of eighty guns, arrived, 
which augmented the squadron to eleven sail, besides the pro- 
rincial fleet. 

Elated with his prospects, the general pushed the seige by 
a heavy cannonade from his batteries, which silenced the 
harbor battery, demolished the west gate, and greatly dis- 
tressed the town. At the satne time the fleet made a move- 
ment to enter the harbor, and co operate with the troops in a 
general assault. Alarmed at these movements, the governor 
sent out a flag, and proposed articles of capitulation. These 
were rejected, and others were sent in by the general and 
commodore, which were accepted. On the 17th of June, 
they entered the town in triumph, and the garrison were em- 
barked for France. 

The news of this glorious event reached Boston by ex- 
press, the 3d of July, and spread like lightning throughout 
the country. Joy glowed in every breast, and beamed in ev- 
ery countenance, and evultation burst lorth from all parts of 
the colonies. 

The French fl-ig continued to wave upon the walls of Lou- 
isburg, which decoyed in several India ships, supposed to be 
worth £600,000 sterling. 

Governor Shirley embarked immediately for Louisburg, 
and persuaded most of the army to continue in garrison 
through the winter, and took the command until his majesty's 
pleasure could be known. 

An armament of Seven ships of the line, sailed from 
France, early in July, 1745, destined for the conquest of 
Noya Scotia, with orders to touch at Louisburg ; but upoB 



08 HISTORY OF THE 

intelligence at sea, of the fall of Louisburg, they returned to 
France. 

The boldness of this enterprise against Louisburg, and the 
success with which it was crowned, astonished, not only 
America, but Europe, and led to a system of measures high- 
ly interesting and advantageous,, both to England and her colo- 
nies. 

England contemplated the reduction of Canada, and France 
contemplated the reduction of Louisburg and Nova Scotia, to- 
gether with the whole American seaboard, from Georgia to 
Maine. To effect this, she fitted out her Brest fleetof seven- 
ty sail ; fourteen of which were of the line. This fleet left 
Rocheile the 22d of June, 1746, with a land force of 3 or 
4,000 men, destined for the reduction of Louisburg, and the 
conquest of Nova Scolia. Detachments of this fleet were 
seen in those seas, and spread a general alarm throughout the 
American coast ; but storms and adverse winds arose, which 
scattered the fleet ; some of them were driven to the W. In- 
dies, some foundered at sea, and the remnant returned to 
France, with the melancholy tidings, that the whole expedi- 
tion had failed, that i ne of their admirals had poij^oned him- 
self, through grief, and another had run mad and stabbed him- 
self, through rage and disappointment, and that the remnant 
of the lleet had been overtaken by a cold and terrible storm, 
off cape Sable, where they suffered severely, as they bid a 
linal adieu to the American coast. 

Thus ended the French armada agamst the colonies of 
America. 

All prospects of success on the part of France, appeared 
from this time to fail ; and the war languished until the 30th 
of April, 1748, when hostilities ceased, under the prelimina- 
ries of Aix-laChapelle. In October following, peace was 
ratified and contirmed, and all conquests were relinquished. 

The people of Massachusetts now began to feel the press- 
ure of their affairs. A flood of paper money had been issued 
to support the exigencies of the war ; taxes had multiplied,, 
and their paper money had depreciated almost to a cypher : 
all which threatened the ruin of trade and of morals. 

Parliament made a grant to the colonies of New-England, 
to indemnify the expenses .of the capture of Louisburg ; and 
Massachusolts redeemed her paper money with silver and 
gold, vYhici>Vfn!ered her medium permanent. 



UNITED STATES 69 

The ravages of the French and Indians from Canada, were 
carried on through the war and into the year 1749, upon the 
frontier towns generally, with great severity ; and many per- 
sons were killed, wounded or carried away captive to Canada ; 
but the settlements were not burnt, nor the people butchered, 
as formerly. This partial humanity, the enemy turned to his 
advantage, by extorting large sums of mone^/ for the ransom 
of their captives, which rendered l>iew England tributary to 
Canada.! 



CHAPTER XI. 

GENERAL AFB'AIRS OF THE COLO-^TIES. 

The peace of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, which ^restored the con- 
quests of France and Britain, in America and in India, lulled 
the two nations into that state of security, which was improv- 
ed by France, through a labyrinth of intrigues, to carry her 
ambitious plans into effect, upon a more extended scale thau 
before. To accomplish this, she attempted to unite witii 
Spain, in a family compact, but fluled ; yet Louis XIV. open- 
ed his intrigues in India. France continued, at the same time, 
to mature her plans, and sow the seeds of war in America. 

By the treaty of Utrecht, France had ceded to England the 
whoie country of Nova Scotia*; but the boundaries had never 
been defined. Soon after the war, the English built the town 
of Halifax, in a commanding position, in that cotintry, and 
sent out a colony of about 3000 families to settle it ; this step 
kindled a fire about boundaries. 

France had connected her settlements in Canada, with her 
settlements in Louisiana, by a chain of military posts, which 
extended from Quebec to New Orleans. With these, she 
expected to command the trade and friendship of the savages 
of the wilderness. 

As the preparations of the parties progressed in Araerica, 
collisions ensued, until the French and Indians in Nova Sco- 
tia, rose in arms and began their ravages. 

t New-England lost in this war 3 or 4000 of her sons, and the wars 
of the last century have occasioned to "Vew England, the loss of about. 
200,000 souls. The loss was felt by i\ew York as well as New Eng;-. 
land, though not in an equal ratio.— Hutchinson'tj History. 



70 HISTORY OF THE 

An armed force at the same time surprised a fortress, of 
rather u tradmg establishment, upon the river Ohio, which 
belonged to the Ohio company of Virginia ; murdered the 
people, and carried off the plunder, to the amount of twenty 
thousand pounds. f They next seized on another English 
fort at the forks of the Monongahela, with a force of one thou- 
sand men, and eighteen pieces of cannon. 

The French next constructed a strong and regular fortress 
at the forks of the Monongahela, and called it fort Duquesne, 
which established a regular communication between the river 
Ohio and the lakes, and threatened the ruin of the Virginia 
company. 

The governor of Virginia despatched major George Wash- 
ington, then twenty-one years of age, with a letter to the 
commanding officer nt fore Duqnesne, demanding an explana- 
tion. The mission, perilous as it was, was laithfally executed, 
and the answer of the commandant returned, " that he had 
acted according to orders. "| 

This mission was soon followed bv orders from the British 
minister, that the colonies should assist Virginia, and repel 
the French. 

A regiment was raised in Virginia, for the service, and 
major George Washington was appointed colbnel and took 
the command. 

South Carolina sent out one company and New York sent 
out two companies, tojoin colonel \Vashington, which formed 
a force oi' 400 men. 

Colonel Wiishington surprised and attempted to cut off a 
party of French from tort Duquesne, near (he Great Mead- 
ows, (so called) which he defeated with great loss ; but the 
next day, De Villiers, the French commander, surprised colo- 
nel Washington, with a strong party of about 900 French and 
Indians. 

The colonel had erected a stockade, to 'cover his party, 
which enabled him to maintain such a desperate resistance, 
as to obtain an [honorable capitulation, and thus brought off 
his party with safety, by delivermg up his temporary fortres?, 
July 4th, 1754. 

t This company had obtained a grant from the crown of 600,000 ; 
acres of land, lying upon the river Ohio, for the purposes of settling 
the country and extending a trade with the Indians. ,| 

X The distance was about 400 miles ; about 300 of which lay through | 
a pathless wilderness, across the Allegany mountains, and inhabited;| 
^nly by savages and wild beasts. J 

"i 



UNITED STATES. 



1 



When the tidings of the depredation of the French, upon 
the Ohio company, arrived in England, the lords of trade 
and plantations recommended, " that commissioners be imme- 
diately appointed in America, to effect a union between the 
colonies, and a league of friendship with the neighborino- In- 
dians." '' 

The recommendation was complied with, and a convention 
of the governors and principal gentlemen from all the colonies 
was agreed upon to be held at Albany, in the same year.t-^ 
but the commissioners of Delaware and the colonies south 
of the Potomac did not attend. 

1 ^^i^}u J*^"S^^^'' '* ^'''^s proposed, ♦' that a grand council 
should be formed, of members chosen from ail the assemblies 
and sent from all the colonies ; which council, with a govern- 
or-general appointed by the crown, should be empowered to 
make general laws, and to raise money in all the colonies 
for the defence of the whole." This plan was disai.proved 
by the delegates of Connecticut, and the provincial assem- 
blies generally ; and wholly rejected in England, by the min- 
istry. 

The British minister next sent out the following plan :— 
'' The governors of the colonies, with one or more of their 
counsellors, should form a convention to concert measures? 
for the general defence ; erect forts, and raise such numbers 
of men, as they should judge necessary ; and that they should 
draw on the British treasury for such sums as should be 
thought requisite to reimburse their expenses ; parliament 
to reimburse the whole by taxes on the colonies, after the 
war." This plan was rejected by all the colonies. t 

Campaign of 1755.— The campaign opened with the plan 
of fuur grand expeditions ; the first against fort Duquesne • 
the second against Nova Scotia ; the third against Ticondero- 
ga and Crown Point ; and the fourth against Niagara. 

General Braddock embarked at Cork, January, 1755, with 
loOO men, and arrived in Virginia about the first of March 
destmed against fort Duquesne. 

I The French fitted out a strong armament for the American 
service, early in the spring, consisting of twenty ships of the 

iefelf'^ congress was in session at the time of colonel Washington's^ 

wiJi^ '''!'';^n K'Sni^*^''" °^ ^^'^ ""^^^"^^^ ^as estimated, at this time. 
f> be about 1,046,000-385,000 ef which belonged -ta N. England. 



72 HISTORY OF THE | 

)ine, with frigates, transports, &c. carrying 4000 men, undei- 
fhp rommand of the baroa Dieskau. 

'' ThTBrUish minuter despatched a fleet of seventeen sh.ps , 
of the line and seven frigates, with a land f»^^« «f ^OM "''^^^ 
nnHer the command of admirals Boscawm and Holbourn, to 
;1" the mofons of the enemy upon the A^erjca.. sta^t.on 
Both tleets appeared off the coast of Newfoundland, at he 
same t,me ; buff hey were so enveloped ,n ' e fogs o f tot 
coi«t that they did not discover each other until all the t rench 
^!r, tin entered the gulf of St. Lawrence, excepting two 
S S sh ps hich flu in with the British fleet and were 
trken This^ction opened the contest upon the water, and 

%^h:?pnnrope-rin America, with active and vigorous 
,CZ fJ the war. 'f he legislatures of the several 
?:roCs were : semblXand communicated with each c.her . 
by special messages, to unite an.l co-operate with all possible 
tf»fforts in raisins: men for the war. , , i +> . 

New-EnVland raised about fiOOO men, which joined he 
rorthJrn army at Albany, about the lirst of June, under the 
northern ""ro-y «,, f,.iev. A detachment of this northern 

^^rmTTboloOO^lo'g besides a large body of Mohawk In- 

Hns' under Hendrick their chief, was entrusted to the com- 
mand of General Johnson, and destined against Ticonderoga.^ 
'r„T Crow'. Point, but general Shirley commanded the division 

^'tl^S'eUs tnt onTsn;ng detachment to Nova Scotia 
Mas»acriu eiyt^ expedition succeeded, and by| 

hirst oUi colonel Moncton h^id taken all the fortressej 
repossession ol the French, disarmed the Acadeans, and send 
.reat numbers of them into Neiv England | 

General BraddocU took the command of about 2000 reguj 

larfand provincials, in June, and commenced his operationtf 

Jains" fort Duquesne, assisted by colonel Washington a his 

Id de-camn When he ha<l surmounted the .(anger, and dif- 

f ulties oT'Jho wilderness, and approached near to the ohjec^t 

n is destination, he detached the flower of his .army, «.d 
ittXtdbv forced marches, to surprise the fortress, before 

about 3090 seamen, in the course of the year. 



UNITED STATES. 73 

khe cautious advise of colonel Washington, he fell into aa In- 
dian ambush, within ten miles of fort Duquesne. The de- 
tachment was overwhelmed with the explosion ; Braddock 
and all his principal officers were slain ; and colonel Wash- 
ington led oif the fugitives, with the loss of all their artillery, 
baggage and military fctores, together with about 700 men. 
The militia returned to Virginia, and the regulars repaired to 
Albany, to join the northern army. 

When the news of Braddock's defeat reached general Shir- 
ley, it gave a general shock to the army, and causiid such fre- 
quent desertions from the division destined against Niaga- 
ra,- that the general was constrained to defer the attack, and 
content himself with reinforcing and fortifying Oswego, and 
returning to Albany with the remnant of his army. 

General Johnson advanced at the same time, at the head of 
the northern army, as far as lake George, and encamped on a 
rising ground, and secured his position with a breast work, 
until the cannon, batteaux, &:c. could come up, and enable hina 
to cross the lake. 

The baron Dieskau, who then commanded at fort Ticonde- 
roga, advanded at the head of a strong body of troops, (2000 
French and Indians) to surprise and take fort Edward. 

When intelligence of this movement, reached gen. John- 
son, he detached a party of 1«'00 men, with the sachem Hen- 
drick and his Indians, under the command of colonels Wil- 
liams and Whiting, to intercept their march. Dieskau disco- 
Tered this detachment, drew them into an ambush, and sur- 
prised them suddenly. Col. Williams fell — Hendrick fell, 
with many other brave officers and soldiers, and the rem- 
nant fled to the camp. The enemy pursued, and «i warm ac- 
tion commenced ; the fugitives rallied under cover of the 
breast works, and the main body, under gen. Johnson, mowed 
<iown the ranks of the enemy. Dieskau manoeuvred and ad- 
vanced to the attack, with great skill and bravery ; but thr 
contest was unequal, and he beat a retreat. General John- 
son ordered the charge ; the troops leapt over the breast 
work, and pursued the victory. The enemy fled in disorder ; 
the carnage was great ; and the baron Dieskau, mortally 
r.'ounded, fell into the hands of the victors. f 

t " The mountains which form the barrier of lake George, continu* 
to the south after they leave the lake, forming a rugged, narrow de- 
file, of several miles in length, most of which was then, and still is, fill- 
ed with forest trees. In this defile, about four miles fr»m gen. John 



74 HISTORY OF THE 

This victory gave access to Ticondcroga, but the season 
was so far advanced, that gen. Johnson abandoned the enter- 
prise. When he had constructed two forts, built numerous 
boats and batteaux, and opened roads to lake George, he dis- 
banded the levies, and retired into winter quarters at Albany. 

son's camp, col. Williams' party, whidi left the camp between eight 
and nine' o'clock in the morning- of Sept. 8tli, 1755, very unexpectedly 
fell in with the army of baron Dieskau ; the two armies met in the 
road, front tD front ; the Indians of Dieskau's army were in ambus> 
cade, upon iSfeth declivities of the mountams, and thus it was a com- 
plete surprise, for col. Williams had unhappily netrlected to place any 
scouts upon his wings. A bloody battle ensued, and a deadly tire was 
poured in upon both flanks. — Col. Williams, erwieavoring to lead his 
men against the unseen enemy, was instantly shot through the head, 
and he and hundreds of his party, including old Hendrick, the chief of 
the Mohawks, and forty Indians were slain. The remainder of the 
party, under the command of col. Whiting, retreated into the canip- 
They came running in, in the utmost confusion and consternation, and 
perhaps owed their safety, in a great measure, to another party, 
which, when the firing was heard, and perceived to be growing louder 
and nearer, was sent out to succor them. 

"Nor did this battle terminate the fighting of this bloody day. The 
remains of Dieskau's army retreated about four miles, to the ground 
M'here colonel Williams had been defeated in the morning, — the rear 
of the army were there sitting upon the ground, had opened tlieir 
knapsacks, and were lefreshing themselves, when capt. McGinnies, 
who with two hundred men, had been despatched from fort Edward, 
to succor the main body, came up with this portion of the French ar- 
my, thussittisg in security, and attacked and totally defeated them, 
although he was himself mortally wounded Thus were three battles 
ibught in one day, and almost upon the same ground. This ground I 
went over. The neighboring mountain, in which the French so sud- 
denly made their appearance, is to this day, called French JVIountain, 
and this name, with the tradition of the fact, will be sent down to th» 
latest posterity. I was shown a reck by the road, at which a consid- 
erable slaughter took place It was on the east side of the road near 
where colonel Williams fell, and 1 am informed is, to this day, called 
William.s' Rock. 

"Just by the present road, and in the mid^l of these battle grounds, ii 
a circular pond, shaped exactly like a bowl ; it may be 200 feet in di- 
ameter, and was when I saw it, full of watei, and covered with the 
pond HI}'. Alas ! this pond now so peaceful, was the common sepul- 
chre of the brave; the dead bodies ot most of those who were slain on 
this evcii'ful day were thrown, in undistinguished confusion into this 
pond ; from that time to the present, it has been called the Bloody 
Pond, and there is not a chiid in this region, but will point you to the 
Fjench Mountain and the Bloody Pond^. — 1 stood with diead»UFO" its 
brink, and threw a stone :nto the unconscious waters. After thes» 
•vents, a regular fort was constructed at the head of the lake and calU 
fi ftrt William Henry ^" — Silhman's Tour. 



UNITED STATES. 75 

Such was the general success of this expedition, that the 
king created gen. Johnson a baronet, and parliament award- 
ed him with a present of £8000 sterling ; and the army re- 
ceived the applause of the nation. 

The depredations of the Indians, continued upon the back 
settlements of Viri^inia and Pennsylvania, through the summer 
and winter of 1753 — 6. 

Campaign of 1756, in America — The war had now raged 
in America two years, and upon the ocean one ; yet England 
and France still kept up their negotiations, and war was not 
declared by either until iM y, when Great Britain made her 
declaration, which was followed in June by France. 

General Aberciombie was appointed to succeed gen. Shir- 
ley, and lord Loudon was appointed commander-in-chief, and 
governor of Virginia. 'J'he colonies were active and zealous 
in their preparations for the war ; but the generals did not 
arrive in America, until June and Jidy. 

The phm of the campaign, had been early formed by a 
council held at New-York, and that of the last year was re- 
newed. The northern expeditions were assigned to the 
northern colonies, and the expedition against fort Duquesne, 
to the southern. 

The northern colonies assembled an army of 7000 men at 
Albany, which, added to the regulars, amounted to about ten 
thousand. 

General Abercrombie arrived in June ; but all preparations 
were delayed until the arrival of lord Loudon, in July. 

The general detached colonel Bradstreet, with a strong par- 
ty, to convey provisions to fort Oswego, anfl he executed his 
commission promptly ; but on his return, he fell into an In- 
dian ambuscade, as he ascended the river Onondaga. He flevr 
to a small ishmd, landed his men, and prepared for his de- 
fence. The Indians rallied, rushed into the water, and com- 
menced a desperate attack. Colonel Braastreet repelled this 
attack by a well directed tire, and the enemy fled. He then 
advanced, with 200 men, against another party of the enemy, 
and put them to fliglit, in a close and desperate action. He 
next proceeded against a third parly, still higher up the river ; 
put them to flight ; and in the three actions, destroyed about 
150 of the enemy, with the loss of seventy of his party. This 
action opened his way l>ack to Albany. 

Colonel Bradstreet gave notice to general Abercrombie, oii 
|jis return, that a tbrniidable force of French and Indians from 



76 HISTORY OF THE 

Canada, were on their waj' against Oswego ; and the general 
detached colonel Webb, with one regiment, tor the relief of 
the fortress. 

On the 29th of July, lord Loudon arrived at Albany, and 
took the command. Gen. Wiuslow, at this time, h;ul advanc- 
ed to lake George, and lay with impatience, waiting for orders 
to advance against Ticonderoga ; but the general continued 
inactive at Albany, with three thousand regulars, until the 
middle of August. General Webb, at this time, commenced 
his march for the relief of Osweso. 

On the 12th of August, the marquis de Montcalm, who had 
succeeded general Dieskau, invested the fortress of Oswego, 
with about 3000 Canadians antl Indians, blocked up the river, 
and opened his trenches. On the 11th, colonel Mercer, the 
commanding olhcer, was killed, and the fort surrendered. 

Thus fell Oswego, the strong hold of the west, defended by 
121 pieces of cannon, 14 mortars, 2- frigates, 200 boats, and a 
garrison of 1600 men, well supplied with provisions and mili- 
tary stores. General Montcalm dismantled the fort, and car- 
ried off the booty into Canada. 

With t!ie fall of this fort, the lakes Erie and Ontario, with 
the whole north-western frontier, were laid open to the ene- 
my, and the finest settlements fell a prey to their ravages. 

Gen. Webb learned the fate of Oswego, when at the port- 
age, between the Mohawk and Wood Creek, and immediately 
secured his retreat back to Albanv. 

Lord Loudon remained safe at Albany until September, 
when the provincials were disbanded, and the regulars went 
into winter qu;irters, and the campaign of 1756 closed. Dark 
and gloomy was the winter that followed. 

Campaign ofllbl. — The spring of 1757, opened with new 
efforts on the part of Great Britain, to prosecute the war in 
America. An armament of eleven ships of the line, a fire- 
ship, bomb ketch, and transports, with 6 or 7000 men, sailed 
from Cork in the month of May, under the command of admi- 
ral Holbourn, commodore Holmes, and general Hopson, and 
arrived at Hallifax on the 9th of July. The colonies met this 
armament with their regular quotas of men ; but when they 
found the object of destination to be Louisburg, they refused 
to co-operate. They feared to expose their northern and 
western frontiers, to the ravages of the enemy ; but the com- 
mander-in-chief was lord Loudon, and his commands ^vefji^-; 
obeyed. 



UNITED STATES. 77 

Lord Loudon sailed from New-York, on the 9th of July, 
and joined general Hopson at Halifax, with 6000 men, which 
gave him the command of a lanti lorce of.about 12,000, and a 
powerful fleet destined against Louisburg ; but all this was too 
iate. Louisburg had been streni^lhened by the Brest fleet, of 
seventeen sail, and 90 men irom France, and the expedition 
failed. Lord Loudon returned to New-York, with his accus- 
tomed moderation, and repaired to Albany. 

Not so with Montcalm ; he was not an idle spectator of the 
farCe the peer of England was actmg in Anierica. He, like an 
able general, faithlul to his king, his country, and his honor, 
cut ofl'col. Parker, who was detached with a force against Ti- 
conderoga, and advanced vicioriousl}' against tort Wm. Henry. 
In six days, this fort surrendered to the conqueror, and the 
garrison marched out with the honors of war, protected by an 
honorable capitulation ; but the savages under Montcalm, re- 
gardless of his engagtments, broke into the ranks of the gar- 
rison, stripped, piun(iered, and butchered them in the most 
barbarous manner ; and gen. Montcalm was accessary to the 
scene. Gen. Montcalm destroyed the fort and retired to Ti- 

conderoga.t ' 

The fall of Oswego had excited general alarm ; but the mas- 
sacre at fort Wm. Henry, filied the country with distress. 

The enemy, elated with these successes, ravaged the fron- 
tier, and laid waste with tire and sword, the fine settlement? 
-called the German Flats, on the Mohawk. 

At this time, there were more than 20,000 British regulars 
ypon the Americ;m station, besides the numerous troops of the 
colonies ; and yet the strong holds of America, were falling 
into the hands of the French, in regular succession, and the 
enemy rioted in their ravages, without so much as a field day 
opposition. But 1 forbear ; the defence of America Ivas in-* 
trusted to the service of British troops, and a peer of England 
had the honor to command. 

Early in the season, the provincials were disbanded, and the 
regular troops, as before, retired into winter aguarters. 



t The massacre continued all along the road, through the defile of 
the mountains, and for many miles, the miserable prisoners, especially 
those in the rear, were tomahawked and hewn down in cold blood ; it 
'night be well called the 6Zoorfv/ dfjile, lor it was the same ground that 
mB the scene of the battles, only two years befora, in 1755. 



■j 



7* 



'M 






T^ HISTORY OF THE "^ ' 

CHAPTER XH. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1758, IN AMERICA. 

The nflfairs of Great-Britain in India, had been as iinsuc 
cessful a« in America, until a captain, now colonel, Clive, ap- 
peared to lay the lasting foundation of the British empire in 
India. 

During the operations in Inrlia, lord Walpole had been re- 
moved from the administration, and Mr. Pitt restored to thr 
helm of state.! 

With the change in the ministry, commenced a change of 
men and measures. Now energies sprang up in the councils, 
and were dilfused to the armies and the nation. 

Mr. Pitt announced to the colonies his majesty's intention 
to prosecute the war with vigor in America, and requested 
New-England, New-York and New-Jersey, to furnish 20,000 
men to meet the exigencies of the war, and enter upon thr 
conquest of Canada. Assurances at the same time were giv- 
en, that all the expenses of the colonies should be recom- 
mended to parfmmcnt for indemnilication. 

Fired wjth ttue patriotic zeal, the colonies aforesaid sent 
commissioners to Hartfipij;^^, in April, 1758, to concert meas- 
ures for mutual co-operation. 

LfOrd Tioudon had heen recalled ; general Abercrombie suc- 
ceeded to the comni md of tlie northern army, and the north- 
ern colonies promptly furnished their several quotas of men. 
lo (he amount of 10.000. 

Alirc to th- war and the interests of America, Mr. Pitt 
despatched a tleet from Englanci, in February, under the 
commune^ of admiral Boscawen, for the American station, with 
n l.Hid fnrre, under the command of general Amherst and 
nvajc! , al Wolfe. This armament, when joined to the 
force u Halifax, amounted to 150 vessels and 14,000 men, 
ilestined lor the reduction of Louisburg. Early in June, this 
whole force appeared before this Dunkirk of America. 

The fortress was defended by a garrison of 2500 regulars, 
.and about 600 militia, comman<ledby the chevalier Drucourt. 
and the harbor was defended by a naval force of live ships of 
the line, one of liTty guns, and five frigates ; three of the lat- 
ter had been sunk at the entrance of the harbor, to obstruct 
the English. 'fiat^ 

[r. Pitt had boon removed from that oflio.elastyear, by GeovfrQ Jl 






i 



UNITED STATES. 79 

Tho troops were landed with great intrepidit}', in the facfi 
of a res^isting foe, and the town was invested hy sea and land. 
The operations of" the siege were prosecuted with great vigor, 
for ahont six weeks, when one of the French ships blew up. 
The llaines comnumicated to two others, which also blew up. 
This prepared the way Tor tiie English admiral to make a de- 
scent upon the harbor, l>y a detachment of GOO marines in 
boats, who seized on the other two ships of war ; destroyed 
the one and towed otV the other, and thus the harbor was 
cleared ntj\ blow. The batteries commenced, at the same, 
time, a heavy cannonade, and the general threatened an as- 
sault upon the town. 

The governor olVered a reasonable ca]>itulation, which was 
accepted, and on the 'iGth of July, the city ofLouisburg, St. 
.lohns, and the whole coast, Irom the St. Lawrence to Nova 
Scotia, were delivereti up to the English. This blow in 
America, added to the successes in Iniiia, gave new spirit, and 
new energies to England and America, and opened the scenes 
of future triumphs in tiie war. 

. Peniling these successes against Louisburg, general Aher- 
crombie coniinenced operations with the northern army, 
against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. He advanced to lake 
George, early in July, at the head of IG, 000 men ; and on the 
5th and Gth, crossed over and commenced his march for fort 

Ticonderoga. t 

The general, after sustaining some losses in crossing the 
forests, advanced to the attack of Ticonderoga, before hi« 
cannon had come up. Atndng the heaviest of these losses 
<?lands the iall of the gallant lord Howe, who by his brave and 
interesting deportment had l)ecome the idol of the army,]; 

" t The passage of Abercrombie across lake Georg-c on his way with 
his army to Ticoiuloroga, was elTectrd by means 01"^ 103.) 1)oats. The 
splondour of the military parade on the occasion, was eminently im- 
posing, and deserves to be recorued. A late writer, (Dr. Dwi(ght) 
til us describes it : 

''The mornino; was romarkablv brio-ht and beautiful; and the lloct 
moved with e.xact regularity to tlie sound of fine martial music. Tlie 
ensigns waved and glittered in the sunbeams, and flu^ anticipation of 
future triumph shone m every eye. Above, bencatli, around, the 
scenery was that of enchantment. Ilarely has the sun, since that lu- 
minary was iirst lit up in tho heavens, dawned on such a comi)]icatiou 
of beauty atid maauificonce.''' How greatly did all tlie parade whicli 
was displayed, and all tho anticipation wiiich was indulged, add to tlie 
mortification of the defeat which followed." 

" '\. Lord Howe, who was killed near Ticonderoga, about two and a 
halfniiles from the French lines near the n6»rlh «ud of laks G^itro't. 



30 HISTORY OF THE 

The fortress, protected on three sides by water, and on 
the fourth by a morass, wiu strongly fortified and defended by 
5000 men, who were covered by an abattis and chevaux-de- 
frize. 

The troops advanced to the charge with great intre|'idity, 
but the contest was unequal ; the defence was tirm, the con. 
flict sharp and bloody, and the carnage great. The fortress 
was impregnable, and the general orilered a retreat to save 
his army from ruin. The tlower of the English army were 
engaged in this desperate contest for more than four hours, 
and about 2000 were either kdled or wounded. 

The general felt the shock and disgrace, and retired with 
the remnant of his army, lo his former position on lake 

George. 

He next detached colonel Bradstreet with oOOO men, to re- 
duce fort Frontenact Colonel Bradstreet, who had solicited 
the service, executed it promptly. He traversed the desert 
to Oswego, embarked upon lake Ontario, and on the 25th of 
August, landed his troops and summoned the fortress, which 
surrendered at discretion. Sixty pieces of cannon, nine arm- 
ed sloops, anil immense quantities of stores, provisions and 
merch.indize, were the trophies of this victory. 

This success was followed by another triumph, under gen- 
eral Forbes. The general commenced his march tVom Phila- 
<lelphia, in July, and advanced into the wilderness, to humble 
the French at lort Duquesne. At Ray's town he was joined ^ 
by colonel Washington, at the head of the Virginia regulars, 
which rendered his arrny about 8000 strong. General Forbes 
detached major Grant with about 800 men, as an advanced 
ruaril, to reconnoitcr. This party fell into an ambush, a des- 
perate combat ensued, and a gallant resistance was made, but 

in a rencounter the day preceding the disastrous assault upon that 
fortress, was not the lather, but the eldest brother of tlie two Huwcs^ 
who were so conspicuous in the revolutionary war, and from him the 
admiral, (being the eldest of the two surviving brothers) inherited the 
title of viscount, and afterwards became an earl. Lord Howe was at 
the time of his tall, a young man, though a major-general, Richard, 
■who succeeded to the title, was then a captain in the British navy, and 
treneral sir William Howe was then a colonel.- In the accounts of tlit; 
relebrated battle, on the plains of Abraham, he is mentioned as com- 
mandin'Tthe British light infantry. These three Howes, were in fact, 
the graiulsons of George I. being the chiidren of his illegitimate daugli- 
ter by lady Darlington, married to lord viscount Howe." ^ 

t Tills tort stands at the outlet of lake Ontario, into th« river S^t,' 
Lawrence. 



UiNITED STATES. 81 

llie English were overpou'cred by numbers, and beat a re- 
treat, with the loss of 300 men. Major Grant, with thirteen 
of his otficers fell into the hands of the enemy. General 
Forbes advanced to the support of his detachment, resolved 
to carry the object of his destination. In November, he ar- 
rived before the fortress, but the enemy liad taken the alarm, 
abandoned the fort, and retired down the Ohio, to the Missis- 
sippi ; and fort Duquesne fell into the hands of the victors. 
The name of this fortress was now changed, in honor of the 
British minister, and the flag of old England waved upon the 
walls of fort Pitt. 

This was a commanding position, which connected the wes- 
tern posts with the great chain of posts on the lakes, and was 
defended by fifty pieces of cannon, sixteen mortars, and con- 
tained a treasure in goods, provisions antl military stores, to 
the amount of 800,000 livres of France. 

The possession of this fortress gave to the colonies a com- 
manding influence over the Indians in that region, and awed 
them into peace and submission. General Forbes garrisoned 
the fortress, made treaties with the Indians, and led back his 
army to Philadelphia, where he died through excessive fatigue, 
greatly beloved, highly applauded, and universally lamented. 

After the fall of Louisburg, general Amherst repaired, with 
a body of regulars, to Albany, and from thence to lake George, 
to join the northern army ; but the season was too far advan- 
ced to admit of further operations ; the general disbanded the 
provincials, and retired with his regulars into winter quarters, 
as before. 

The success of this campaign had given anew face to the 
war. Louisburg had i'allen, and the entire canquest of cape 
Breton and Nova Scotia, had secured the fisheries, and cov- 
ered the whole eastern frontier from the ravages of the ene- 
my. An easy access was opened to the river St. Lawrence, 
the fortress of Quebec, and the heart of Canada. 

The fall of Frontenac and Duquesne, had broken the chain 
of defence on the west, and thus the way was prepared for the 
next campaign. 

The fleet and remainder of the armament, that had tri- 
umphed over Louisburg, repaired in autumn to the West-In- 
dies ; and Gaudaloupe, Mariagalante, and several other small 
islands became the trophies of their victories, in those seas. 



S2 HISTORY OF THE 

CHAPTER XIH. 

CAMPAIGN OF 175^. 

The successes of the last campnign had raised the conli' 
dence of Mr. Pitt, and ins[>ired him with Ihoi^e tflbits that led 
to the conquest of all French America. Louishurg and forts 
Frontenac and Duquesne had fallen, and the successes in the 
West Indies, closed the last campaign gloriously. 

The seaboard was thus cleared of French marauders, and 
the western frontier, of savage depredations ; the northern 
frontier was opened for an expedition into Canada, and the 
conquest of (Quebec The minister communicated the plan 
of th.i campaign to the governors of the northern colonies, 
and called on them for their several quotas of men, to be 
raised as heretofore, to the amount ot 20,000. The colonie^ 
met this requisition promptly. The requisite troops were 
raised, equipped, and early in the held. General Amherst 
took the command of the northern army, and began his oper- 
ations in June. In July, he crossed lake George, and appear- 
ed before Ticonderoga. The gifrrison blow up their maga- 
zine, abandoned the tort and retired to Crown Point. The 
garrison at Crown Point caught the alarm, and the whole . 
force retired to the isle Au Nfoix.t The i^eneral advanced and 
took possession of these forts, in succession, without a gun ; 
and thus the keys of Canada were removed. General Am- 
herst next proceeded to construe' a naval force, to dislodge 
the enemy from ther strorii; hold, at the isle Au Noix. 

During these operations, general Pridenux, with his divis- 
ion of the army, in conjum tion with sir William Johnson and 
the Indians of the Six Nations, advanced against Niagara ; 
about the middle of July, he invested the fort, and opened his 
trenches ; but in the midst of anxious hope '^nd active dut}', 
the gallant Prideaux was killed, by the bursting of a cohorn. 
The command devolved on ijoneral Johnson, and the siege 
was continued with viiror. The French commander, dread- 
ing ihe horrors of a storm, determined to risk a battle. He 
accordingly marched out with hi*! garrison and numerous In- 
dian allies, and commenced the attack The action soon be- 
came warm and bloody ; the carnage was great, but the con- 
diet was short. The enemy lied, and general Johnson pur- 
sued. A general slaughter marked the footsteps of the fugi**- 

f In the northern part of lake Champlain. 



UNITED STATES. 83 

Lives for more than five miles. De Aubry, their general, was 
taken, and the fortr ss surrendered to the victors. 

With the tall of Ni.igin, .« \v ly was o[-)en 'd to the heart of 
the enemy ; Canada was unmasktMi, an.i Q,uebeG and Montreal 
became the immediate objects of the war. 

To effect the conqu st ol Canada, a formidable naval arma- 
ment arrived at ilahi'ix, iVom England under the command of 
admirals Saunders, Hohnes and Durel, together with a land 
force of 8,000 men, un.ler the comm ml of general Wolfe. 

As soon as the river wis cj^ear of ice, admiral Saunders set 
sail for Q,uebec, with his wholj fierce, and on the 26th of 
June, general Wolfe land.^d his troops upon the isle of Or- 
leans, and commence<l the siegv-.j 

Quebec was defended by a strong garrison, and covered by 
an army of ten thous md mvin, under the command of the gal- 
lant general Montcalm, strongly posted b* low the town, be- 
tween the rivers Montinor-nci ind St. Charles. 

Struck with astonishment at the magnitude of the object 
before him, general VVolfe commmop(i his operations ; first 
by fortifying the western extiemity of the isle of Orleans, and 
next by erecting batteries on point Levi. 

Admiral Siunders took his station just below the town, to 
cover I he batteries, ,tnd divide the attention of the enemy. 
Admiral Ilolmes took his -tation directly above the town. 

Thus posted, gent^r il Wolt'^; opened hi? batteries, at point 
Levi, upon tht^ lower town, and at the same time Uinded a 
body of troops, and commenced an attack upon general Mont- 
calm. Both parlies suffered severely in the conflict, but 
nothing decisive occurred. I he troops were withdrawn, the 
ships removed from their stations, and no impression was 
made. J 

t The city of Quebec stands upon the north side of the river St. 
Lawrence, and upon a peninsula formed by the junction of the river 
St. Charles with the St. Lawrence. The city is divided into the up- 
per and lower town, by a b;dfre of rocks almost iOO feet perpendicular, 
and is enclcsed by a strono- wall up )n the iand sides, that is capable of 
a powerful resistance. B<!iow the city lies the isle of Orleans, about 
twenty miles long and seventeen broad ; extending- up to the harbor 
of Quebec, and covered with villairos and plantations highly cultiva- 
ted. Opposite to the western point of the island, stands point Levi, 
which overlooks both the city and harbor, from the southern bank of 
the St. Lawrence. 

^i^ The following anecdote may serve as a specimen of tlie suffering.<5 
theh common to French and Indian wars : 

*' Captain Ochterlony and ensign Peyton belonged to the rcnfim""' 



84 HISTORY OF THE 

General Wolfe resolved on making one more effort to draw 
general Montcalm into the field. He accordingly landed an- 

of brigadier general Monclon. They were nearly of an age, which 
did not exceed thirty ; the first was a North Britain, the other a native 
of Ireland. Both were agreeable in person, unblemished in charac- 
ter, and connected together by the ties of mutual friendship and es- 
teem. On the day that preceded the battle, captain Ochterlony had 
been obliged to fight a duel with a German officer, in which, though 
he wounded and disarmed his antagonist, yet he himself received a 
dangerous hurt under the right arm, in consequence of which, his 
friends insisted on his remaining in camp during the action the next 
day : but his spirit was too great to comply with this remonstrance. 
lie declared it should never be said that a scratch, received in a private 
rencounter, had prevented him from doing his duty, when his country 
required his service ; and he 'took the field with a fusil in his hand, 
tiiough he was hardly able to carry his arms. In leading up his men 
to the enemy's entrenchment, he was shot through the lungs with a 
musket ball, an accident which obliged him to part with his fusil ; but 
lie still continued advancing, until, by the loss of blood, he became too 
weak to proceed further. About the same time, Mr. Peyton was lam- 
ed by a shot, which shattered the small bone of his left leg. The 
soldiers, in their retreat, earnestly be^'-ged, with tears in their eyes, 
that captain Ochterlony would allow them to carry him and the en- 
sign oft' the field. But he was so bigotted to a severe point of honor, 
that he would not quit the ground, though he desired they would tak« 
care of his ensign. Mr. Peyton, with a generous disdain, rejected 
tkeir good offices, declaring he would not leave his captain in such a 
situation ; and in a little Jtimc, they remained sole survivors on that 
}»art of the field. 

"Captain Ochterlony sat down by his friend, and, as they expected 
notliing but immediate death, they took leave of each other ; yet thej 
were not altogether abandoned by the hope of being protected as pris- 
oners ; for the captain, seeing a French soldier, with two Indians, ap- 
proach, started up, and accosting tliem in the French language, which 
he spoke perfectly well, expressed his expectation that they would 
treat him and liis companion, as officers, prisoners and gentlemen. 
The two Indians seemed to be entirely under the conduct of th» 
Frenchman, who, coming up to Mr. Peyton, as he sat on the ground, 
snatched his laced hat from his head, and robbed the captain of his 
watch and money. This outrage was a signal to the Indians for mur- 
der and pillage. One of them, clubbing his firelock, struck at him 
behind, with a view to knock him down ; but the blow, missing his 
head, took place upon his shoulder. At the same instant, the other 
Indian poured his shot into the breast of this unfortunate young gen- 
tleman, who cried out. 'O Peyton ! the villain has shot me.' Not yet 
satiated with cruelty, the barbarian sprung upon him, and stabbed 
him in the belly with his scalping knife. The captain having parted 
with his fusil, had no weapon for his defence, as none of the officcrf 
wore swords in the action. The three ruftians finding him still aliv^, 
^t-ndeavored to strangle him with hi* own easb ; and he was now upo» 



UNITED STATES. ^n 



n 



o^her strong force, and commenced an attack ; but the con- 
flict was unequal, and he was obliged to retire with the loss of 
more than 500 men, besides distinguished officers. 

his knees, struggling against them with surprising exertion. Mr, 
Peyton, at this juncture, having a double barrelled musket in his hand, 
and seeing the distress of his friend, fired at one of the Indians, who 
dropped dead on the spot. The other, thinking the ensign would now 
he an easy prey, advanced towards him, and Mr. Peyton, having tak- 
en good aim, at the distance of four yards, discharged his piece a sec- 
ond time, but it seemed to take no effect. The savage fired in his 
turn, and wounded the ensign in the shoulder ; then rushnig upon him, 
thrust his bayonet through his body ; he repeated the blow, which 
Mr, Peyton attempted to parry, and received another wound in his 
left hand ; nevertheless, he seized tlie Indian's musket with the samo 
hand, puller.! him forwar^-ls, and, with his right, drawing a dagger 
which hung by his side, plunged it into the barbarian's side. A vio- 
lent struggle ensued; but at length, Mr. Peyton was uppermost, and 
with repeated strokes of his dagger, killed his antagonist outright. 
Here he was seized with an unaccountable emotion of curiosity, to 
know whether or not his shot had taken place on the body of the In- 
dian ; he accordingly turned him up, and stripping off his blanket, 
perceived that the ball had penetrated quite through the cavity of the 
breast. Having thus obtained a dear bought victory, he started up on 
one leg, and saw captain Oehtcrlony standing at the distance of sixty 
yards, close by the enemy's breast work, with the French soldier at- 
tending him. Mr. Peyton then called aloud, ' captain Ochterlony, I 
am glad to see you have at last got under protection. Beware of that 
villain, who is more barbarous than the savages. God bless you, my 
dear captain. I see a party of Indians coming this way, and expect to 
Ue murdered immediately.' A number of those barbarians had for 
some time been employed on the left, in scalping and pillaging the 
dying and the dead, that were left upon the (ield of battle ; and above 
thirty of them were in full march to destroy Mr. Peyton. This gen- 
tleman knew he had no mercy to expect ; for, should his life be spar- 
ed for the piesent, they would have afterwards insisted upon sacrific- 
ing him to the manes of their brethren whom he had slain; and in that 
case, he would have been put to death by the most excrutiating tor- 
tures. Full of this idea, he snatched ap his musket, and, notwith- 
standing his broken leg, ran above forty yards without halting, and 
feeling himself now totally disabled, and incapable of proceeding oni* 
step further, he loaded his piece, and presented it to the two foremost 
Indians, who stood aloof, waiting to be joined by their fellows ; while 
the French, from their breast- works, kept up a continual fire of can- 
non and small arms upon this poor, solitary, maimed gentleman. In 
this uncomfortable situation he stood, when ho discerned at a distance, 
a Highland officer, with a party of his men, skirting the plain towards 
the field of battle. He forthwith waved his hand in signal of dis- 
tress, and being perceived by the ofticcr, he detached three of his men 
to his assistance. These bravo fellows hastened to him througii the 
midst of a terrible fire, and one of them bore him off on his shoulders. 
The Highland officer was captain Macdonald, of colonel Frazcr's bsit- 

S 



96 HISTORY OF TIIK 

General \\\)li*o iioxt dotaolu tl iulmiral Homos, with I'JOO 
men. imdor the comtu;uul ot' jjonoral Muira\, to rominonco 
m\ att;uk upon tlio ship|Mny;. in tlio harl>or ol" Quebec ; this 
also provotl unsuooessUil. 

Tlio season was now tar aiivanred ; all had hoen ilone that 
*onUI bo done, atui vet the tortress remained inaeeessible. 
The indetatiijable etVorts of u;«MUM'al Wolle was(( dhis streniith ; 
his health bes;;m to deelim\ and \\c wrote to the unnister, 
(Mr. I'itt) that he beiran to despair ot" success. 

iStnna; with ehaiirin at his own, as well as his countrT's dis- 
appointment, jjeneral Wolt'e called a council ol'm^r. in which 
it was deternnned to carry lus operations, it" possible. ui>on 
the pluins olVAbrahan*. 

The troops were nnnuuhately enibarkedon boani the ih^et ; 
the post at point T.evi was stnM)i;tlu luul. anil a nianunivreini; 
conmienctMl tor several days, up and down the river, to draw 
the attvM)tii>n ol'the enemv tVon> (he city. 

Alontcahn, .nhve to his duty, sent a detachment ol IfKK) 
men, to guani every accessible point, and watch the motions 
of the enemy. 

On the night et'the I'Mh ol' September, the troops landed 
near their place ofdestmatioii ; crawled up a j^teep and almost 
inaccessd>le precipice. (n»ore than I .'>(» iVt^t perpendu niar 
height) by the assistanci^ ot' rocks, stumps. bu<h<^s and hmb.* 
ot'trees, tluougli a narrow wmding path; and at break ot'dav 
the)(allant \Vidt\\with lusii.trepid band, were lv>rmeil on th(* 
plains of Abraham. | 

talioi\ ; who, unilorst!u\diiig tluvt n young goutl«M»uui, lu!» kinsniiiu. 
hml ilroppotl on tlio {x<.Ai\ oChnitlv, had put liiiusolt'al tl»o lu\nu «>rtUu 
parly , with whioli ht* i»onotrutod to tlio nnUillo ot' tho HoUl, drove a 
Oonsuiorablo number ot' tho Kionrh uml Imlians hot'oro him, and tindin;^ 
Ills r(»lution still unsral|>o»l, oarnoil him otl* in himnjih. I'wor rnptawi 
Oohlorlony ^v;v^s oonvoyod to QuohtH, whoro, in i\ low th»y»». ho diod o/ 
liis wouTids, At^or lh«> vo«Uiotn>n of thsu plnoo, tlioVronoh su 
who atlondod hin\, dooUuod tliat, in all piolmhilily. ho wovildl.a.. .. 
eovorod ot'tho twv» .^hots ho hud roooivoil in his bivu^t, luul ho not brou 
mortally woundod in (ho holly, by tho lnduin*s scnlping knil'o. 

" As tins vory romnrUablo soono was aotod \n .luvht t>t'both atuui >. 
tfciicral 'rowu>on*l, ni tho i;onuol, ixpostulatotl wttU ilu' Kiomli «»tVi- 
c«»» upon the uduum\uiiy ol' kooping up s<uoh n scvoro tire ntfAinst 
two woumlod gontlomon, who w«m'o disubUd. and tlosstitnto ol'all hop<» 
ot'osoupmg. Th«\v answorod, that tho tiro was not n\ad<' by tho rogu 
larj» but by tho Camnituns and snvagos, whom it was not m tlu> pow- 
er of disoipliiio to rostvaiu." SilUnuxn's Tour. 

i On tho l«th ot' >' boi. ono hovir inWxx n -^ 

^Vo^t"«, with his. ;irnu- j- tl;c ;:hip>:, tmli.tikcd i 



UNITfcU) STATES. iJ7 

^V'lu>n (ho lidiniiis oi' (his in;is(«Mlv inovomonl loarhed 
^I(Ui(c;jitn, ho s-,»u' hiins(^I(" out-i;»MUM mKnI, and iiniDrdiatoly 

loiitly »ln)p|»iMl (1»»\VM with llio iMirront, lutt'iuliiio- 1«> Uuul a loiii»iio abiivu 
>'!«p«> DiainoMii, ami thus to oain tli«> h»M<';l>ts ol' Abraham. Hut, owinjv 
t<> Iho japuiity ut'lho tMu rent, tlu'v IVII l>«\h)w th»Mr iutciult'd place, ami 
WiNomharUtMi at. what ts mi»w rallnl WoICo'h cove, a mile, or a milo ami 
a halt', al)ov«i I ho i-ity. Tho oporathm was a most iM-ilical one -tlioy 
iiad (.o navijL»"ato m sHonoo, »h>wn ii rapul stroam —to hit, upon the n^ht. 
l)hu'o for a hiuiliui>-, whu'h iu thiMlarU, uuiiht l)o oa'^ily uiistakou — tlio 
tjliore was nholvmy, ami th<^ hank to bo asi'«M\dod was stoop and lot\y, 
(uui soarroly pra("tioal)!o ovon without opposiliou. l)oubth*ss, it was 
this combination ot' oiroumNlancos, whub lullod tlu> vijfilanrr ol' tho 
wary and disrorninjj ^Ton(('alln : ho thoujrht stich an ontorprisc abso- 
hitoly imprat'tioabh', and tluM'ol'oro had slatiunod only acnlinols ami 
{>iokot }^uar«ls alouij this pio«Mi)it(nis shoro. 

Indood, tho attonipt was in tho oroalost tlangor oi' boin<j; dotoatod 
by ati ort'unonoo, whirh is vory Ititorostinff, as markinji' ninoh moro 
oniphatically, than dry otVioial aooonnts ran di>. th«' vory ^roat dolica- 
oy »>t iho transact urn. 

Ono ol'tho Fronrh sontinols, posted alonjf tho shoro, challouji>od thv 
F.njflish boats in tho onstomary military lanouajic of (ho Kron«li, 
" Qui vit 1" who o-oos thoro I to wliioh a captain of (''razor's roii'imonl, 
who iiad sorvod in lloliand, and was familiar with tho l''rt nch lan- 
^uayo and customs, promptly replied, "la Kranoo." The next ques- 
tion was much more ombarrassmj^' lor the senlinel tlomandod, *' a tpiel 
voi'inuMil ;■" " to what ro,oiim>ut,"' Tho eaptain, who happened to 
kjiow tho name oi' ono ol'llu» reyiments which was up tho river, willt 
o«Miii*viavillo, p;\;;;;;;l!y rejoined, " do la lloim'," " the queen's." The 
soldier immwdiateiy rj'plicd, " pusse," for he «i.uol'vl;lv,d 111 <>ne.e- that 
this was a l''r»Mii'h convoy of pr»)visions, which, as the F,n;»lish had 
learned, from some deserters, was expecteil to pass down the rivor to 
Quebec. Tho other sentinols wore ilecoivod in a similar mantier; but 
on«\ loss creilulous than thi' rest, rnnninji- «lown to tho water's otlije, 
called out," Toa'tjutM est c«' quo vonsne parte/, plushaut:'"" why dont 
you spoak lou<lor." The same eaptain, with perfect self conunand, 
replied. " Tai tt)i, nous serous, en'i'ndiios !" " hush, wo shall l»o ovor- 
lioard and tliscoverod." Tho sentry, ssHisI'mmI with thiscantion retired. 
Tho Untish boats were on tho point of bciii;:V (irod into, by the captain 
of one of their own transport st ips, who, ionorunt of what was yoinjr 
on, took thtMn t'oi French ; but ;>ciieral Wolfe percoivma" tln> com miction 
on board, rowed alon^ij- side in person, and pr<>ventcd the lirini>-, which 
wonhl have alarmed the town, and tVuslrateil the onterpris(>. (toneral 
Wolfe, althoujih jjroatly reduced l)y a fever, to which a tlysentary was 
superadded, was novtM-tln^less the tiist man to leap ashm'c. The rUir- 
y;od precipices, I'uU t>f projciMions of rocks and of trees, and shrubs 
growinji' every whore amonij- the clitfs, into which tho bank was brok- 
en, prcsenliMl a most forbiddiuj:- app«'arance, ami ^(Mioral \Voll*e t'aiiiil- 
iarly speakinn' to an olVucr win* stoo«l by, said, " I don't believe th«re 
is any ptissiblity of jjfottinjj up, l>nt yttn must do yinir emleav<»vir." 
Thoro was only a narrow path, hnulino- obliquely up tho hill ; this had 
been rciulorod by tlie ciitMny im^iassible, in consc<incneo of bcinjr broK- 



88 HISTORY OF THE 

marched out of his camp, to take vengeance on the temerity 
of the foe. 

Wolfe, and his little phalanx were soon in view, and the 
French commenced a distant and scattering fire, accompanied 
with such tremendous yells of the savages, as filled all the 
plain with the horrors of a scene unknown to British 
troops. Their hearts were unappaled ; they received the 
French with great coolness, and at the distance of forty yards, 
opened a fire upon the enomy, which checked their career. 
Wolfe now received a wound in his wrist, which he disre- 
garded. They repeated their fire, which threw the enemy 
into disorder; this when renewed, caused them to fly. At 
this eventful moment, fell general Wolfe, and with him gen- 
eral Moncton, (previously wounded) and the command de- 
volved upon general Townsend. He advanced to the charge, 
to take vengeance on the foe. The cry of they run, reached 
the ears of general Wolfe, who exclaimed, ^ who run?^ the 
reply met his ear, ' the enemy run ;' then said he, ' I die in 
peace,' and expired. The gallant Townsend and Murray 
took vengeance on the enemy with the bayonet and broad 

en up by cross ditches, and there was besides an entrenchment at the 
lop, defended by a captain's guard. This guard was easily dispersed, 
and the troops then pulled themselves up t>y taking hold of the bought 
and stumps of the trees and of the prcjaetions of the rocks. 

Thia-precipic8, (which may be in different places, from one hundred 
and fifty to two hundred feet high) is still very rude and rugged, but 
probably much less so than in 1759; it can now be surmounted, with- 
out very gj-eat difficulty, by men who are unmolested. 

Wolfe staked all, upon a very hazardous adventure ; had he been 
discovered prematurely, through a spy, a deserter, or an alarmed sen- 
try, his army would have been inevitably lost ; but having gained the 
lieights, he formed his troops, and met the enemy in good order. 

The plains of Abraham lie south and west of Quebec, and com- 
mence the moment you leave the walls of the city. They are a very 
elevated tract of ground ; this must of course be the fact, as they art* 
on the summit of the heights which terminate at the river; they arc 
nearly level — free from trees and all other obstacles, and I presume 
were nearly so at the time of the battle. Our military friend, captain 
— — , with true professional feelings, remarked, that it was " a fine 
place for a battle." I went to the brink of the precipice, where my guide 
assured me that ^^ olfe and the army came up ; a foot path, much 
tredden, leads through low bushes to the spot. I presume, that five 
hundred men, posted on this edge, would have repelled the whole 
army. 

It was about an hour before the dawn, that the army began to as- 
cend the precipice, and by day light, they were formed and in perfect 
preparation to meet the enemy.— Sillijnan.'s Tour, 



UNITED STATES, 8^ 

sword, until they reachod the gates of the city, which alone 
covered them iVotn total ruin. 

The gallant Montcalm fell mortally wounded, in the action, 
but lived not to witness the fall of the city. Quebec surren- 
dered to the conquerors in five days. 

Thus fell Montcalm, the hero of French America ; thus 
fell general Wolfe, the glory of his country, and his country's 
arms ; and thus fell Q,uebec, the Gbraltar of America. t 

General Townsend embarked about 1000 French officers 
and soldiers, and sent them to France. He also left a garri- 
son of 50"0 men under the command of the gallant general 
Murray, and then embarked on board the fleet, and set sail 
for England. 

General Amherst had succeeded in destroying the naval 
force of the enemy, upon lake Champlain ; but the season had 
become so tempestuous before he could carry on his opera- 
tions against isle Au Noix, that he abandoned the enterprise, 
and returned to Crown Point for the winter. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1760. 

At the close of the action that decided the fate of Quebec, 
the main body of the French army, consisting of about ten 
battalions of regulars, retired to Montreal, under the eom- 
m ind of monsieur de Levi, where they were reinforced with 
6000 Canadian militia, in the coarse of the winter. 

With the opening of the spjring, monsieur de Levi, who had 
succeeded general Montcalm, commenced his operations for 
the reduction of Quebec. He embarked about 1 1 .000 men at 
Montreal, with a great body of Indians, and descended the 
river, under the protection of six large frigates, and landed 
his whole force at Point au-Tremble, on the 26th of April. 
With this force, de Levi had resolved to carry the city by a 
coup de-main. But the gallant Murray had otherwise deter- 
mined ; accordingly, he marched out at the head of 3000 

t The French lostabout 1000 men, killed and woynded, in the aeti«n 
and this English abeut 500, 

8* 



90 HISTORY OF THE 

men, (the remains of the 5000 left in autumn) and gare i\\» 
enemy battle. The van of the French w»^ie routed by the 
impetuosity of the charge, and driven in disorder upon the 
main body ; the Enghsh pursued, and the action becaaie gen- 
eral and bloody. Overpowered by numbers, the gallant Mur- 
ray beat a retreat, and led back his heroes into the city, with 
the loss of 1000 of his garrison. 

Elated with this victory, the enemy pursued to the wallfj 
and conjmenced the most vigorous operations to carry the 
city. The strife became despeu;ite between the parties, un- 
til the 9th of May, when an English frigate arrived, and an- 
nounced the approach of an English lleet. 

On the loth of May, a part of the fleet arrived, and gave 
relief to the garrison. On the loth, the French frigates were 
all taken or destroved, and monsieur de Levi abandoned hi« 
camp in the night, and tied with the greatest precipitation to- 
wards Montreal. Lord Colville arrived with the remaind<?r 
of the fl;.'Ct, two days after ; and the Hag of old England waved 
triumphant on the walls of t^uebec. 

General Amherst had now assembled his forces at Crowu 
Point, and was in readiness to commence operations. He 
directed one expedition by the way of lake Ontario, and the 
other against the isle An Noix, by the way of lake Champlain ; 
and ordered general Murray, at the same time, to embark his 
troops at Quebec, and meet him on a given day, before Mon- 
\ real . 

These movements were executed with great precision ; the 
generals arriving on the s unc day, and the division from the 
isle Au Noix, the next ; and the city was completely invest- 
ed. On the 8th, monsieur V^audreuil, the governor, signed a 
capitulation, and the garrison marchetl out with the honors of 
war. The French troops were conveyed to France, ani 
Canada was cleared. 

France now saw herself stripped of all her vast possessions 
in America, excepting New-Orle.ms, onlhe Mississippi. This 
she retained as a solitary moimmenl of all her greatness ; 
from this she stimulated the Cherc kees to commence their 
mvages upon the delenceless frontiers of the south, through 
the winter ;md sprng. 

General Andierst sent on a body of regulars, to co-operate 
with the t'oops of V ir;i,inia and Carolina ; and before mid- 
e^mmer, the enemy were humbled and peace was restored. 
i76i. 



»>* 



UNITED STATES. 9t 



CHAPTER XV. 

(jENERAL arrangements in EUROPE TO PROSECUTE THE WAR, 
WITH A VIEW TO OBTAIN AN EQUITABLE PEACE. 

The war still riiged with violence in Europe and in India. 
Spain became alarmed for the tato of her American colonies, 
when slie saw the unparalleled success of the British arms. 
France took advantage of this, and commenced negotiations 
with Spain, to engage her in the war, under the alliance of the 
family compact. Thi^ roused the jealousy of England, and Mr- 
Pitt demanded an immediate decl.iration of war against Spain, 
which was refused ; and he turned his attention to the ocean, 
and commenced vigorous war upon the West-Indies. 

The allies in Europe, pushed the war in Prussia, and the 
French attempted to seize on Hanover. 

Mr. Pitt sent a naval armament to the coast of France, and 
took Belle-Isle, (ofl' the mouth of the Loire) which filled 
Kngland with spirit and hilarity. This blow, trifling as it was, 
called the attention of France to a peace, and she actually of- 
fered to yield to England all ht-r conquests in America and In- 
dia ; and offered Minorca for Gaud. iloupo and Mariagalante ; 
also to relinquish all her conquests in Germany, provided Eng- 
land would mike restitution lor her commerce taken before 
the declaration of war. All th<*se concessions the minister 
refused, and his refusal sealed the family compact, August 15, 
17G1. The basis of this compact was a community of inter- 
est, and a mutual naturalization of the subjects of both king- 
doms ; and its obligations were mutual and reciprocal. It also 
extended to the king of the two Sicilies, and embraced the 
unity of the three monarchies. 

This compact gavv- a shock to Europe, and threatened the 
subversion of her balance of powor. Mr. Pitt rose indignant 
at the pusillanimity of the king and council, in refusing him it 
declaration of war against Sp;»in, and resigned in disgust. 

The earl of Egremont vv;is rai>ed to the helm of state. Me 
felt the high responsibility attached to that station ; and en- 
tered with spirit into tho measun's of Mr. Pitt, lie wrote to 
the governors of New- England, to furnish the same number of 
men, for the service ol this year, as the last, to secure the 
conquests in America. The troops were as promptly rai^e*^ 
^ Uefore, and general Amherst took the «oniffiand. 



HISTORY OF THE 

To meet the exigencies of the approaching war with Spaiu. 
the minister sent a poworful armament to the West- India sta- 
tion, consisting of eighteen ships of the Hne, besides frigates, 
lire-ships, bomb-ketches &c. under the command of admiral 
Rodney, with about 9000 l<md forces, under the command of 
general Moncton. This armament was joined by about three 
thousand regulars and proviri ials from America. 

On the 7th of January, tlie whole force arrived off the isl- 
and of Martinico, and on the I4ih of Februiiry, the island was 
given up, by capitulation, to the British ;irms. With the con- 
quest of this island, succeeiied the conquest of every Frencii 
island in the West-Indies, viz. Gaudaloupe, New-Granada, 
St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. 

These conquests produced the war be^^ween England and 
Spain, and this armament was turned ugainst the Spanish 
West Indies. Tosfrengthen this force, the minister despatch- 
ed another armament from Portsmouth, (England) under the 
command of admiral Pocock, with lord Albemarle, as comman- 
der of the lanri forces. — This armam-nu, when joined by the 
detachments from the tleet of admiral Rodney, consisted of 
nineteen ships of the line, eighteen frigates, and one hundred 
and fifty transports, carrying U),00 ' land forces ; all destined 
against the island of Cuba. A land torc(^ ot" from 4 to 6,000 
men, embarked at New York, and joiu'ed this armament ; and 
©n the 17th of June the troops were I aided, and commenced 
their operations against the city of H.ivan*, capital of the isl- 
and of Cuba. 

This city is walled, and strongly fortifierl by nature and art, 
and protected by a fortress, called the Moro Castle, deemed 
impregnable, which cost the British armament a siege of two 
months. In this memorable siege, the .irrny experienced ev- 
ery possible hardship, from the nature and ditliculty of the ser- 
vice, the heat of the climate, anfl a wasting, pestilential dis- 
ease, with which 6 or 8,000 of the troops were sick at one 
time. 

As the hurricane months approadied, the general began to 
despair of success ; but his hopes were revived by the ap- 
pearance of a body of New England troops, who had h^etx 
sent home sick, from Martinico, and had recovered on their 
voyage ; put about, and jomed their companions before the 
city of Havanna. This unexpected reinforcement inspired 
the desponding troops with fresh hopes, courage and zeal. 
The vigorous efforts of the siege were reaewed, and on the 



UNITED STATES. 93 

/3th of August, the city of Ilavanna, with twelve ships of the 
line, three frigates, and several merchantmen in the harhor, 
together with a district of country of 180 miles in extent 
were surrendered to the arms of his Britannic majesty. 

This blow was serious in its effects and consequences ; it 
struck at the vital interests of French and Spanish commerce, 
and led them to think seriously of peace. 

Commissioners were soon appointed by all the parties, and 
preliminaries of peace were arranged at Fontainbleau, upon 
the principPes of uti possidetis entered upon by Mr. Pitt ; and 
on the 18th of February, 17G3, the detinilive treaty was 
signed at Paris, and peace was restored. 

By this treaty, all French America, including Nova Scotia, 
except New Orleans, was ceded to Great Britain ; but all the 
conquests of Europe, India, and the West Indies, were re- 
stored in statu quo. Spain cederl to England, the Floridas, in 
exchange for Havanna ; and France agreed to demolish the 
fortifications .of Dunkirk, as a general acknowledgment for 
the indulgences she h id received in the treaty. 

With the treaty of Paris was soon united the treaty of Hn 
bertsburg, which closed the war between Austria and Prussia, 
and all Christendom was once more hushed to repo>e. 

The cession of French America to Great Britain, cost the 
colonies an arduous and expensive eight years war ; and it 
was then believed, that it would have disarmed the Indians of 
the murderous hatchet and scalping knife ; and extinguished 
the torch that had for so many years laid waste their frontier 
settlements 5 but their savage spirits were not yet subdued. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

INDIAN WAR. 

The treaty with the Cherokess, of 1761, was considered 
by both parties, as the basis ofa lasting peace ; not only with 
the Cherokees, but with all the Indian tribes, throughout the 
western wilderness. To renfier this peace the more perma- 
nent, three Cherokee chiefs went over to England, and there 
confirmed the peace with the British court. 

Sir William Johnson made a tour through the interior of 
the northern tribes, to avert that jealousy which the conquest; 



D'l HISTORY OF THE 

of Canaria had excited, and which tlio. emissaries of France 
wore endeavoring to kindle into a flame. 

At the same time, thi^ governors of several of the nortli- 
crn colonies held a conference with the Six Nations, at Al- 
bany, to strengthen the force of former treaties, engage their 
confidence, and fix a permanent and lastmg peace between 
them and the colonies. 

At tliis conference a plot vv;h concerted by the In(hans to 
sur()risc the English forts, butcher the garrisons and destrov 
the settlements. This plot produced a confederacy of all the 
tribes north of the Ohio, to engage in llie war. 

In the month of harvest, 1763, a general attack commenc- 
ed upon the frontier settlements of P(jnnsylvania, Maryland, 
and Virginia ; anrl they fell a defenceless prey to the ravages 
of an Indian war. All the tr;ulers in the Indian country were 
murdered, at the same time, and plundered to the amount 
of several hundred thous;md pounds, which furnished sup- 
plies to carry en the sav.ige w.ir. The forts of Le Bicut, 
Venango and Presque-isle, became the first objects of the war. 
These, with MichilimackiuMC, were soon sur[)rised and taken 
by the Indians, and the garrisons butchered or carried into 
captivity. 

r.^r!? 1*'^^» '^Pli'oit 'THfl Niagara, became the next objects 
of the war. Tlie two (irst were imineMMiety iiiVc»irru »iy liU- 
merous parties of Indians, and the garrisons shut up within 
the forts. Gen. Amhi>rst, alarmed for tho safety ol these 
posts, after the fill of the others, despatched captain Dalyell, 
with a reinforcement to strengthen the garrison of Detroit. 
This detachment succe<'d«'d, and d'ter some severe skirmish- 
ing, raised the siege, and the savjiges withdrew. 

General Amherst sent another pnrty at the same time, to 
strengthen the garrison nt tort Pitt, under the command of 
col. Bou(juet. This party was met on their way, and fell in- 
to an ambuscade at Turtle creek, which commenced an action 
that continued two d.jys successively. The savages fought 
with the most desj)erate fury ; but the English met the shock 
with firmness, repelled the enemy .it the point of the bayo- 
net, and drove them into the forest. These attacks were re- 
newed, again and ag.iin. and as often repelled ; until the sava- 
ges were overj)owered and abandoned the contest. Colonel 
Bouquet pursued his miuch without much further mQlcstation, 
and in four days reached fort Pitt. 



UNITED STATES. db 

General Amlierst sent a third detachment to the relief of 
Niagara, but they fell into an anihuscade near the point of 
destination, and were all cut ofl" and destroyed, September, 
1163 ; the garrison, however, held the fortress. 

General Gage now succeeded general Amherst, and the 
war continued. The colonies rousf^d to the combat, raised a 
force which entered the Indian country, under the command 
of colonels Bouquet, Bradstreet and Putjiam, with such suc- 
cess, as compelled them to sue lor peace. 

The English dictated the articles of this treaty, with such 
severity, as they hoped would secure their frontiers from all 
future savage wars. 

Ten chiefs were «letained as hostages from the council, to 
guaranty the safe return of all prisoners taken in the war : all 
which was duly fulhlled, and the hostages released. Pence 
was restored. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

;5US<iUEIlANNAH CLAIMS CONTESTED BETWEEN CONNECTICUT 

AND P> NNSYLVANIA. 

It will be recollected that Ihe original grant of the colony 
of Connecticut was incliided in the grant, made by king James 
I. of England, in the year 1620, to the earl of Warwick and 
others, and that ihis patent conveyed ail the lands in America, 
lying between the fortieth and forty-eighth degrees of north 
latitude, extending Ironi the Atlantic ocean on the east, to the 
Pacific ocean on the w(!st, ani. including those tracts of coun- 
try, which afterwards became the colonies of Pennsylvania 
and New York. It will also be recollected, that in 1631, 
the carl of Warwick, president of the council of Plymouth, 
granted by patents to loids Say and Seal, and Brook, anti as- 
sociates, as descrd)ed in note to page 22. 

This territory was agam conhimcd to Connecticut, as a co- 
lony of England, by her charter granted by king Charles II. 
in 1662, and has been noticed ; which confirmation under 
the great seal of England, was considered as divesting the 
crown of all possible legal claims, and vesting in the colony 
of Connecticut, all possible legal rights to said lands. These 
Hgrante were all made, as well as the charter of Charles IT. 



"C^ij HISTORY OF THE 

and given many years before any grants were made to Wm. 
Penn ; and the settlers of the colony of Connecticut, had not 
the least doubt but their title to the lands was clear, and that 
they had good right to sell or settle all lands heretotore de- 
scribed. According!)' in the year 1754, a company of gentle- 
men, (afterwards known by the name of the Susquehaunah 
company) purchased of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, (when 
in council^ at the congress held at Albany at that time) a tract 
of land lying west of the colony of New York, and upon the 
waters of the Susquehaunah, extending seventy miles north 
and south, and ten miles east of said river ; being within the 
degress of latitude described in the grant first made to the 
earl of Warwick, and afterwards conveyed by| him to lords 
Say and Seal, and Brook, and confirmed by king Charles U. 
to the colony of Connecticut. These purchasers, with full 
confidence in their claim, petitioned the general assembly, at 
their session in May, 1655, praying for an act of incorporation, 
with permission to form a distinct commonwealth, if it should 
meet with his majesty's pleasure ; which petition was granted, 
and the company was recommended to the favor of his majesty. 

These lands, at the time this company extinguished the In- 
dian claims at Albany, were uninhabited and unoccupied ; and 
at the close of the war, in 1763, the company began the Wy- 
oming settlement, upon the river Susquehaunah. At the same 
time, the company sent out col. Eliphalet Dyer, as their agent 
to the court of Great Britain, to manage the concerns of the 
company. The agent presented a petition to his majesty, 
praying " that the company might become colonists on said 
lands, and that he would grant them such power, privileges 
and authorities, as in his great wisdom he should think fit." 
His majesty took this petition into his most gracious consider- 
ation ; but it had not heeu acted upon when the revolutiona- 
ry war commenced, and the contested claims of Pennsylvania 
remained unsettled. 

Pending this petition to the crown, the assembly of Con- 
necticut, at their May session, 1770, passed a resolve to trans- 
mit a statement of the case in controversy, to a learned coun- 
sel in England, who gave their final answer in the following 
words : "In case the governor and company of Connecticut, 
shall in point of prudence, think it expedient to make this 
claim and support it, it will be proper, either amicably, and in 
concurrence with the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, or in caSf 



UNITFD STATES. 9^ 

of tlie refusal of these proprietaries, without them, to apply 
to the king in council, praying his majesty to appoint commis- 
sioners in America, to decide the question, with the usual pow- 
er of appeal ;" signed by four of the tirst counsellors at law 
in England. This decision was received by the assembly, at 
theirOctober session, 1773, whereupon they resolved, " that 
this assembly, at this time, will assert their claim, and in some 
proper way, support such claim to those lands, contained with- 
in the limits and boundaries of the charter oi this colony, 
which are westward of the. colony of New-York." The as- 
sembly appointed col. Dyer, doctor Johnson, and J. Strong, to 
carry this resolve into effect, by treating with governor Penn, 
concerning the lands in question. These con)missioners ac- 
cepted their appointment, and in December following, went to 
Philadelphia to confer with gov. Penn, and if pOsiible, to set- 
tle the controversy. They opened their commission to his 
excellency, and communicated the acts of assembly, relative 
to the lands in question, and their appointment ; but the gov- 
ernor declined all discussion upon the subject of the contro- 
versy, and the commissioners returned, and made their report 
to the assembly, at their session in January. 

Upon this report, the general assembly proceeded to incor- 
porate the town of Westmoreland, upon the river Susquehan- 
nah, with the same privileges as the other towns in the colony 
of Connecticut. This act of the assembly gave a general alarm 
throughout the colony ; many saw, or thought they say, that 
the peace and interest of the colony were about to be commit 
ted, to gratify the avarice and ambition of a company of specu- 
lators ; they accordingly assembled in large numbers at Mid 
dletown, and drew up a remonstrance to the general assembly, 
in which they style themselves — " A meeting of the commit 
tees of twenty -three towns," and in which they state largely 
and extensively, their grievances and fears, as well as their ob- 
jections to the measure at large, and the more unjustifiable 
proceedings of the Susquehannah company, &c. This peti- 
tion was met by a petition to the assembly, from the Susque- 
hannah company, in Vv'hich they state the legality of their 
claims, the great expense they have incurred in support ol 
those claims, their prospects of success, and the good that will 
result to the public. Pamphlet writers entered largely into 
the merits of the question, pro and con ; but the revolutionary 
war commenced in the midst of the controversy, and both par- 
ties went on to settle the lands ; the Connecticut claims were 

9 



18 HISTORY OF THE 

inally overpowered by tlie violence of the Pennsylvania sel- 
lers, and her title was lost. 



CHAPTER XVHI. 

VERMONT. 

The settlement of the Dutch at Mjinhattan, at the mouth of 
he Hudaon, and at Albany, together with the grant of the co- 
ony to the duke ol York, by king Charles 11. and the settle- 
iient of Nevv-llampsliire by the English, have been noticed ; 
>ut the contested claims belwten Ncw-llanipshire and New- 
fork, that led* to the settlement of Vermont, now claim par- 
icular notice. , 

The colony of New-Hampshire, after she had settled her 
outhern boundary with Mw^-sac husetts, in 1741, claimed as 
ar west as the western line of Mnssachusetts ; and the then - 
;overnor oi the colony, Benning Wentvvorth, made a grant of 
1 township, six miles j^qu.ire, upon the south-western corner 
>f the claims ; bounded !?outl) on Massachusetts, and west on 
^cw-York, and lying twenty miles east of Hudson river, and 
ailed it after his own christian name, Benningtown. The 
ame governor continued to make grants of those lands, lying 
vestof ConnecticiU rivejr, until the war of 1754 commenced, 
called the old French war) and irom that time, all grants 
;eased, until the close of the war in America, 1761. 

In 17G3, about 100 townships had been located, west of 
Connecticut river, extending to the boundary of New-York, 
I'iz. twenty miles east ol the Hudson river, and above the 
source of that river, to the shore of lake Champlain. 

The lieutenant governor of New-York claimed all these 
ands west of Connecticut river, by proclamation ; and assert- 
ed the right of jurisdiction, as belonging to the colony ofNew 
i^)rk, by virtue of the patent of the duke of York. 

The governor of New-tlampshire, rejected the claims of 
!;^ew-York, by his prf clamation ; confirming the New-Hamp- 
shire giants, and exhorted the settlers to be firm, and perse- 
rere. "** 

The colony of New-York carried her claims to the crown, 
}y the way of memorial, and obtained the following order, 
1764: 



UNITED STATES. 99 

" His majesty orders and declares, the western banks of the 
Connecticut river, from where it enters the province of Mas- 
sachusetts-Bay, as fir north as the 45th degree of north lati- 
tude, to be the boundary line between the said two provinces 
ofNew-lJampshire and New-York." 

The colony of New-York iu;xt proceeded, upon this decis- 
ion, to lay out four counties, exteiulin<r upon the eastern and 
west(un sides of the mountain, and c«wering the New-Hamp- 
shire grants, in these counties, they erected courts of judi- 
cature, and summoned the settlers to surrender their grants.. 
This kindled a warm dispute. Some towns complied, and re- 
purchased their lands under New York, and others wholly 
refused. Against these, suits of t^ .-ctment commenced, and 
other grants were issued by ihi; ij;overnor of New-Yoik, to 
other settlers ; and all was confusion. 

Both governors were enriching themselves with heavy fees, 
and the settlers were left to fi^ht out the quarrel. j 

When the sheriffs attempterl to serve the writs of eject- 
ment, the people were firm, and resisted the officers. This 
roused the energies and resentment of the governor of New- 
York, and he ordered out the mditia to support the officers. 
The settlers were firm, appeared in arms, and foiled the at- 
tempts of the sheriffs, and supported their claims. 

Bold and aspiring men had m iniged the affairs of the set- 
tlers, behind the curtain, until the parties became firmly uni- 
ted. They then came forw ir I, and opeidy defended the 
rights of the people. At the head of these, appeared Ethan 
Allen ; a man of daring spirit, and unbounded ambition ; 
ii)ied and determined in his purposes ; rough and sev<M?e in 
his manners ; but a firm protector of the rights of the settlers. 

Allen, by his writings, unmisk«'d the views of the N. York 
speculator^, and show(?d the we kness and absurdity of their 
claims, and the fuldity of their grants ; and urged to union, 
effort, and resistance. 

These writings were, like the author, coarse, but full ot 
enei'gy, and perfectly conformable to the sentiments and feel- 
ings of the settlers. Tlwy vvere greedily received, and 
promptly obeyed, and raised Allen to th(; head of the party. 

Next to Allen, appeared a Mr. Seth VV.irner, who was a 
man of great coolness, but equally firm, and as decided a friend 
to the cause, as Alien. WIhui Mr. Warner was d«^signated as 

t The governor of New-llampshirc'took only |'100 for each grant ; 
but the governor of New-York, took two or three thousand. 



100 HISTORY OF THE 

i ji rioter, and an officer attempted to arrest him, he boldly re 
' sisted, wounded the officer, disarmed him, and took him into 
custody, until he was willing to desist. 

Under this state of things, the settlers sent out special agents 
to England, and laid their grievances hetbre the king. Their 
complaints were graciously received, and his majesty, upon a 
full hearing, issued the Ibliowing order to the governor of N„ 
York, 17G7:— 

" His majesty doth hereby strictly charge, require and com- 
mand, that the governor or commander-in-chief of his majes- 
ty's province of New-York, for the time being, do not, upon 
pain of his majesty's liighest displeasure, presume to make 
any grant whatsoever, of any of the lands described in the 2d 
report, until liis majesty's pleasure shall be known concern- 
ing the same." 

The governor of New-York disregarded the royal mandate, 
and in place of coercion, attempted to cajole the settlers into 
a compliance with his measures ; but Allen, Warner, and three 
others, he proscribed. 

In 177J, the governor of New-Y'"ork published the follow- 
ing decree : 

" Whereas, &c. And in case the said oflbnders shall not re- 
spectively surrender themselves, pursuant to such orders of 
liis excellency the governor and commander-in-chief, for the 
time being, to be made in council as aforesaid, he or they so 
neglecting or refusing to surrender himself, or themselves, as 
aforesaid, (that is, within seventy d;iys) shall, from the day to 
be appointed for his or their surrendry as aforesaid, be ad- 
judged and deemed (and if indicted for a capital offence, here- 
after to be perpetr.ited) to be convicted and attainted of felo- 
ny, and shall suffer death, as in cases of persons convicted and 
attainted of felony, by verdict and judgment, without benefit 
of clergy ; and it shall or may be lawful for the supreme court 
of judicature of this colony, or either of the courts of oyer 
and terminer and general gaol delivery, for the respective 
counties aforesaid, to award execution against such offender, 
or offenders," &ic. 

Tliis high stretch of despotic power, was accompanied with 
a proclamation, offering a reward of fifty pounds per head, for 
Allen, Warner, and six others, who had taken the lead in sup- 
port of the settlers. This step cut off all possible accomuio ■ 
elation between the parties, and a general meeting was conven. 
ed on the west side of the Green Mountain, which passed the 
bllowing- resolve, April 14, 1774 : 



UNITED STATES. 101 

'' Resolved, That for the future, every necessary prepara- 
tion be m.ide, and th;it our inliabitants hold tliernhelves in read- 
iness at a minute's warning, to aid and defend such of oui- 
friends, who for their merit to the f;eneral cause, are falsely 
denominated rioters ; hul that wi; will not act any thing more 
nor less, than on the defensiv<^ and .ilvvays encourage due ex- 
ecution of tlie laws, in all civil causes, and also in criminal 
prosecutions, that are so uideed ; and we will assist to the ut- 
most of our power, the ofliceris appointed for that purpose." 

Having obtained this support, ilie proscribed persons pub- 
lished the following declaration, in their address to the peo- 
ple : — " We will kill ordestroy any person or persons, whom- 
soever, that shall presume to be accessary, aiding or assisting, 
in taking any of us." 

Here the parties were at issue, and war was declared. 

They next sent out colonel Skt-ene to England, to petition 
his majesty, that the Sc'ttlers might be formed into a royal 
government, as a new province ; and colonel Skeene actually 
received the appointment of governor of Crown Point and 
Ticonderoga, as a preparatory step to meet their petition. 

During these movem(;nts, ;i congress had bet n held at Phil- 
adelphia, September, 1774, who rerommi-nded that the colo- 
nies should maintain their liijertios with liruiness ; which oc- 
casioned a suppression olall courtf^, h<dd under the authority 
of the crown. This led to an insurrection at Westminster, 
in March, 1775, lor ihe suppres^^ion of the court ; in which 
one man was killed, and the <)tli( ers of the crown were seized 
by the people, and sent to the gaol at Northampton, in Massa- 
chusetts, April II. 

Thus the parties were balanced, when the revolution com- 
menced, and the lirst blood was spilt upon the plains of Lex- 
ington, April 19, 1775. 

All parties then seriously engaged in the magnitude of the 
object before them ; suspended their private animosities, and 
became the ze ilous dcietuiers of their common country. 

In July, 1776, a representation of one member from eacli 
town, met in convention at Dorsc^t, and entered into a joint as- 
sociation for mutual defence. In September they met again, 
by adjournment, and resolved " to t;die suitable measures, as 
soon as may be, to declare the Hampshire grants, a free and 
independent Dictrict," and then dissolved their sittings. 

In 1777, a general representation from all the towns, met in 

9* 



102 HISTORY OF THE 

convention at Westminster, and resolved, " that the New 
Hampshire grants are, and of right ought to be, and they are 
liereby declared, a free and independent jurisdiction or state, 
known and distinguished by the name of New-Connecticut ; 
alias Vermont," &c. 

Under this character, the convention petitioned congress, 
then sitting at Philadelphia, that they might be owned and re- 
ceived as a free and independent state ; and that their dele- 
gates might be admitted to a seat in that honorable body. 

New-England favored the measure, but New-York oppos- 
ed, and the controversy in congress was spun out through the 
war. The whole history of the revolution will shew, that 
no one section of the United States, was more distinguished 
for patriotism and Viilor, than Vermont. 

In 1780, New-York withdrew her troops from Skeenesbo- 
rough, and congress withdrew all continental troops from the 
state of Vermont, and fche was abandoned to her fate. 

At this time, a few of her leadmg men,t made proposals of 
neutrality to the British general, in Canada ; and under this 
mask, commenced a negotiation for a re-union with the crown 
of England. This farce was managed with great adroitness, 
and spun out to the close of the war ; and thus Vermont was 
shielded from the subsequent ravages of the enemy. 

During this negotiation, the controversjiy between New- 
York and Vermont became so serious, as to endanger the 
peace, not only of the two states, but of the Union. 

In this criiical state of their affairs, governor Chittenden 
wrote to general Washington, and solicited his advice, 1781. 
To which the genera] returned such a conciliatory reply, as 
led finally to an amicable adjustment of all their chfTerences ; 
although the party strife continued to rage, down to the peace 
of 1783.J 

t Eight only were entrusted with the secret. 

:}:The following is general Washington's answer, in reply t9 gov- 
d'.rnor Chittenden's letter : 

'' It is not my business, neither do I think it neccssaiy now to dis- 
cuss the origin of the right of a number of the inhabitants, to thai 
tract of country, formerly distinguished by the name of the New- 
ilampshire grants, and now known by that of Vermont. I will take 
it for granted, that their right was good, because congress, by their 
resolve of the 2'th of August, imply it ; and by that of the 21st are 
willing to confirm it, provided the new state is confined to certain de- 
scribed bounds. It appears to me, Ihcrcforc, that Iho dispute of boun- 
dary is the only one that exists, and iJiat bemg removed, all others 
would be removed aiso, and the ijiaUer tenuinated Xq the satisfaetitri 



UNITED STATES. 103 

III 1790, Vermont entered into an amicable negotiation 
with New-York, and agreed to pay the sum of g30,000, and 
take her quit-claim to all the lands in controversy ; which 
was done accordingly. In 1791, Vermont was admitted inty 
the Union. 

The constitution of 1778, was revised in 1789, and again in 
1792 ; but the present constitution was not established until 
1793. 

The rapid increase of wealth, population, and literature in 
Vermont, have rendered her a valuable member of the na- 
tional Union, 



GENERAL REMARKS ON PART I. 

That period of our history, which is included within thf; 
limits of the first part of this work, presents to our view a 
novel scene, whose parallel is not to be found upon the whole 
historic page. All those emigrations from the parent stock, 
that commenced the settlement of all the ancient, as well as 
the modern king<ioms, laid their foundations under some mili- 
tary chief, or some particular leader, whose will gave law to 
the colony ; but the settlement of New-England, commenced 
with a colony of freemen, who laid theii tbundations deep and 
lasting. They took'the bible for the rule of their faith and 
practice, as well as tor th(^ standard of their civil and religious 
government, and founded the whole, upon the will of the peo- 
ple. They felt themselves competent to this, because they 
had been trained in a school of civil and leligious controversy, 
and persecution, in England, that had taught theni the practi- 
cal use of all those civd and religious virljpes, that were alone 

of all parties. You liave nolhiujr to do but to witlidravv your juriEdi<!- 
tion to the confines ol" your old liuiils, and obtain an acknowledg- 
ment of independence and sovereignty, under tbc resolve of tlie 21sif 
of August, for so much territory as does not interfere with the ancient 
established bounds of New York, New-Hampshire, and Massachusetts. 
In my private opmion, while it behoves the delegates to do ample jus- 
tice to a body of people, sufficiently respectable by their numbers, and 
entitled by other claims, to bo admitted into that confederation, it 
becomes them also to attend to the interests of their constituents, and 
see, that under tho appearance of justice to the one, lliey do not ma- 
terially injure the riglits of tho otlier. i am apt to thiidt tiiis is thw 
prevailing opiwiou of congress,'' 



i04 HISTORY OF THE 

absolutely necessary for such an establishment. The ruler?> 
of this colony, and all such as have grown out of it, were first 
chosen by the people, lor short periods, and possessed no 
power, but such as was delegated to theni by their constitu- 
ents, and this power was checked and bal.inced by fixed con- 
stitutional principles. When they had thus laid the /ounda- 
tions of government, they commenced their arduous duties of 
purcliasing lands ol the natives, clearing the forest, building 
towns, gathering churches, est.ibhshing a j^regular system of 
public worship, and laying permanent foundations for the sup- 
port of a liberal plan of education. LIpon this broad basis of 
wisdom and strength, were the tbundations of the colonies of 
New England laifl, and upon this we have seen them rise (o 
that high elevation of national prosperity they now enjoy. 

To understand correctly the character of this people, it 
may be necessary to trace a little more particularly, the prom- 
inent features of this general policy. 

Religion, manners aticl customs — The religion of the found- 
ers of New Engl md w.i.- strictiv puritan, and of the congre- 
gational or independent denomin;ition ; it commenced under 
the great English reformer, John VVicklifte, in the 14th cen- 
tury, and hiving p.issed through those scenes of persecution 
in England, that distinguished the reigns of Henry VI II. and 
his successors, down to the time of J imes I., Charles 1. and 
the Commonwealth, sought a retreat for peace and safety in 
the wilds of N. England. Th ' m mners* and customs that grew 
out of this religion, vvere rigiilly puritanical. Grave, severe, 
and circumspect in their d;^port(nent, our ancestors combined 
a practical religion, with the most scrupulous morals, which 
laid the foundation for a set of customs and habits, that opera- 
ted upon society more forcil)ly, if possible, than the laws, and 
gave a peculiar fqape an<l energy to their civil codes. Under 
such a system, industry and frugnlity, patience antl persever- 
ance, magnanimity and valor, with a practical display of all the 
moral virtues, formed the characters of the first settlers of 
New England. 

Trade and commerce — The first trade of the colonies of 
New England cotumenced with the natives ; furs and peltry 
of all descriptions, w^ro purchased and exported to England, 
in large quantities, for which they paid the Indians in blankets, 
and other articles of coarse clothing, fire arms, ammunition, 
hatchets,' rum, &c. As the forest receded before the cultiva- 
ter, lamber, grain of all kinds, beef, pork, lard, butter, cheese, 



UNITED STATES. * 105 

and lire stock, were soon exported in large quantities, to the 
West-India Islands, for which they received in exchange all 
the productions of those islands This trade commenced as 
early as 1635. The next year ship-building commenced, and 
the tirst vessel then built in New England, made her first 
West India voyage ; and ship-buiMing progressed so rapidly, 
that the colonies of New England became their own carriers, 
soon after, in their European and West India trade, and fur- 
nished vessels for their cod and whale fisheries. At the close 
of this period of their history, mor^han 10,000 tons of ship- 
ping were built annually in New England ; these either sup- 
plied their carrying trade, were sold in for^Mgn markets, or 
were used in their cod and whale fisheries, which commenc- 
ed as early as 1639, and had now become a most lucrative 
branch of their commerce. 

Agriculture — This was not onlj' the first employment of the 
first colonies, but continue-* to this day, to be the basis of their 
wealth. They found in America, the Indian corn, a grain not 
known in England, from whence they came ; the culture of 
which, and its use, they learnt from the Indians ; to this they 
added the culture of all the grains of Europe, together with 
hemp and flax, peas, beans and potatoes ; and their artists 
soon began to manufacture their own tools for husbandr}'. 
Horses, cattle, sheep and go;jts, when introduced into New- 
England, from Europe, flourished well, and soon became im- 
portant articles in their exports to the West Indies. 

Although the expense of labor was high, and the labor of 
clearing their lands arduous and difficult ; and above all, the 
numerous Indian wars, to whi'^h the}' were continually expos- 
ed, and with which they were often harassed, distressing be- 
yond expression ; still the rich and luxuriant soil yielded them 
abundance for their support, in peace and war, and a good 
supply for the purposes of commerce. 

Arts and manufactures — It was a part of the policy of Great 
Britain to discourage, and even suppress, as far as possible, 
the arts and manufactures of her American colonies, in order 
to encourage her own, by supplying them from England. But 
necessity soon taught them to manufacture coarser articles, 
for common use ; they built their own houses, mills and ships ; 
their domestic manufactures furnished many articles of cloth- 
ing ; they manufactured their own furniture, and had made 
some progress in the manufacture of iron. 

The art of printing was introduced as early as 1639, and at 
the close of this period had extended throughout N. England 



iOti .HISTORY OF THE i 

Popiilution. — The general estimate for the close of thii^ 
period, stands at about 400,00u for New England, which 
amounted to nearly one half of the white population of the I 
then British colonies. 

ft is worthy of particular notice, that so small a population, 
scattered over such an extent of country, should have been 
able to support so muiv liidian and French wars, and make 
such conquests, in Nova Sc»-tia and Canada, as appear in their 
history. 

Education — This, next to the religion of the colonies, en-' 
i:;aged their earlieirt mtention ; and for the support of this" 
they made provision by law, as appears by the earliest acts 
ol their legislative bodies. The) instituted primary, or dis- 
trict schools, in all their towns, and obhged by law, evj^ry* 
county town to maintain a grimmar school, where the. youth 
could be tilted tor college. They also made such provision 
tor the support of these schools, as renc'ered them free to all 
classes of the people, and the children of the poor had equal- 
ly the advantages of early education, with thos" of the riclu 
All classes could read and write, and understand common 
arithmetic. These institutions atforded the means of instruc- 
tion to the yeomanry of the country, suflhcient for all the pur- 
poses of business, in common life. Ail the heroes, statesmen 
and clergy of New England, except the tirst emigrants, re- 
ceived the rudiments of their education in their primary 
schools. This tree ind 'iberal system of education, gave that 
general expansion to the minds of the people, that led them 
to feel and highly appreciate their own civil and religious 
rights, and taught them how to maintain ami defend them. 
Academies in New England, at this period of their history, 
were not known ; and their colleges have been noticed in their 
places. 

Wars — These, fVom the commencement of the Pequot war, 
in 1637, to the close of the French and Indian war, in 1763, 
were frequent, and with short intermissions. The rival 
spirit of France and I'ngl md, through that period, was in its 
full strength ; and whenever they were at war in Europe, it 
extended to their C(d<)nies in America ; and New England was 
sure to be involved in a French and Indian war. They had 
also Irequent collisions with the frontier tribes of Indians, 
and suffered severely from their cruel ravages and depreda- 
tions, as may be seen through the whole of this period of 
their historv. 



UNITED STATES. 



PA R'l' il. 
CHAPTER I. 

VIRGINIA. 

In the introduction of this work, particuhir notice has been 
akcn of the numerous advcuturerf, tliat led to the discovery 
3f Virginia, and the founding of Jamestown. 

The patent granted to tlie London company, by king James 
[. in 1606, which guarMnteed to them the possession of South 
Virginia ; also his patent to the Fi}'moutli company, which 
guaranteed to them the possession of North Virginia, have 
been noticed in the first part of the work. 

In the month of December, „1606, the London company 
3ent out captain Chri.stoph^ Newport, with a colony of 103 
persons, to commence the settlement of Virginia. In April, 
16o7, he arrived in the Chesapeake bay, and sailed up a noble 
river, ^thcn called Powhatan ; he landed in May, and com- 
menced a settlement, which, in honor of his sovereign, he 
called James-Town. 

Captain Newport brought over with Hftn a form of govern- 
ment for the colony, wiiich consisted of a council of seven, 
chosen and named by the London company, with a president, 
>vho was to be chosen by the council, when they should ar- 
rive in Virginia, who also should be one of their number, and 
have two votes in all questions before them. In June, cap- 
tain Newport sailed lor England. 

Captain John Smith soon succeeded to the command of this 
colony, and beca.ne very active in their service. 

The tulents of captain Smith were well adapted to the com- 
mand of such a colony, in such perilous times. He entered 
with spirit upon the arduous duties of his office, and put forthj|j 
all his efforts to build up the settlements and secure the sink- 
ing colony. 

Captain Smith was equally active in exploring the countryj 
and in encouraging and Winging forward the colony. In one 



108 HISTORY OF THE 

of his efforts to explore the Chickahominy river, he was siez- 
ed by a party of the warriors of the great Powhatan, and con- 
ducted in triumph, into the presence of the sachem, who re- 
ceived him with all the pomp, majesty and terror, which a 
savase could assume. He ordered his prisoner to be stretch- 
od on the ground, his head to be placed upon a large flat 
stone, and his brains to be knocked out with the war club. 
The eyes of the spectators viewed with impatience the exe- 
cutioner, us he raised the massy club, to gratify their thirst 
for blood. But lol to their astonishment, Pocahontas, daugh- 
ter of the sachem, and child of his delight, sprang through 
the crowd, flung herself upon the {ground, and placed her 
head upon the head of captain Smith. 

Struck with amazement, Powhatan raised her from the 
ground, dismissed her with kindness, and ordered captaia 
Smith to be set at liberty. In a short time, he sent him back 
to Jamestov/n, under a faithful escort, loaded with presents 
for his family ami friends. 

Thus relieved from impending death, by the benevolence 
of a female savage, then only thirteen years of age, captain 
Smith returned to his little colony, which he found in the ut- 
most possible distress and confusion.. He once more restored 
union and eflbrt to the colony ; and his little deliverer, with 
her little female attendants, made him frequent visits, loaded 
with such presents as were very useful to the sick and inllrm. 

At this time, captain Newport arrived from England with 
supplies, which contributed to the present relief, as well as 
the future prosperity «f the colony. Mr. Hunt, their clergy- 
man, commenced a regular course of public worship, with the 
administration of the ordinances of the gospel ; and harmony 
and order began to arise upon the solid basis of civil and re- 
gions liberty. 

This prosperity was not of long continuance. In the fol- 
lowing winter, their store-house caught fire and consumed, 
not only their stores, but extended to the town, and destroy- 
ed their dwellings. These calamities they bore with patience 
and fortitude, and put themselves upon an allowance of meal 
and water, through the winter. 

In the spring, captain Nelson arrived from England, (by thr 
way of the West-Indies, where he had wintered) with a sup- 
^)ly of men and provisions for the colony. This arrival gavr- 
them new spirits and new energies ; they united their labor.* 
ttrough the summer, rebuilt the town, cultivated their fields, 



UNITED STATES, lQf« 

und in autumn they were blest with a good supply lor i\\e 
winter. 

But this prosperity was not permanent. Many of the com 
pany were bred in habits of indolence, and when they em 
barked for America, vainly expected to find gold withoul: 
labor, and riches without industry ; and when they began to 
realize their mistake, they commenced a clamor against cap- 
tain Smith, that not only embarrassed his government, buf 
reached even to London. 

At this time, sir Walter Raleigh was attainted of high trea 
'^OR, and his charter was forfeited.! Notwithstanding all that 
captain Smith had done for this colony, the London company 
petitioned the king, and obtained a new charter. They ap- 
pointed sir Thomas West, (lord Dc La War, or Delaware) 
captain general, sir Thomas Gates, lieutenant general, and sir 
George Somcrs, admiral, &c. 

Admiral Somers set sail from England in May, 1609, with a 
fleet of nme ships, and 500 people, to strengthen the colony 
at Jamestown ; but the admiral, with three noblemen, and lit 
ty others, together with a ketch, were cast away upon Ber 
Hiuda islands, where they wintered. 

When the remainder of the fleet arrived in Virginia, thev 
found the colony distracted by their vices, corruptions, ant' 
licentiousness. 

In September, 1G09, president Smith was so severely burnt, 
by an explosion of gunpowder, that ho was constrained to 
abandon the colony, and return to England. 

Jamestown could now boast of about 500 inhabitants, com 
ibrtably accommodated, in about sixty houses, well fortified, 
and defended by three ships, twenty-four pieces of cannon, 
and a good supply of muskets, ammunition, &c. with necessa- 
ry tools for labor. They also had a good supply of hogh', 
sheep, goats, and fowls, together with nets and boats for fish- 
ing ; but president Smith was gone, and with him, all thatwa^ 
raluable to the colony. 

Captain Piercy, who succeeded president Smith, was truly 
a man of worth ; but his feeble health unfitted him for Ihos*^ 
arduous duties, the factious state of the colony required. 

The vices of the planters provoked hostilities with the na 
lives, who destroyed their settlements, stole their tools, and 
drove olf their stock ; all which reduced them l'» thee* 
tremes of distress. 

1 Sccintiodaction,for tho year 1585, 



HO ^ HISTORY OF THE 

Such was the wretched situation of the colony when ad- 
miral Somers arrived, in the spring of 1610, that the 600 
colonists were reduced to 60 ; and such were their suffer- 
ings and prospects, that they actu;»lly abandoned their village, 
embarked on board their fleet, and set sail for England. 

At this eventful crisis, lord DelHware met them near the 
mouth of the bay, with a fleet and supplies from England, and 
by his influence, persuaded them to return, resume their 
dwelhngs, and submit to his government, June, 1610. 

Lord Delaware brought out about 600 people, 200 hogs, 
200 cattle, with a year's provisions for the colony, as well as 
a good supply of all nr^cessary tools for husbandry. Order, 
tranquility, and plenty were again restored. 



CHAPTER II. 

HERE COMMENCES THE HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. 

The prosperity of the colony revived under the administra- 
tion of lord Delaware. He restored public worship, appoint- 
ed all the necessary officers, established a due degree of sub- 
ordination, and thus gave tone to his government, and indus- 
try, harmony and plenty to this late ruined colony. 

In 1611, the health of lord Delaware began to decline, and 
he returned to England. The government devolved upon sir 
Thomas Dale. 

Under the administration of governor Dale, the colony sunk 
into their former corruptions, and he was constrained to ex- 
ercise the most rigid military government, to check their li- 
centiousness, and save them from rum ; this, added to their 
habits of vice, and indolence, checked their enterprise, and 
kept them down, for many years. 

In 1613, Mr. Rolf, (then secretary of the colony) became 
attached to Pocahontas ; obtained her affections ; offered his 
hand, and with the consent of her father, and governor Dale, 
married her, April, 1614. Mr. Rolf, like a true and affec- 
tionate husband, sought to improve the mind of the young 
princess, both in useful knowledge, and religion ; and by the 
assistance of Mr. Whitaker. she soon acquired the English lan- 
guage, embraced the christian religion, and was baptised, by 
the name of Rebecca. 



UNITED STATES. HI 

In 1616, Mr. Rolf, with his wife, visited England, where 
she was introduced to her m gesty, and treated with great 
respect at court, and by the people of the first distinction in 
London. She died when about to return to America, and left 
one son, who was handsomely educated in England. 

When he became a man, he removed to Virginia^ where 
he lived in affluence and respectability, and died much lamen- 
ted. Some of the most respectable families sprang from Mr» 
Thomas Rolf, son of the princess Pocahontas, the deliverer 
of captain Smith, who may well glory in the excellent virtues 
of such an ancestor. 

About this time, ?:overnor Smith again visited the coast of 
America, in the character of an adventurer, and drew charts 
ofthe coast of North Virginia, to Which he gave the name of 
New-England. This coast, with its settlements, has been ful- 
ly noticed in the first part. 

In 1616, sir Thomas Dde returned to England, and was 
succeeded by Mr. George Yeardley. The administration of 
governor Dale had been prosperous, and the colony flourish- 
ed, and continued to flourish, through the administration of 
governor Yeardley. 

In 1617, governor Argall succeeded to the chair, and gov- 
ernor Yeardley returned to England. 

In two years, this despot subverted the prosperous admin- 
istrations of a Delaware, and a Dale, and threw the colony 
back into the times of former distress, and ruined all the efforts 
which had been mride by the London company, for ten or 
twelve years ; a period, in which they had expended more 
than eighty thousand pounds sterling, and from the number of 
1670 souls, that had been transported into the colony, more 
than 1200 had been lost by sickness, savage barbarities, or an 
oppressive and rapacious government. 

Sunk again to the lowest state of distress, the people await- 
ed, with anxious impatience, the return of lord Delaware, to 
bless the colony with his presence and government ,- but 
again their hopes were blasted ; his lordship reached the 
mouth of Delaware bay, where he died, 1618 ; and thus gave 
name to a bay, that has ever continued. 

A change in the London company, this year, removed gov- 
ernor Argall, and restored governor Yeardley to the govern- 
ment of Virginia. This change abolished the oppressive gov- 
ernment of Argall, and restored the colony to the liberties of 



112 HISTORY OF THE 

free-born Englishmen, and thus laid the foundation of liberty 
enterprise, and industry, in Virginia. 

The London company gave orders, that governor Argall 
should be arrested and tried in the colony, for mal-adminis- 
tration ; but justice was robbed of her rights, and Argall es- 
caped to England unpunished. 

During all this time, the phmters had endured all their dis 
tresses as single men, and had settled, or attempted to settle, 
only six or seven towns ; but this year, the London company 
sent out a new recruit, of about 1216 men, together with a 
colony of 140 young and virtuous women, and assigned thens 
a settlement called Maiflstovvn. 

Woman pawned her jewels to furnish Columbus with mon- 
ey to discover America. — Woman saved Virginia, by rescu- 
ing captain Smith, at the hazard of her life, and by the pow- 
ers of virtuous affection, gave to Virginia some of her best 
citizens ; and woman, by the settlement of Maidstown, gave 
to the colony new spirits, and new energies, and laid the per- 
manent foundation of Virginia, 1619.1 

The planters selected their wives from the new settlement 
of Maidstown, and new scenes, new amusements, as well as 
new habits of industry and enterprise, became general through- 
out the colony. 

In June, 1621, governor Yeardley convened the tirst as- 
sembly, and as the elections were made from towns that held 
the rights and forms of boroughs, the representatives were 
therefore termed burgesses. 

This assembly abolished martial law, and gave freedom^ 
and the rights of civil law to Virginia. J 

This general assembly decreed, " that ihe colony should 
hereafter be governed by two supreme councils ; the one 
called the council of state, and the other the general assem- 
bly ; to be convened annually by the governor, or oftener, as 
circumstances may require. The general assembly to con- 
sist of a council of state, and two burgesses from each town, 
hundred or plantation, and all decisions to be made by a ma- 
jority of votes ; reserving to the governor, a casting vote. 
The powers of this assembly, to be strictly legislative ; and 
all laws enacted by them, to be in conformity to the laws of 
England. No laws to become binding, until ratified by the 

t About this time, a Dutch vessel landed about twenty ne«rroes,\vhc 
were sold for slaves, which commenced African slavery in the south 
I This was the first legislative assembly held in America, 



United states 113 

oompan}' in England, and returned under their seal. — And no 
laws of the company in England, to be binding on the colony, 
until ratified by the colonial assembly. " 

This year, king James ordered the bishops of England to 
make a general collection in all their several dioceses, to 
found a college in Virginia. The order was carried into ef- 
fect, and £1500 sterling was raised, which, added to 10,000 
acres of wild land, laid the foundation of the first college in 
Virginia. 

About this time, a mortal sickness swept off above 300 of 
the planters, and king James ordered the London company to 
transport 100 convicts into the colony. 

In 1622, private adventurers in England, fitted out twenty- 
one ships, with 1300 passengers, to Virginia, and sir Francis 
Wyat, was sent out as governor. 

Those early attempts that had been made to introduce 
some form of religion in the colony, had long since been de- 
stroyed, through the licentiousness of the planters ; and the 
new addition of convicts, had increased the evil. 

The London company at this time, made one effort, through 
the instrumentality of sir Francis, to give a christian form t» 
the colony, and lay the foundations of such in.^titutions, as 
might train up the rising generation to the knowledge of the 
one true God. 

Powhatan was now dead, and his successor Opecancanoah, 
formed a general conspiracy among the savages, to extermin- 
ate the English. 

On the 22d of May, the whole confederacy entered the 
English settlements at mid-day, under the mask of their usual 
friendship, and at a signal given, commenced an indiscriminate 
butchery ; and in less than one hour, about 300, of all ages, 
fell a sacrifice to their savage fury. 

A Mr. Vace had warning from a friendly Indian, and gave 
such seasonaT»le notice to Jamestown, that the people stood 
to their arms, and rallied from the neighboring villages, and 
thus saved that settlement ; but the savages drove off the cat- 
tle, burnt and destroyed their mills, iron works, and even the 
houses upon the plantations, and swept the country with a 
general pillage. Their new college was destroyed, and the 
superintendent, Mr, Thorpe, was killed. 

Roused by a sense of their wrongs, the planters rallied t» 
the combat, entered the enemy's country, laid waste their vil- 
lages with fire and sword, and earned off their com : all 

10' 



U4 HISTORY OF TMC 

which proved very destructive to the Indians, the ensuing 
winter, 1623. 

The settlement of tliis colony, down to the year 1621, had 
cost the company more than jC 1 50,000 sterling, besides the 
expense of private adventurers; and more than 4,000 lives 
had been lost. 

In 1624, king James issued writs of quo warranto, against 
the London company, and dissolved their charter, and the 
government reverted to the crown. 

In 1625, king Charles I. succeeded to the throne, upon the 
death of his father, James 1. and immediately granted a new 
charter to the colony of Virginia ; which charter, vested in the 
governor and council, unlimited powers. 

The king next appointed sir John Harvey, their governor. 
This tyrant ruled with such despotic sway, that the people ar- 
rested him in his mad career, and sent him to England for trial 
accompanied by two agents, as his accusers. 

King Charles resented this indignity offered to his govern- 
or ; dismissed the suit, and sent him back to his government, 
1639. 

The people became so indignant, under his second adminis- 
tration, and accused him so severely to the king, that he recall- 
ed him the same year, and sent out sir \Vm. Berkeley, as his 
successor. 

To add to the calamities of the administration of governor 
Harvey, the savages resented his encroachments upon their 
lands, commenced a second massacre upon the colony, and 
murdered moi'c thnn five hundred people, in the settlements 
upon James river, York river, antl others, 'i'his, added to 
the oppressions of Harvey, gave such a check to the colony, 
that many years could not fully recover. 

Sir VVm. Berkeley entered upon his administration, by call- 
ing an assembly, upon the plan of the old charter. This 
caused the restoration of law, order, and civil rights, agreea- 
ble to the laws of England. These combined, restored tbt 
colony to her former situation in the days of lord Delaware. 
These blessings would have given new enjoyments to the: 
colony ; but the murder of 500 people in cold blood, called 
for that justice, which could not be obtained of a savage, but 
by the point of the sword. To the sword they appealed ; 
and although the appeal was just, yet a long and bloody war 
ensued, before the savages were humbled, and a firm and 
^ j)ermanent peace restornd. 



UNITED STATES. 110 

During these changes, under the administration of governor 
Berkeley, the civil war in England, had subverted the monar- 
chy, and raised Oliver Cromwell to the throne, as lord high 
protector, 1653. 

Governor Berkeley refused to do homage to the protector ; 
and Cromwell despatched a Heet to the coast of Virginia, un- 
der the command of captain Dennis, to reduce the colony to 
obedience. Governor Berkeley submitted to an honorable 
capitulation, which was expected to secure to the colony, all 
the rights and privileges of the old charter. But Cromwell 
rigidly enlbrced upon Virginia, the famous British navigation 
act, (which parliament had passed in 1651) which embarrass- 
ed her trade and kept her down. t 

When governor Matthews, (the last of the governors ap- 
pointed by Cromwell) had died, Virginia took advantage oi 
the imbecile reign of Richard Cromwell, and proceeded to 
re-elect sir Wm. Berkeley as their governor, and published 
their declaration in favor of Charles II. Sir Wm. upon the 
strength of this, ventured to proclaim Charles 11. as king ol 
England, Scotland, France, lieland ;ind Viiginia, several 
months before the restoration. I^y this act, Virginia hoped 
to recover hrr ancient charter privileges, which Cromwell 
had wantonly violated, and dej^troycd. She also anticipated 
the favor of the king, in consequence of their legislative re- 
solve, of 16-12, which declared " that as they were born under 
a monarchy, they would n»iver degenerate from the condition 
of their births, by being subject to any other government." 

Upon the accession oi" Charles 11. 1G60, Virginia presented 
to his majesty, a humble address, in whicli they spread their 
grievances before the throne, and prayed for a relief from 
their burdens, and a restoration of their ancient chartered 
rights. 

Vain were their remonstrances, deaf was the king, and des- 
perate was their cause. 

Upon the back of all this, Virginia soon became entangled 
in a long and distressing Indian war, that raged down to the 
time of the famous war in New-England, called Philip's *var. 
1675 ; and the whole country was full of distress. 

In the midst of this war, a faction sprang u[), which threat- 
ened the subversion of the government. 

t This act decreed " that the colonies should not import or expoj i 
any foreign conimoditic!?, except in Khip:> built and navi^atad by En"- 
lishnion." 



no HISTORY OF THE 

A bold antl aspiring adventurer, by the n.Mne of Bacon, who 
liad been bred a lawyer in London, h;id emigrated to Virgin- 
ia, like thousanits of otliers, to seek his fortune ; he soon be- 
came a member of the council ; took adv. mtiige of his po|)uhH 
talents ; volunteered his services agaiuj^t the Indian-?, assem- 
bled a company, anddem indeil of the governor a commission. 
This was refused ; and the governor demanded, that Bacon 
should disband his men, and come down to Jamestown, on pain 
of being declared a rebel. 

Bacon assured his men, that he would never lay down his 
arms, until he ii.ui revenged their cause, and punished the 
Indians ; but upon retloction, he selected forty men to accom- 
p my him to Jamestown, in obedience to the guvernor. Here 
a quarrel ensued with the governor, and he suspended Bacon 
iVom the council. 

Bacon resented the indignity, made his escape, put liim- 
sclf again at the head of about 600 men, and marched down 
to Jamestown ; drew up his troops belore the house of assem- 
bly, and demanded a gv-neral's commission, to go against the 
Indians. The commission w. is granted, and signed by the gov- 
ernor, (with reluctance) and general Bacon marched off in 
triumph. 

The governor, by advice of tlie assembly, immediately is- 
sued a proclam »tion of rebellion, against Bacon, and ordered 
out the militia to arrest his j)rogress. A civil war commenc- 
v.d ; general Bacon marched immediately to Jamestown, in 
(pi^st of the governor, who fled at his approach, and crossed 
over to Accomack. Jiacon immediately called a convention 
of his I'arlizans ; issued a m inileslo against the governor, and 
assumed the reigns of government. 

In the mean time, the j;overnor assembled a force, under 
the command of m:ijor Beverley, who crosseil the bay, and 
rommenced o|>erations against Bacon. A severe skirmish 
ensued ; blooil and slaughter marked the violence of the par- 
ties, until the death of Bacon checked this mad career of par- 
ty, and closed this civil war. 'J'he insurgents immediately 
dispersed ; a general amnesty was granted, and peace was 
restored. 

The blood spilt ia this contest, bore no proportion to the 

ether calamities that followed. Jamestown was laid in ashes ; 

ihe liocks of cattle were butchered for the use of the parties. 

or wantonly destroyed ; agriculture was neglected ; and to 

lown all, the savages renewed their depredations and niur 



I 



UNITKI) STATKS. 117 

(lers, willi such incrcancMl violence, that at tho close of thr 
war, the country was threatened with famine. Viri^inia groan- 
ed under the eiVects ol' these calamities ibr morc^ than thirty 
years. 

At the return ol i»eace, a re«;ini«'iit of soldiers arrived iVoni 
I'.nglnnd, by the request of the governor, to maintain t\ui or- 
der of the colony. 

Governor Berkeley soon after abandoned Virginia, and re- 
turned to England, where he died. 

In 1G79, lord Cul[)<'|)|)er was appointed to succeed govern- 
or Berkeley, and he set sail for Virginia, with a code of rrew 
laws for the government of his colony. Thus armed, with 
his code of n<MV laws in one hand, and a regiment of British 
soldiers on (he other, governor Culpej)per olfered pardon to 
the insurgcMits, provided the assembly would pass the ncTv 
laws ; and threatened them with V(mgeance if they refti^ied. 
■' The assembly complied, and passed the laws, and thus ri 
veted upon themselves a 8yst("m of perj)etual duties for tlif 
support of government. 'J'he governor next ol)taine<l, otit 
of these duties, a fixed salary of ,£'2,000 sterling, with an ad- 
dition of .£()() annually, tor house rent ; together with a de- 
nian<l of twenty shillings peiqiiisite, upon the clearance o€ 
every vessel oi' 100 tons, and thirty shillings upon the clear 
ance of every vessel over 100 tons, for every voyage. - 
These were lixed Ihws ; hut he oppressed the people by gir- 
ing currency to a light coin, at the full value, and making it u 
tender of just debts. This the people abolished, by turning 
it upon the governor, in payment of duties. 

Virginia continued to groan under these oppressions, through 
the reigns of Charles II. and James II. down to the accession 
of William and Mary, 1G88. 

Under this mild reign, the aflairs of Virginia began to as- 
sume a more favorable aspect ; and from this time, she has 
been rising in the scale of importance, down to the present 
time. 

In 1692, the charter of VVdIiam and Mary college wa« 
granted ; and in 1693, it was liberally endowed and fixed b} 
law at Williamsburg. 

In 1694, the State-house at Jamestown was burnt, and the 
seat of government removed to Williamsburg, where a new 
capitol was built for their accommodation. 

In 1712, a general tield was opened for the diffusion of re 



118 HISTORY OF THE 

ligion ; the colony was divided into thirty nine parishes, and 
the support of the ministry provided for by law. 

" The An2;lic;in5," says Mr. Jefferson, " had retained full 
possession of the country, ibout one century (down to 1712) ; 
other opinions began then to creep in, and the great care of 
the government to support their ovvn church, having begotten 
nn equal degree of indolence in ihc clergy, two thirds of the 
people had become dissenters, at the commencement of the 
revolution. The laws indeed, were severe upon them ; but 
the spirit of the one party had s ibsided into moderation, and 
of the other, had risen to a high degree of determination, that 
commanded respect." 

At this time a discovery was made of the country west of 
the Allegany mountains. 

In 1732, the illustrious Geo'tjs VV.i«;hington was born in 
the parish of Washington, county of Westmoreland. 

From the time that he began to act on the theatre of liis- 
country, the general history of Virginia has been carried for- 
ward in the general history of her wars, in Part I. down to 
the j)eace of 1763. 

Virginia adopted her constitution on the 5th of July, 1776 ; 

In 1790 Virginia ceded to the United States the one half of 
the district of Columbia. 



CHAPTER III. 

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

In the preceding chapters, and in the introduction, the dis- 
covery of Virginia, the origin of its name, and the rise and 
])rogress of the colony generally, down to the peace of 1763, 
have been consideied. 

The discoveries upon this coast, by Laudonnier ; the name 
he gave to the country, in honor of his master, Charles IX. 
king of France, by calling it Carolina, have all been noticed 
in the introduction. 

Before we commence a detail of the adventures that await- 
ed the first settlers of Carolina, vve will notice an anecdote, 
related by doctor Williamson, their excellent historian, upon 
the first attempts to settle this coast. 

Speaking of the adventures of sir Walter Raleigh, in the 



UNITED STATES. 119 

;year 1584, he says, " they landed at the mouth of an inlet, 
which they took?for a river, and returning thanks to God, they 
took possession for queen Elizabeth. 'J'he land was sandy ; 
but every tree and shrub was loaded with grapes, and the low 
grounds were covered with cedar They soon discovered 
that they were upon an island, about twenty miles long, which 
the Indians called Wockocken. 

" On the third day of their arrival, three of the natives ap- 
peared, for the first time, on the beach, and received some 
presents. 

" On the following day, forty or fifty Indians appeared, and 
approached their ships. They.ielt their canoes at a small , 
distance in the cove, and presented themselves on the beach. 
Granganimo, the sachem, was airong these Indians ; his rank 
appeared by his deportment ; he took his seat upon a long 
mat, and four of his chief men seated themselves upon the 
ii otirer end of it ; the rest of the Indians stood at a respectful 
distance. 

" The masters of the ships landed, with some of their peo- 
ple, in arms ; the prince made them signs to sit by him. He 
iirst touched his head and breast, and then touched theirs, to 
signify his desire of mutual confidence and friendship. At the 
same time, the sachem made a long speech which they wished, 
in vain, to understand. 

" They gave him sundry presents, which he thankfully re- 
ceived ; and they gave presents to his officers, who attended 
him ; but the prince took the whole to himself. 

" The next day a profitable trade was opened with the na- 
tives ; twenty skins, to the value of twenty crowns, were re- 
ceived for a tin dish, and other articles in proportion, &:c. 

** After a few days, Granganimo introduced his wife and 
children ; she was ornamented with strings of pearls, and wore 
a cloak and apron of skins, dre^^sed in the fur. 

'•' When the ships had been some time at their anchorage, 
one of the captains, with seven 'or eight of the adveiturers, 
proceeded in a boat towards Koanoke island, where they ar- 
rived the next day. 

" On the north end of the island, was a small town, consist- 
ing of eight or ten houses, built of cedar, and ornamented with 
pailisadoes, for defence against an enemy, Granganimo lived 
in that town ; he was not at home ; but the untaught civility 
of his wife, left the captain and his company nothing to desire, 
^he ordered her people to carry them ashore on their backs ; 



120 HISTORY OF THE 

the boat was drawn up on to the beach, and their oars se- 
cured. She placed her guests by the tire to dry their clolhes, 
for it was rainy ; soma of her women washed their stockings, 
others their feet. Their clothes being dry, she conducted 
them into another apartment, and gave them a plentiful din- 
ner, consisting of roasted venison, homony, fish, melons and 
sundry fruits ; they used earthen pots and wooden dishes. 
While the strangers were at dinner, two Indians entered the 
house with bows and arrows ; the white men looked at their 
arms ; the princess did not want any further remonstrance ; 
the Indians were turned out, and their bows broken. She en- 
treated her guests to stay all night in the palace, but they 
launched their boat, and dropped a grapnel at some distance 
from the shore. She observed, with marks of grief, that she 
had not gainedftheir confidence ; but she pressed them no fur- 
ther. Their supper was sent to their boat, and they were 
supplied with mats, as a defence from the rain. Thirty or 
forty men and women were ordered to watch near them all 
aight, upon the beach." 

The particulars of this visit have been detailed, because 
the conduct of that woman, is a correct portrait of the female 
character, and a specimen of that attention, which the stran- 
ger and afflicted may expect to receive from woman, in any 
part of the world. 

These strangers took on board two natives, and carried them 
to England, where one of them le<irned the English language, 
and became a useful interpreter. The friendship of Manti- 
Tieo (that was his name), continued to his death. 

In 1685, a squadron of seven ships from England, under the 
command of capt. Ralph Lane, arrived, and one touched at 
Wockocken, and proceeded to explore the coast. These 
merciless adventurers, to revenge the loss of a silver cup, set 
lire to a village on the Neuse, and reduced it to ashes. 

This wanton abuse of power, sowed the seeds of future 
judgments and calamities, which arose from savage revenge. 
Soon after this event, the fleet returned to England, laden with 
red cedar, sassafras and peltry. The colony continued at 
Roanoke island, under captain Lane, and were prosperous 
ihrough the season. 

In autumn and winter, gov. Lane explored the coast, and 
visited the Indian tribes extensively. All the Indians upon 
the eastern borders of Albemarle Sound, were called Weap- 
omiocks : and Okisko was their chief. 



UNITED STATES. 121 

A conspiracy commenced amono; these tribes, to draw oft 
aptain Lane from his settlement at Roanoke, and murder him, 
and all his people ; but this plan failed. 

Wingina, the brother of GrangaBimo, commenced a new 
conspiracy. He invited to a grand festival, about 1500 warri- 
or?, who, at a given signal, were to set fire to the governor's 
house, and murder the governor, and commence, at the same 
time, a general butchery of the English, and burn their vil- 
lage. This plot was disclosed to the governor, by a generous 
•captive, and he commenced an immediate attack upon Wingi- 
tia and his warriors ; put them to the sword, and saved the 
colony. 

At this eventful moment, sir Francis Drake arrived in the 
road, and offered them a supply of boats, stores, &c. and a 
vessel ; but all to no purpose, their s{)irits were low ; and 
th^^iy broke up the colony, and returned to England, June 
19th, 158C. 

I shall pass over the several attempts made by sir Walter 
Raleigh, to settle this coast, through sir Richard Grenvillc 
and governor White, by referring to the introduction, for their 
adventures ; and carry forward the colony, from the grant of 
Charles I. 

Upon the accession of king Charles 1. to the throne of his 
father, 1625, he granted to sir Robert Heath, (his favorite) 
his heirs and assigns, forever, all the coast lying between 
thirty and thirty-six degrees of north latitude, and extending 
west to the Pacific ocean ; also all the Bahama islands, not ac- 
tually possessed by some christian prince. 

This territory thus granted, was erected into the province 
of Carolina. 

Upon the 23d of Charles I. sir Robert granted this province 
to lord Matrovers, afterwards earl of Arundel and Surry ; but 
the civil wars that distracted England, under that reign, pre- 
vented any settlements in Carolina, under this grant. 

Upon the accession of Charles II. 1660, this patent was de- 
clared void, and Charles made a new grant of the same district, 
to Edward, earl of Clarendon ; George, duke of Albemarle : 
William, earl of Craven ; John, LordBerkeley, Anthony, Lord 
Ashley, sir George Carteret, sir John Calleton, and sir Wm. 
Berkeley ; conveying all the lands lying between the thirty- 
first and thirty-sixth degrees of north latitude, and the Virgin- 
ia geas, and the Pacific ocean. — Bearing dale March 24 16G3, 

II 



122 HISTORY OF THE. 

This charter was afterwards enlarged so as to include the 
twenty-ninth degree of north latitude, which included what is 
now Georgia, and part of Florida. 

Under this charter, Carolina began, and continued to flour- 
ish among the colonies. 



CHAPTER IV. 

CAROLINA, CONTINUED. 

This little colony struggled with the severest adversities 
possible, for more than sixty years, to obtain two solitary set- 
tlements ; the one by the quakers, upon the waters of Albe- 
marle, and the other from Massachusetts, upon Charles river, 
called Old Town. 

Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia, superintended 
these settlements ; iormed counties for them, and regulate<i 
their affairs. 

Pleased with the colony from New-England, at Old Town, 
the proprietors published a declaration, " That all actual set- 
tlers should receive gratuities in lands, directly according to 
the number of each family ; that they should be free from all 
customs, according to the charter ; that they should present 
thirteen persons to the proprietors, who should choose a gov- 
ernor and council of six, out of that number ; but that the 
choice should rest in the people, as soon as they became suf- 
ficiently numerous ; and that they should make laws, if they 
were not repugnant to the laws of England ; which laws should 
be in force, unless disapproved by the proprietors." 

The object of the declaration, was to invite in settlers fron> 
New-England. This colony transported several Indian chil- 
dren into New-England, under a pretence of educating them, 
which roused the revenge of the savages, and they commenc- 
ed general depredations upon the settlement ; killed and drove 
off their cattle ; atd they abandoned the settlement, and re- 
turned to New-England. 

In 1665, a colony from Barbadoes, came upon the coast : 
resumed the settlement at Old Town, and commenced the 
province of Clarcl'ndon, upon the same constitution as that of 
Albemarle. Sir John Yenmens became their first governor. 

This colony entered with spirit, upon the labors befor 



UNITED STATES. 123 

them, and greatly enlarged the land bounty, offered by the 
former colony, to induce settlers to come in. — They were al- 
so indulged with the special privilege of choosing their own 
governors, who continued in office three years. In 1666, 
this settlement amounted to about BOO. 

In 1667, the county ol Albemarle convened the first assem- 
bly in Carolina, under governor Stevens. 

By this assembly, it was enacted " that none should be su- 
ed in five years, for any cause of action arising out of the 
country ; and that no person should accept a power of attor- 
ney, to receive debts contracted abroad." It was also enact- 
ed, " that none might be hindered in so necessary a work for 
the preservation of mankind, any persons wishing to marry, by 
declaring their purposes before the governor and council, 
and their neighbors, should be considered as man and wife." 

A law ♦vas also passed, imposing a duty of thirty pounds of 
tobacco, upon every law suit, to dffr.iy the expenses of the 
government. These laws were approved by the proprietors. 
The people had thus far lived without law, or law guits ; 
they were free from debt, without taxes, and hardly knew 
the use of money. 

This year, 1668, the proprietors enlarged their bounty 
lands, by what was then called the great deed or charter, and 
the county flourished. 

In 1669, the proprietors fitted out three vessels, and plant- 
ed a colony under gov. Savle, at Port-Royal; and erected it 
into a county, which they "called drteret. Thps, three dis- 
tinct governments were tbrined in Carolina. 

The attention of the proprietors was now turned towards a 
permanent government. Their avowed object was " to make 
the government of Carolina agree, as nearly as possible, with 
the monarchy of which it was a part ; and to avoid erecting a 
numerous democracy." Lord Ashley, afterwards earl of 
Shaftsbury, at the request of the proprietors, obtained a sin- 
gular constitution from the celebrated John Locke. t 

t This constitution provided, that all the proprietors should compose 
a palatine court, who should elect a president for life. That an hered- 
itary nobility, termed landgraves, caziques and barons, should be for- 
med. That a parliament should be held once in two years, consisting' 
of the proprietors, the nobility, and the representatives cliosen by the 
people, who were all to meet in one apartment, and have an equal 
vote. All business, however, was to originate in the grand council ol 
the two first orders. 



124 HISTORY OF THE 

Gov. S.iyle iitlempted to put into operation, the non-descnpt 
constitution of Mr. Locke ; but found it impracticable. lie 
soon fell a victim to thecliniate, and was succeeded by sir John 
Ycamans. governor of Cape Fear, whose authority was ex- 
tended over this southern district. 

Thus the colony of Carolina was formed into two govern 
ment, August, 1C7I. 

Charleston had been founded by governor Sayle. No gen- 
eral staple had, as yet, appeared in Carolina ; but the propri- 
etors believed that silk, raisins, (from the multitude of grapes) 
capers, wax, almonds and olives, might be encouraged and 
cultivated here, as in Turkey in Europe, and they exempted 
all these articles from duties, for seven years. 

In IGbO, not one of these articles had been cultivated, and 
the king caused tilly families of Huguenots, who had tied into 
England, from the persecutions of France, to be transported 
into Carolina, gratis, for the express purpose of introducing 
the culture of the above articles. The plan wholly failed, 
;md the culture was lu glected. 

In 1G90, the settlement at cape Fear, was abandoned, and 
the settlers joined the southern colony. 

About the year 1670, governor Stevens died at Albemarle, 
and gov. Carluriglit succeeded for a short time ; but being 
called to England, Eastchurch was af)poinled governor, and 
entered u|)on the administration ot the colony, then consisting 
of about 1400 taxable inhabitants ;1" one third of whom were 
slaves. The produce of the colony was then estimated at 80 
hogsheads of tobiicco, annually, 'i'his was said to be ol little 
value to the planters, for the New-England traders engrossed 
nearly the whole, with their whiskey, and other ardent spir- 
its ; together with a few trilles, which they brought into the 
country. 

Governor Eastchurch s;iiled for England, to promote the 
interest of the colony ; and in his absence, Miller, his secre- 
tary, acted as president, and was so severe Sn collecting the 
revenue, and in attempting to suppress the whisk(iy trade from 
New-England, as to raise a rebellion. 

The people rose in arms, headed by one Culpepper^ (a 
surveyor of South Carolina) who had tied from justice, and 
taken refuge at Albemarle. 

t These were either white males of 16 years old, or slaves, eitlioi 
neorroes, mulattoea or Indians, male or female, 12 years old. 



t):t^lTtD STATES. 125 

Culpepper arrested Miller and six of his council, and put 
them into close continernent ; assumed the reins of govern- 
ment, seized on the treasury, (containing about three thousand 
pounds) and entered upon the collection of the rustoms. 

The next year, governor Eastchurch arrived, and fmding 
the colony in a state of rebellion, he applied to the governor 
of Virginia for a military force to restore order ; but before 
the troops arrived, he died. 

The next year, Culpepper and Miller both went over to 
England, to make their delVnce to the lords proprietors, and 
seek redress. Culpepper was arrested, and tried for higli 
treason ; but was acquitted upon the grotuid, that the affray 
could not aojonnt to any thing more than a riot. 

This subject now engrossed the attention of the lords pro- 
prietors, to determine, whether they should provide by force, 
to render the laws respectable, or receive the submission ol 
the offenders, upon easy terms. They chose the latter; the 
offenders were pardoned, :in(l the government received a 
wound from which it never recovered, lG75.t 

The lords proprietors next appomted one Sothel, to suc- 
ceed governor Eastchurch. Sothel had recently become a 
proprietor, by buying the share of lord Clarendon, and of 
course received the appointment of governor, and set sail for 
Carolina. He was taken on his pass:ige, an;l carried into Al- 
giers ; and John Jenkins was appointed to till the chair of Al^ 
bemarle, pro tern. 

During his administration, an act of general amnesty was 
passed in favor of the late rioters, saving the indemnity to the 
crown, for duties. 

Thus relieved from the arm of the law, the liolers com- 
menced a general persecution against their opponents, with 
such bitterness, that many fled into Virginia, for safety and 
protection. 

In the midst of this persecution, governor Sothel arrived, 
with instructions from the lords? proprietors, to redress ail 
grievances, and by a firm, yet mild and equitable government, 
restore order, peace, and concord in the colony. 

What is the force of council to a mad-man, or the power of 
wisdom to an idiot, or the influence of justice and moderation, 
upon the sordid and avaricious ? 

Sothol entered uj)on his administration, as au adept in al! 

f This year commenced Thilip's war m New-England, 

11* 



12G HISTORY OF THE 

those arts, by which man oppresses his fellow man. Ju^ice 
ami injustice, innocence and ^uilt, were with him synonymous 
terms ; and money was the only make-weight in his scale. 
Well might it be said of him, " IVhen the wicked bear rule, 
the people mourn.^' 

The people did mourn ; but not in silence and despair. 
They siezed the ollcnder, and were about to send him oil* to 
England for trial ; but he plead for mercy, :'nd prayed to be 
tried by the colonial assembly ; they granted his prayer. 
The assembly tried him, and sentenced him to depart ihe co- 
lony in twelve months ; and he complied with their decree. 

Sothel retired into the southern colony, where, like Cul- 
pepper, he put himself at the head ul" a faction, who were op- 
posing the governor, and by his popular zeal, obtained the 
reins ot government ; and the people of the south, like those 
of the north, were brought to feel the oppression of his ruth, 
less power. 

Doomed to perpetual civil war, Carolina saw no end to her 
troubles. Torn with internal dissentions, which arose Ironj 
the corruptions of the people, and the corrupt administration 
of her government, she hoped to remove the latter, by re- 
lurniiig to tlie charter ; but in making this change, new trou- 
bles arose. 

The tirst sketch of the constitution of Mr. Locke, had beeu 
;?ent over in a rough, untinislied state, and was at once receiv- 
ed rtnd put into operation, in l(JG9 ; but the true constitution*, 
as the}' were designed by the lords proprietors, to become 
the basis of the government, were not received until March, 
1G70. The first be.ng then in operation, and most favorable 
to the people, was received and supported by them, and the 
latter were rejected. This excited party strife agnin for v) 
time ; but the people finally united in rejecting the constitu- 
tions, and a state of anarcliy ensued, that disstracted the colo- 
ny, and produced all those excesses that arise out ol idleness 
and dissipation ; and many of the best members of society lied 

the colony. 

This state of anarchy reigned triumphant in both colonies, 
for more than twenty years. Sometimes a civil war, and 
sometimes a religious persecution prevailed ; and all was con- 
fusion, until governor Archdale was sent out as an instrument 
of peace for Carolina. 

In 1695, governor Archdale arrived in South Carolina, and 
.-otered upon tha arduous duties of hi^ oflise. He first re~ 



UiNlTKD STATES, 127 

moved the high toned partisans from tlie council, and appoint- 
ed moderate men in their places. He next began to reform 
the tactions of the colony at large, by administering justice, 
with a liberal hanil ; and when the heat of party began sufll- 
ciently to abate, he called an assembly of the people. This 
step restored order. 



CHAPTER V. 

CAROLINA, CONTINUED. 

All the wisdom that Wm. Penn displayed, in quieting tfif 
i'euds of his colony, was found in governor Archdal(\ in (juell- 
ing the feutis ol Carolina ; both were quaker^, and in their 
governinenls, exhibited the true characlur of their religion. 

Governor Arch<lale, although a (piaki r, pruujoted a milita- 
ry law, for the defence of the colony, whicli he soon found to) 
be very useful, in the su[)j)ort of their just rigiits. 

The Yammasee tribe ot Indians, who lived near to Chailea- 
ton, had put themselves untler the protection of the English. 
These Indians, in their wars with the Spanish Indians, had 
taken some prisoners, which they ollered for sale, accordini-; 
to custom. Governor Ai'chdalc sent lor the chwA of that 
tribe, and g.ive him a letter to the Spanish governor, at St. 
Augustme, with ordt-rs to restore the prisoners, and deliver 
the letter, which hiid the foundation of mutual harmony be- 
tween the parlies, and raised the reputation of the governor. 

The distance ol'the capitals of Nortii and South Carolina, 
was at this time, about 300 miles. The tribes o*' Ifidians 
about Pamlico, Neuse and Trent rivers, were numerous ; and 
the cape Fear Indians were robbers and plunderers, from a 
custom tiiey had ever practiseil, of pillaging all ^uch vessels 
as were at any time cast away, or driven ashore upon the cape, 
as well as munlering the peoj)lc. 

A war conmienced between the Indians of the two colonies ; 
and ihe Indians of the south took several prisoners of the cape 
Fear Indians, and sold them ibr slaves, 'i'he fame of govern- 
or Archdale had reached their ears, and they applied to him 
in tiieir distress, and sought relief. The governor listened 
to their complaints, and promised relief, provided tliey would 



•ever more plunder, and murder the uufvrtunute, who slioub. 



h>8 HISTORY OF THE 

be cast away upon cape Fear. They readily complied, tlieu 
prisoners were restored, and they manifested their sincerity, 
by aft'ording reliel'to about fifty unfortunate New-England ad- 
v-^nturers, who were Cvast away upon cape Fear, soon after, on 
their way to Charleston. 

The fame of governor Archdale soon reached the northern 
colony, and prepared the way for him to take the chair there, 
and enter upon the Herculean tusk, of relbrming the abuses, 
and corruptions ofanother ^jrolligate, and factious government. 

The reformed example of the south, had shone so con- 
spicuously, that it greatly facilitated the reformation of the 
north ; and thequakers in the north, being numerous, render- 
ed the admmistration of governor Archdale the more easy and 
pleasant, he being one of their sect. He took up his abode 
with them, purchased an estate at Albemarle, married his 
daughter at Pasquetank, and left a progeny behind him, that 
are respectable to this day. 

Sir Nathaniel Johnson succeeded to the chair in South Car- 
olina, upon the departure of governor Archdale. The old 
religious teuds sprang up under his mild administration, and 
distracted the colony. In lt)99, Thomas Harvey succeeded 
governor Johnson ; and in 1703, Robert Daniel became pres- 
ident of the council, and Thomas Carey succeeded to the 
chair. Tlie high church paity had gained an ascendancy, 
and oppressed the dissenters ; they remonstrated to the house 
of lords, who laid their remonstrance before queen Ann. 
The queen ordered their oppressive laws to be repealed ; but 
left the colony to settle their own feuds. 

During this period of ten or twelve years, both colonies 
flourished, and settlements were made upon the Neuse and 
Taw rivers. The county of Bath was formed in the south, 
and general peace and goud order had succeeded the times of 
•anarchy, and misrule. 

In 1G90, a mortal sickness raged among the Indians upon 
Pamlico river, and nearly swept otT that tribe ; and the Caro- 
lina Inilians were severely humbled, by another powerful 
tribe, and the settlers entered without molestation, upon those 
vacated lands, 1698. 

In the forepart of the 18th century, the settlement thus 
extended, changed the name of '* Albemarle county in Caro- 
lina," to that of the " colony of North Carolina," and the gov- 
ernor took his title accordingly. 

Such was the scarcity of money in those day?, that the sev- 



UNITED STATES. r29 

oral articles of tratic were substituted in the place of money, 
and their prices tixed by law. Even judgments of court?* 
were entered upon the dockets as payable in particular arti- 
cles therein specified, f 

With the change of the constitution, the name of the su- 
preme court was changed, from that of parliament, to that o( 
general asssembly. This change of name could be remember- 
ed ; but the laws they enacted could hardly 1)e expected to be 
remembered, for they were not yet printed. 

At the rising of each as^-^embly, the laws then enacted, were 
read aloud in the audience of the people, and no man was al- 
lowed to plead ignorance of the law. At one session ot a 
biennial assembly, more than tit'ty laws were passed, and pub- 
lished to the people at one readina;. 

At this time, printing presses were {)roliibited, bo'h in Vir- 
ginia and Carolinii. Even sir Wm\ Berkeley had expressed 
his emotions of gratitude to heaven, '■'that there was not a 
printing press in all the southern provinces.'''' 

About the tirst of the Itith century, a ship from Madagas- 
car, bound to London ton hed at the bar, on her passage ; and 
the captain gave the governor a small qu mtity of nee, and 
from this present^ rice became one of the staple? of Carolina. 

In the reign of queen Ann, and about the same time, the 
Swedes, who had hitherto furnished tar for the English navy, 
became extravagant in their demands. "The queen otTered a 
bounty upon tar, which encoiiiage<l the manufacture of that 
article in Carolina, and soon rendered it another staple in that 
cglony, 1704. 

Hitherto all religions had prevailed in Carolina, and but 
little regard had been paid to any, unless by the way of party, 
as has been noticed. "■ In the year ITO'-i," says doctor Wil- 
liamson, " the assembly passed an act, by which thirty pounds 
currency, were raised in each pr.^cinct, towards the support 
of a minister. In the following year, the tirst episcopal min- 
ister arrived from England ; he was principally supported by 
lord W>y mouth. 

"In the year 1705, the first church was built in Chowan 
precinct, and a larger church was built, the year following, 
at Perquimons. Two episcopal ministers arrived about this 
time. 

t Deer-skins, liides, tallow and small fair, were the articlps in gen ~ 
eral use, at country price?. 



13u HISTORY OF THE 

" The province wks afterwards divided by law, into pai 
ishes ; each precinct, in general, forming one parish. Thr 
people on the Neuse and ail the southern settlers, were in- 
cluded in Craven parish. 

" Magistrates were authorised b^ law, to join parties in 
iharriage, provided there was not a minister in the parish, 
otherwise they were subject to a tine of live pounds for per- 
torming the service. Protestant dissenters were allowed to 
worship in public, by another act, subject to the same rules, 
regulations and restrictions, as were contained in the several 
nets of parliament in fc^ngland. (^^uakers were also permitteil 
by law to affirm, insteatl of swearing ; but they could not by 
virtue of such affirmation, t^ive evidence in any criminal case, 
ot serve on a jur^^ or hold any office of ])rofit or trust in the 
land. These were the tirst departures in the northern gov 
ernment, from the original engagement of the proprietors, on 
the subject of religion ; but the spint of intolerance groN 
stronger, as the province increased in population ; for the 
constant influence of patronage, and numerous emigration- 
iVom Virginia, had given the episcopalians a majority in the 
legislature.!" 

Thomas Carey, lieutenant-governor of the northern colo- 
ny, had been collector of the proprietary quit- rents ; but ibr 
mal-administration, they removed him from his offices, and di- 
rected the council to administer fhe government. A meetinji 
of the deputies was held, and they elected xMr. Glover presi- 
dent. Carey continued his seat at the council board, with 
apparent satisfaction, until he had by his intrigues tbrmed a 
party, which he believed to be sutliciently strong to seize on 
the government. He made the attempt with an armed force, 
and failed. At the same time a commission arrived from the 
lords proprietors, to Edward Hyde, as lieut. governor. 

Governor Hyde promised to redress all the grievances of 
which Carey complained ; but this was not the object. Ca- 
rey had been deposed, and now taken arms to recover the 
government, and was resolved to persevere. Governor 
Spotswood, ot Virginia, attempted to interfere, by oflfering hi> 
mediation, but all in vain. Carey looked to the government, 
and was resolved to recover it. 

Carey commenced an attack upon Edenton, but failed, anu 

tl have given this extract from the historian of Carolina, to shov- 
iheir religious character. 



UNITED STATES. 131 

was repulsed with loss. He made several attempts to aug- 
ment his forces ; but the people were not ripe ibr such an in- 
surrection. 

Governor Hyde applied to governor Spots wood, for aid, 
who sent him a small armed force, and Carey's mob were soon 
dispersed. He tied into Virginia, where the governor seized 
him, and sent him piisoner to England. 

Governor Hyde, agreeable to his instructions, issued his 
proclamation, offering pardon to all the insurgents, excepting 
Thomas Carey, John Potter and three others. Tranquility 
was again restored. 

Notwithstanding the black catalogue of events that marked 
the early settlements of Carolina, it stands recorded b}' their 
faithful histori.ui. doctor Williamson, '* that in 1708, only two 
persons had been executed for capit d offences ; the one a 
Turk, and the other an old woman, suspected of witchcratt.'" 

In 1703, Albamarle sound was frozen over. 

Thus situated, the colony flourished, and the population 
progressed, until the several precints in the original counties 
of Albemarle and Bath, became so extensive, that the whole 
were called counties, about the year 1738. 



CHAPTER VI. 

CAROLINA CONTINUED. 

The last chapter was closed with the suppression of Carey V 
rebellion. The history of the Huguenot and Palatine colo- 
nies, noAV claims attention. '^ 

In 1690, a colony of French Huguenots came into Virginia, 
from England, under the patronage of king William, and set- 
tled at the Mamakin Town, upon James river. Displeased 
^vith their. situation, they removed into Carolina, and settlet! 
upon the river Trent, under the pastoral care of their be- 
loved Ribonrg. This colony was a valuable acquisition to 
Carolina, on account of their pious, industrious and frugal 
habits ; and they flourished under these virtues, and became 
useful and valuable citizens. 

A colony of German protestants, from Heidleburg, upon 
the Rhine, fled also from the persecutions of their lordly, 
despotic rulers, and took refuge in England ; where they 



J32 HISTORY OF THE 

^vcrr, cordially received, and supported at the expense of liu' 
**overntnent.t At their request 100 families were transport- 
ed to Carolina, through the agency of Christopher Graffenried, 
and Lewis Mitchell, who had been in America, exploring the 
country of Virginia and Carolina, to prepare the way lor a 
colony. 

These specalators entered into a contract with the propri- 
etors of Carolina, upon the following conditions, viz. That 
10,000 acres of land should be svrveyed to them, lying be- 
tween the Neuse and cape Fear rivers, at the ratio of twenty 
shdlings per hundred acres, and six pence the yearly quit- 
rent. Also another tract, in reserve, of 100,000 acres, for 
tw.'lve years. And whoever should pay the usual price for 
5,000 acres, should possess a title, which fell to GriilTenried. 

Queen Ann had appointed commissioners to make provis- 
ion, and furnish support for this colony of Palatines, whilst 
they yet remained in England ; and these commissioners en- 
teredinto a contract with Graffenried and Mitchell, upon the 
following terms, viz. '' That they, Graffenried and Mitchell, 
would transport to Carolina, G50 men, women and children, 
of these Palatines, (100 fimilies) and that they would convey 
to each family, 250 acres of land, surveyed into lots of that 
size, free of rent for five years, and then at an annual rent 
of two pence per acre, currency, per annum, for ever. That 
they would supply each family with provisions for one year, 
for which they were to pay a reasonable consideration, at the 
end ot the following year. They also agreed to furnish each 
family vvith the necessary implements of husbandry, free of 
expense ; as well as tools to erect houses, &c. ; also cows, 
hogs and sheep, to a certain number, w ithin four months after 
their at-rival in Carolina ; to be paid for in seven years ; and 
lialf of the remaining increase to be returned as a considera- 
tion of interest." 

The commissioners stipulated to pay five pounds per head 
for their tran^portation, and at the same time, gave each one, 
cither old or young, twenty shillings from the charitable funds, 
collected for their support. The Palatines delivered this 
money to Graffenried and Mitchell, in trust, to be paid on 

t The religious persecutions in Franco and Germany, were then in 
their extremes. Queen Ann at this time, had invited these fugitives 
into England, by her proclamation of 1708. 



UNITED STATES. 133 

in December, 1709, the colony arrived at the confluence 
uf the rivers Neuse and Trent, where they erected huts to 
shelter them, until they could enter upon their lands. This 
place of their first residence, they called New-Bern, in honor 
of the native place of Graffenried, in Switzerland. 

Graffenried, who had gained his title by his purchase, and 
now become baron de Graftenried, was content to mortgage 
his lands to Thomas Pollock, for i^800 sterling ; deliver over 
his palatine colony, and return to Switzerland. 

Thus abandoned by their chief, they were constrained to 
take up such lands as they could procure ; and by their in- 
dustrious and frugal habits, they acquired a subsistence. — 
They soon atter petitioned king George I. and he granted 
them 10,000 acres of land, rent free, tor ten years, as a re 
oompense for their losses. 

The first settlers of America, not only speculated upon 
each other, but they too often speculated upon the Indians, 
and purchased their land for trifles, as light as air ; entered 
into unjust and forcible possession, or what is worse than both, 
corrupted them by rum, and thus obtained their lands.- — 
Through the medium of all these evils, the Indians were of- 
ten provoked to revenge their wrongs, which produced war, 
and sealed the other evils with blood. Hitherto the pru- 
dence of the first settlers of Carolina, had so far shunned these 
evils, as to escape war ; but their population had increased so 
rapidly, their encroachments become so frequent, and the use 
of rum so common, that all those numerous tribes, who dwelt 
upon the great rivers near the sea-coast, were nearly all ex 
tinct. At this time, one Lawson, a surveyor, (who from the 
nature of his oflice was generally known among the Indians, 
and who had lately marked off a survey, that encroached upon 
their lands) attempted to explore the lands upon the river 
Neuse, accompanied by the baron de Graffenried, for whona 
he had recently surveyed the 10,000 acres, that had given the 
Indians an alarm. When he had ascended the river to the 
first night's lodging, they found a rcce{)tion unusually cool, 
and their suspicions of danger led (hem to retire to their boat ; 
but the Indians detained them as prisoners, and the next day 
they held a solemn trial upon them, and condemned and exe- 
cuted Lawson ; but the baron, upon a plea of being a foreign- 
er, and not English, they acquitted, and suffered to return ; 
but not until they had attempted to execute their cruel de- 
sign, which was to murder all the English to the south of 

12 



134 HISTORY OF THE 

Albemarle sound. Accordingly upon the 22d of September. 
1711, the Indians divided themselves into small companies ot 
six'or seven each, and entered the villages, put whole fami- 
lies to indiscriminate death, with all their wonted savage cru- 
elty, to the number of 130; young men and maidens, old 
men and babes, were all devoted to indiscriminate butchery 
by the tomahawk. This instrument they had chosen in pre- 
ference to their guns, to avoid suspicion ; but all could not be 
massacred at once ; and the remnant seized their gunsr, and 
made their defence, until they were relieved by their friends. 

South Carolina sent colonel Biirnwell, with a small body of 
white men, and a large body of friendly Indians, to their re- 
lief; they also made them a gran of about £4,0'^0 in money. 

The friendly Indians were Creeks, Cherokees, and Cataw- 
bas. With this force, colonel Barnwell entered the northern 
province, and laid waste the settlements of the Corees, Bear 
River, Neuse, and Mattamuskeet Indians, who had all been 
confederate against Neuse and Pamlico settlements ; killed 
and destroyed about tifty, and carried off about 200 women 
and children, as prisoners. 

The Tuscaroras, a tribe who dwelt more remote from the 
English settlements, were both numerous and warlike. — 
These also, had been engaged in the conspiracy against the 
English ; and to secure themselves from the vengeance of 
colonel Barnwell, had taken shelter in an Indian castle, to the 
number of about 800 warriors. 

Colonel Barnwell, with two field pieces, approached the 
fort regularly, with Mitchell the speculator, for his engineer, 
and might have destroyed thi? nest of murderers, at a blow ; 
but he made peace, and suffered them to escape. As soon as 
Barnwell had withdrawn his troops, these Indians returned 
to their accustomed ravages. The northern colony again ap- 
plied to the southern for aid, and they sent out colonel Moor, 
with about forty white men, and 800 Ashley Indians, who ar- 
rived in the northern colony, in December. 

Virginia sent out some troops, and about £1 1<^0 ^^ money, 
to relieve the sufieriags of Carolina, and clothe her troops ; 
but the troops were never raised, and the county of Bath was 
left to sufl'er. More than forty settlers were either killed.-or 
carried off, during the winter, and the settlements thoroughly 
ravaged. 

When colonel Moor arrived at Albemarle, he was con- 
itrained to halt several weeks, for the want of provision?. 



ITKD STATES. 135 

Oa the tirst of January, ho bcijan his march in pursuit of the 
oueiny. On the Ithof Fohru uy, he reiichedthe Taw river, 
wliere lie was detained by a doep snow, and the Tuscaroras 
dreadin:: the Asldev In lians, had secured themselves in theiv 
Ibrts, about lifty niih's up the C.jtecliony. 

Knowinii; th »l eoloiud M(U)i hid nnrehed ai^ainst llicin with 
cannon, tijey secunul their Ibrls by a deep (htcli, and paUis- 
adoes ; and in the centre th.'y Mjnk larj;\» pits, and threw up 
the earth on all sides, to shield them from the shot ol" the can- 
non. Thus fortilieil, the Inili ins :iwaited their pursuers. 

Colonel Moor approached llieir iort reiijnlarly, knowinu; 
the enemy to be in i;reat force, and well snpplied with musk- 
ets. Ifelh'st cut olVlheir coininnnication with the water, and 
next carried forward his rei^ular aj)proaches, mdil he entered 
the iorl with the point ol* Iht) biyonel, and made the whole 
i^arrison prisoners, to the niKnl)er ol' 800 warriors. These 
prisoners were delivered to the Ashley Indians, as a reward 
lor their services, who carried them into South Carolina, and 
sold tbein for slaves. 

Colonel [Moor lost in this memorable seii^c, about fifty white 
men, kdled and wounded, and about eighty or ninety friendly 
Indians. The enemy abandouiMl th^'ir other forts, and lied 
into the wilderness. riie eastern Tuscaroras sued ibr peace, 
which was g-ranted upon tl»e foUowiiiij; terms, viz. 

1st. The Tusks, sh ill deliver twenty lM<lians, who shall be 
named, who were the chief contrivers of the massacre, and 
who took Lawson and GralVenried. 

2d. They shall restore all their prisoners ; also the horses 
and cattle, arms and goods, which they have taken from the 
inhabitants. 

3(1. They shall pursue the Cholecnec, and Mattamuskeet 
Indians, as enemies. 

-lib. Thev shall (Udiver two hostaires for each of their 
towns. 

Thus ended the most memorable Indian war recorded in 
the annals of Carolina. 

The remaiinngTuscai'oras lied their country, and took re* 
("uge among the Iroi(uois, or Five Nations — 1712. 

King Blount, who tlvvelt u|)on the east si<le of Taw river, 
put him;>elf at the luMil of his warriors, and in the service of 
the English, becamf* very successful, in killing, captuiing, anil 
destroying the remaining Corees and iMattamuskeets, who 
were mostly taken and sold as slaves. 



136 HISTORY OF THE 

The remnant of these tribes sued for peace, which wa* 
granted upon condition, that they should dwell at Mattamus- 
keet, under the care of an inspector. Thus closed this ever 
memorable war, February, 1715. 

Colonel Moor returned in triumph to South Carolina, where 
his services were soon required, to quell an insurrection 
among the savages of the south. This he soon effected, and 
peace was restored. 

To defray the expenses of these wars. South Carolina was 
constrained to issue eight thousand pounds in bills of credit ; 
and to support their value, they were made a lawful tender, in 
payment of just debts. This, by its depreciation, soon be- 
came an evil, worse than an Indian war. 

In 1676, Carolina consisted of fourteen hundred taxable in- 
habitants ; and in 1717, it did not exceed two thousand, allow- 
ing one third for slaves. Then the fencibles of the colony 
did not exceed thirteen hundred. This fact alone, is a suffi- 
cient comment upon the genius of their government, as well 
as upon its administration. 

Such were the emigrntions, durmg the administrations of 
Sothel, Culpepper, and Car, that the governor of Virginia was 
constrained to issue a proclamation, ordering, " that all fugi- 
tives from Carolina, without a pass, should be arrested and 
sent back." 

Their historian, doctor Williamson, thus remarks : — " The 
temperature of the climate in Carolina, was so inviting, the 
soil so fertile, and the means of living so easy, that the people 
must have been very numerous, if the government had been 
administered with any degree of wisdom. 

" The farmer was not constrained to make provision for his 
cattle in winter, for they found a sufficient supply in the 
woods, and flocks of wild cattle became the subjects of profit 
able game to the hunter." 



CHAPTER VH. 

CAROLINA, CONTINUED. 

President Pollock presided over the northern colony two 
years, and was succeeded by governor Eden, who arrived 
from England, in May^ 1714. 



UNITFD STATES. 137 

That buccaniering spirit which had raged with so much 
,success, upon the coast of Spanish America^ in the 17th cen- 
tury, had now extended to the coast of North America, and 
was patronised by certain characters, high in office, in many of 
the colonies. 

Governor Eden had not been long in office, before the 
same suspicion fell upon him. He was accused of holding 
piratical intercourse with the noted pirate Theach, (com- 
monly called Black Beard) through the agency of the secre- 
tary of the provmce, and collector of the customs, Tobias 
Knight. 

Although Theach was afterwards taken with his crew, and 
condemned and executed in Virginia ; and although upon his 
trial, strong circumstantial evidence appeared against Knight ; 
yet no facts were proved against him or the governor, and 
they both escaped without further inquiry. 

In March, 1722, governorEden died, and Thomas Pollock 
was again chosen president. He died soon after, and was 
succeeded by Willi im Reed, who presided until governor 
Barrii?gton arrived, the ensuing summer. 

In 1715, the Yammasee Indians conspired against the south- 
ern colony ; ravaged the country, and threatened Charles- 
ton ; but governor Craven rallied a Ibrce of about 1200 men, 
dnd fell upon the savages with such success, that they were 
routed, after a severe action ; driven beyond the river Sa- 
vannah, and dispersed. This war was short, but severe ; 
the English lost more than 400 men, but they expelled the 
Yammusees, who took refuge among the Spaniards in Florida. 

This year about forty buccaniers were l,(ken and executed 
at Charleston. This, with the late executions in Virginia, 
gave a severe check to piracy, in those seas. 

In 1717, a savage conspiracy broke out in the county of 
Bath ; but the vigilance and activity of the English, soon 
brought the Indians to terms. 

In 1719, the people of South Carolina, became impatient of 
the proprietary government j entered into a solemn league 
and covenant to support each other in opposing it, and in as- 
serting their own just rights and privileges. 

They next met in general assembly, and requested gov- 
ernor Johnston to accept an appointment under the crown ; 
but he refused ; and they proceeded to elect colonel James 
Moor, and proclaimed him governor. The king in ceuR- 

12* 



138 HISTORY OF THE 

cil, approved the choice ; yet they sent out Francis Nicfeol. 
son, as provisional governor, and he was well received. 

In 1725, the southern colony, provoked by the savage dep- 
redations of the Yamraasees, from Florida, sent colonel Palm- 
er, with about 400 men, whites and Indians, to check their 
ravages He marched to St. Augustine, chastised that nest 
of marauders ; burnt all the settlements ; destroyed their 
provisions ; drove otT their cattle ; killed, took, and dispers- 
ed the savages, and laid the foundation for a lasting peace. 

In 1728, the boundary line was amicably settled between 
Carolina and Virginia, and a bone of long contention was thus 
remo\7ed. 

In 1729, the proprietors of Carolina sold their claims to the 
agents of the crown, for £17,600 sterling, and surrendered 
all their rights ;t and the crown appointed separate govern- 
ors for each colony. 

King George II. re-appointed governor Barrington, to the 
chair of North Carolina; and he entered upon his adminis- 
tration, in February, 1731. In 1734, he abandoned a stor- 
my, vexatious administration, and returned to England, where 
he was robbed and murdered, soon after ; and governor John- 
ston succeeded to the chair. 

Governor Johnston turned the attention of the first assem- 
bly, to the education of the youth, and the support of the gos- 
pel. The assembly complied with the recommendation ; but 
it was for the sup])ort of a particular church, which greatly- 
excited the public mind. They also granted money to en- 
dow a seminary, without providing for the support of common 
schools, and the object failed. 

The depreciation of thoir paper money, now became 
alarming, and they attempted to remedy the evil, by granting 
new emissions. Thi-! increased the calamity, by increasing 
the depreciation. In 1739, they were paying off their just 
debts in paper money, at the depreciated value of seven for 

one. 

Thus says doctor Williamson : " There were men banished 
from Carolina, for stealing a hog, whilst those who banished 
them, would contend for paying a debt of seven pounds, with 
the value of twenty shillings." 

In 1738, the Spaniards instigated an alarming insurrection 

t Excepting one-eighth, belonging to lord Carteret, which he re- 
tained upon the northern border, and adjoined the Virginia line. 



# 



UNITED STATES. 13i? 

among the negroes in Carolina ; but the whites soon suppres- 
sed this, by the aid of their muskets and ruin ; and the blacks 
were a2:ain reduced to obedience. 

This year the precincts were converted into counties, and 
the marshals were called sheriffs. 

In 1743, commissioners were appointed, between lord 
Carteret anrl the governor, to setoff his lordship's one-eighth, 
and they ran out the line, as far as Pimlico river. In 174G, 
they continued the line about 100 miles, and stopped ; but 
with orders to finish it. 

The next object that interested the attention of the assem- 
bly, was a division line between North and South Carolina : 
hitherto this had only been nominal. The two colonies ap- 
pointed commissioners for the purpose, who met and com- 
menced their labors, in 1737. They r;m out the line until 
they reached the Pedee, and there stopped. As late as 1771, 
this line was not completed. 

In 1740, things had generally become quiet, and their pa- 
per money was fast rising in its value, when an expedition was 
projected against Carthagena, (as has been noticed under 
New-England) and North Carolina furnished 400 men, to em- 
bark on this foreign adventure. A tax of three shillings on 
the poll was levied, to defray the expenses of this expedition, 
which called in the principal part of their paper money. 

In 1744, Carolina began to feel the effects of the Spanish 
war. At the mouth of Clarendon river, stood fort Johnston, 
and three other forts ; yet a Spanish privateer landed a party 
at Brunswick, who began to plunder the town. Alarmed for 
their safety, they rallied a force, and commenced so brisk an 
attack upon the privateer, that she was blown up and destroy- 
ed, and the town relived. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

CAROLINA, CONTINUED, 

In the reign of king James I. the earls of Tyrone and Tyr- 
connell, put themselves at the head of a Catholic insurrec- 
tion in Ireland, which proved to be a very serious rebellion 
sgainst the English government, but being subdued; they fled 



140 HISTORY OF THE 

and left their vast estates, upon a process of outlawry, to es? 
cheat to the crown. 

Kins James ordered these estates to be surveyed into small 
tracts, and offered to settlers, who would commence their set- 
tlements within four years. The terms were liberal, and a 
preference was given to the protestants,*in the west of Scot- 
land. 

Thesa people readily accepted the terms, and emigrated 
from Scotland, to avoid that prelacy, which had been imposed 
on them in 1637 and 1061. The presbyterian, or the reli- 
<-^ion of the kirk of Scotland, was the religion of their hearts, 
and they fled to Ireland to enjoy it 

This colony of Scotch flourished greatly in Ireland, and 
when augmented with the remains of Cromwell's army, they 
had become the principal, or most numerous inhabitants, in 
the six northern counties of Ireland, at the close of the seven- 
teenth century ; and have ever continued lirm supporters of 
a protestant succession m England, and faithful friends of the 
dynasty of Hanover. The Irish catholics felt indignant at 
this change, and persecuted them to such a degree, that they 
resolved to emigrate in a body, and seek a retreat in the wilds 
of America. They accordingly einbiirked from Ireland, with 
iheir families and effects, and landed in Pennsylvania. — Froni 
thence they continued southerly, until they reached Caroli- 
na, where they settled, and became both numerous and res- 
pectable. 

About the year 1753, six young men from Pennsylvania, of 
the Moravian fraternity, removed into the interior of North 
Carolina, and obtained a survey of 10", 000 acres of land, for 
;he accommodation of a Moravian colony, then in England, 
who had been driven by areligious persecution, from the land 
of their fathers, and now looked for a quiet retreat in the 
wilds of America. 

In the same year, twelve young men from Pennsylvania, 
commenced a settlement upon the same tract ; and the next 
-year, they were joined by several others. An Indian war soon 
commenced, that checked their [progress, and they secured 
their settlements with pallisadoes, after the manner of an In- 
dian castle ; for the Moravians, like the quakers, never bear 
arms. In this state of their settlement, they were incorpora- 
ted, and their village was calle<l B^thabara. 

In 1759, they commenced the settlement of Bethany, dis- 



UNITED STATES. 141 

tant about three miles ; and in 1763, they were able to erect 
a church, and support a preacher. 

The Moravian colony arrived from England, soon after, and 
commenced the village of Salem, as a manufacturing establish- 
ment. Thes'e people had held all their j)roperty in common 
until the artists removed from Bethabara to Salem ; then the 
joint partnership ceased. 

Such was the prosperity of this settlement, that a colony 
from New-England joined them, and erected a church, and 
school-house upon one corner of the Moravian purchase. 

A colony also from M.iryland, sottled upon the purchase, 
and erected a church and school-house, upon another part of 
the tract. These three colonies lived, and contmue to live 
in the greatest harmony, and enjoy the pleasures of social in- 
tercourse, in peace, happiness, and prosperity. 

Jn the year 1747, a colony from the Highlands of Scotland, 
under their laird or chief, Neal McNeal, embarked for Amer- 
ica, and landed at New York. In 1749, they proceeded 
southerly until they reached Carolina, where they made a 
purchase, and commenced a settlement, near to Fayetteville, 
(then called cross roads.) This colony consisted of about one 
hundred families, who finally settled in the counties of Cum- 
berland, Anson, and Bladen. 

In 1734, another Highland colony arrived in Carolina ; and 
for several years successively, the Hi^ihland Scotch continued 
to emigrate to Carolina. These hardy, industrious adventur- 
ers, were mostly from Argyleshire. 

Thus the persecutions of Europe, continued to people 
America, from various parts of the different kingdoms ; and 
thus the religion of the reformation was transplanted into 
the remote regions of the west. 

Governor Johnston died in 1752, and was succeeded bv 
governor Dobbs ; but Nathaniel Rice, and Matthew Kovvan, 
presided in succession, until governor Dobbs arrived, in 
1754. 

Under this administration, the assembly granted thirteen 
thousand pounds, for the general support of religion, and six 
thousand pounds, to endow a public school ; but the last was 
never applied. 

Governor Dobbs entered upon his administration, at the 
commencement of the old French war, in America. This 
war, with all its operations and bearings on the colonies south 



140 HISTORY OF THE 

of the Hudson river, has been noticed in the history ot^Neu 
England, down to the peace of Paris, 1763. 

Under this administration, several controversies sprang up 
between the governor and house of assembly, which contin- 
ued to rage, as we have seen in New England, until they ob- 
tained the removal of the governor, in 1764 ; and the king 
appointed gov. Tryon, as his successor. 

The remaining iiistory of Carolina, will be carried forward 
collectively, under the national history. 



CHAPTER IX. 

;\EAV-YORK — ITS DISCOVERY. RISE AND TROGRESS OF Till 

COLONY. 

In 1608, captain Henry Hudson, under a commission from 
king .James L discovered Long Island, and the river in the 
colony of New-York, that bears his name, and returned to 
England. 

in IGIO, captain Hudson, (for some reason not satisfactori- 
ly explained) sailed from Holland, in the service of the Dutch, 
and again visited hjs former discovery ; and in the year 1614, 
the states-general granted a patent to several merchants, for 
an exclusive trade upon Hudson's river. They accordingly 
built fort Amsterdam, at Manhattan, ^now New York island) 
and another called fort Orange, (now Albany) for the protec- 
tion of their trade. 

The same year, gov. Dale of South Virginia, sent captain 
Argall to dispossess the French at Port Hoyal, in Nova-Scotia. 
Having executed his commission, he visited the Dutch settle- 
ment at Manhattan, and took possession, in the name of the 
king of England. 

In 1621, the states-general, regardless of the visit from 
captain Argall, granted this district of country, by letters pa- 
tent, to the Dutch West India company, and called it New 
Netherlands. 

In 1623, the Dutch proceeded to extend their trade to Con- 
necticut river, where they built a trading house, with a small 
fort, at the mouth of the little river, where Hartford now 
stands, and called it the Hirse of Good Hope. 

In 1629, Wouler Van Tvviller arrived from Holland, ^vitlj 



UNITED STATES. 143 

a commission of governor of New Netherlands ; took posses- 
session of fort Amsterdam, at Manhattan, and entered upon 
the government of the colony. 

Governor Van Twiller published his commission in the fol- 
lowing style : 

" We, director and council, residing in New Netherlands, 
on the island of Manhattan, under the government of their 
high mightinesses, the lords, the states-general of the United 
Netherlands, and the privileged West India company," &;c. 

The Dutch claimed not only Connecticut river, and the 
lands lying west of it, but also Delaware, or South river, and 
the adjoining lands, as far south as Delaware bay.t They 
claimed also to the north, as far as the river St. Lawrence, 
and called the country north-west of Albany, Terra Incog- 
nita. In 1638, Wm. Kieft succeeded gov. Van Twiller, and 
entered upon the controversy about lines and boundaries. 

In 1640, the English attempted to settle a part of Long- 
Island ; but the Dutch, under the command of Jan Jansen 
Alpendam, dispossessed them, and held the jurisdiction. 

In 1643, commenced the New England league, and Connec- 
ticut and New Haven attempted to arm the league against the 
J Dutch ; not only to punish them for furnishing the Indians 
with arms, but to drive them from their borders. Massachu- 
setts declined, and it failed. 

In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant succeeded governor Kieft, in the 
government. Claims upon New Netherlands multiplied upon 
all sides, during this administration. New England on the 
east, Maryland on the west, the duchess dowager of Sterling, 
claimed Long Island, and the Swedes claimed and encroached 
upon the Delaware. 

About this time, a Swedish vessel entered the Raritan riv- 
er, and the Dutch governor seized her, which opened a con- 
troversy ; the Swedes rose in arms, under governor Rising, 
and seized fort Casimer, which the Dutch had built upon the 
Delaware. 

Governor Stuyvesant assembled a force, and embarked in 
person, at the head of his troops, to recover the fort; the 
commandant capitulated, and resigned up*he fort. Governor 
Stuyvesant pursued his victory, took fort Christiana, by capit- 
ulation, and sent gov. Rising to England. All such Swedes as 

tTlio Swedes commenced the settlement of this district of countrT 
1727, and called it New-Swedeland, 



144 HISTORY OF THE 

refused to swear allegiance to the states-general, were sent 
to Sweden, and New-Swedeland was added to New Nether- 
lands, 1656. 

New Swedehmd now took the name of the three lower 
counties, upon South river, and Johan Paul Jaquet was ap- 
pointed their first vice-director, by the director-general at 
New Netherlands. The successors of Jaquet, were Alricks, 
Hinnojossa and Wm. Beekman — These lieutenants had full 
power to grant lands, and their deeds have ever been consid- 
ered as valid. 

In the year 1659, Wm. Beekman, agreeable to order, pur- 
chased cape Henlopen, and commenced a settlement, under 
the protection of a fortress. 

In the spring of 1660, governor Stuyvesant entered into a 
treaty with governor Berkeley, (governor of New Jersey) 
for a free trade, and a league, offensive and defensive. 

In 1664, king Charles II. granted to his brother, the duke 
of York, all that extent of country in America, lying between 
Nova Scotia and Delaware bay. 

The same year, the duke of York conveyed to John, lord 
Berkeley and baron of Stratton, sir George Carteret, of Salt- 
rum, in Devon, all that part of his patent lying between Hud- 
son's river on the east, and Delaware bay on the west, ex- 
tending south to cape May, or the main ocean, at the mouth 
of Delaware bay, &lc. This patent embraced what jbecame 
New Jersey. 

The same year a number of settlers removed from Long- 
Island into New Jersey, and commenced the first settle- 
ments. 

' The same year, colonel Nicoll, from England, entered the 
harbor Avith a small squadron, and summoned the governor to 
surrender the fort to his Brittanic Majesty. The governor 
convened his council to deliberate, and attempted to palli- 
ite ; but colonel Nicoll pressed his demands with severe 
threats, and the next day the governor capitulated upon con- 
ditions, "that the Dutch and Enghsh limits should be settled 
by the crown and the states-general." Commissioners were 
accordingly appointed by the parties, and the articles drawn, 
signed and accepted, the same month ; and colonel Nicoll took 
possession of the fort and colony, and conducted their affairs 
with wisdom and prudence. 

Sir George Carteret was commissioned to reduce fort Or- 
ang, which lay 170 miles up the river ; this he soon effec- 



UNITED STATES. 145 

tied. At the same time, he held a conference with the chiefs 
of the Five Nations, and settled a treaty, which proved of 
lasting advantage to the colony. 

The name of New-Amsterdam was now changed to that of 
New-York ; and lort Orange, soon after, to that of Albany, in 
bonor of the duke. 

Robert Carr was commissioned about the same time, to sub- 
due the settlements on Delaware, or South river, and he el- 
fected his object by the first of October. 

Thus the whole of the colony of New-Netherlands, was 
subdued to the crown of England, in less than two months — • 
1664. 

Governor Stuyvesant continued in the colony, where he 
lived in affluence, and died much respected. 

The Dutch settlers all remained in the colony, and became 
raluable citizens ; and their descendants are greatly respect- 
ed to this day. 

The same year, governor Nicoll seized on the property ot 
the Dutch West-India company, in consequence of the war 
that commenced between the English and Dutch. 

On the 12th of June, 1665, governor Nicoll incorporated 
the city of New-York, and introduced the British mode oi 
■' government. He also settled the boundary line with Connec- 
ticut, and regulated the limits of the townships on Long-Isl- 
and. 

In 1667, the conquest of New- York was confirmed to the 
English, by the peace of Breda. 

Soon after the peace, governor Nicoll returned to England, 
after having presided over the colony, in wisdom, moderatiori 
and justice, with a plenitude of power, that was uncontrolled. 
Governor Nicoll closed his administration, by erecting u 
court of assizes, consisting of the governor and council, and 
justices of the peace ; and collected a code of laws, usages^ 
he. for the colony. 

In 1667, the duke of York sent out Francis Lovelace, as 
successor to governor Nicoll, and he ruled with wisdom and 
Dioderation, down to the year 1667, when the colony was 
again taken by the Dutch, which closed his administration. 

In 1674, this colony was again restored to the English, at 
the peace of Westminster, upon the grounds of uti possidetis.! 
At the conclusion of this peace, the kmg granted to the duke 
af York, a new patent, bearing date June 29th, 1674, and (he 

t But more particularly in exchange for Surinam, ia SoutJh Amefllc*, 

13 



J 46 HISTORY OF THE 

duke commissioned sir Edmond Andros, as governor-general 
)ver all his territories in North America. 

Governor Andros received the resignation of this province 
I'rom the Dutch, October 31, next ensuing ; and entered upon 
the duties of his office, by calling a court-martial, to try cap- 
tain Manning, for his treacherous and cowardly conduct, in 
betraying the colony to the Dutch. To these charges Man- 
ning plead guilty, yet the court spared his life, by ordering 
his sword to be broken over his head, in front of the city hall, 
tnd himself disabled from holding any place of public trust in 
the colony, hereafter. 

In 1680, govemor Andros claimed the jurisdiction of New- 
'ersey, and caused Piiilip Carteret, the governor, to be ar- 
rested and brought to New- York ; but the duke of York in- 
terposed ; restored governor Carteret to his government ; 
removed Andros, and appointed colonel Thomas Dongan, as 
his successor — 1681^. 

On the 27th of August, 1683, governor Dongan arrived and 
entered upon the government of the colony. The same year 
he issued orders to the sheriffs, to summon the freeholders 
to elect their representatives, to meet in general assembly ; 
the election was made, and the assembly convened according- 
ly on the 17th of October. This proved useful to the colony, 
and rendered the governor highly popular. This assembly 
consisted of a council of ten, and a house of representatives of 
eighteen. 

In 1684, governor Dongan, at the request of lord Howard, 
governor of Virginia, assembled a council of the chiefs of the 
Five Nations, at Albany, where they united in a firm treaty ot 
peace. 

In the same year, De la Barre, governor of Canada, enrag- 
ed at this treaty, commenced a war upon the Five Nations ; 
entered their country with an army of 1700 men, resolved on 
their ruin. Governor Dongan gave the Indians seasonable 
notice (»f thin invasion, and put them on their guard. 

When De la Bnrre entered their country, the Indians re- 
tired into the forest ; and a mortal sickness commenced in hip 
army, which defeated the enterprise. He called a council of 
the chiefs ; settled a peace, and withdrew into Canada. 

In 1658, De la Barre was succeeded by the marquis Den 
onville, who brought out with him from France, a regiment of 
troops, with a view of carrying into effect the plans of Do js 
Barre, and proceeded to erect a fort at Niagara. 



J 



UNITED STATES. 147 

Oiovernor Dongan remonstrated against the measure, and 
threatened hmi with hostilities, but without effect. Denon- 
ville persisted in his phms, and carried the war into the coun-' 
try of the Five Nations, and finished fort Niagara. 

These movements led governor Dongan again to assemble 
the chiefs of the Five Nations, at Alb.my, in August, and the 
treaty was renewed. Thus governor Dongan maintained the 
su[)remacy of peace and war over the Five Nritions. When- 
-everthey showed a disposition to treat with the French, he 
withheld his supplies, and refused all aid, which brought them 
to terms. 

In 1685, Charles II. died, and the duke of York succeeded 
to the throne, as James II. who apjjointcd sir Edmond Andres, 
governor of New-England. Sir Edmond arrived in Boston, 
December, 168G. 

In 1638, the grand news of the revolution in England, the 
tlight of .Tames H. to France, and the accession of William and 
Mary were announced to tiic colony. Joy and satisfaction 
beamed in every protestant countenance, and gladdened their 
hearts. They, with colonel Leisler at their head, seized on 
the fortress at New York, in the name of king William, and 
the militia gave their support. 

Governor Dongan resigned the chair to lieutenant-govern- 
or Nicholson, and embarked for England. A scene of dis- 
cord ensued ; but the appearance of three ships \n the bar- 
l)or, from England, decided tlie controversy. The people 
supported Leisler in holding the fort, and subscribed to a de- 
claration of mutual support to the prince of Orange. Nichol- 
son absconded, and the people trium])hed. 

King William graciously received the address of colonel 
Leisler, and confirmed him in his command — 1689. 

Governor Dongan repaired to Ireland, where he became 
carl of Limerick, and colonel Nicholson was appointed gov- 
ernor of Virginia, the same year. 

Colonel Bayard, and Courtland, the mayor of New- York 
city, opposed the government of Leisler, and retired to Alba- 
ny, where they formed a strong party, who resolved to hold 
fort Orange for the prince, in defiance of the authority of 
colonel Leisler. 

Colonel Leisler sent his son-in-law, Milbourn, as colonel 
of an armed force, to reduce fort Orange to obedience ; but 
the passions of the parties were high, and he did not succeed 
until the spring of 1690, He then availed himself of the In- 



148 HISTORY OF THE 

(Vmn war that raged, took possession of the fort, and triumpfi 
o(] over his enemies. 

In March, 1691, colonel Humphrey Sloughter succeeded 
colonel Leisler, in the government of New-York. Colonel 
Leisler, with Milbourn, refused to deliver up the fort at New 
York ; but governor Sioughter pressed his demands, and Leis- 
ler complied, and surrendered the fort. Tlje governor caus- 
ed Leisler and Milbourn to be arrested, tried, and executed 
for high treason. Many of the partizans of Leisler fled the 
colony ; but they were soon recalled by an act of general am- 
nesty, which settled the peace of the colony — April, 1691. 

The assembly then in session, was the second that had been 
held in this colony. They passed their censures upon the 
administration of colonel Leisler, and approved the proceed- 
ings of governor Sloughter. This assembly abolished the old 
court of assizes, and established new courts of law. They 
next erected a supreme court of justice, with four assistant 
justices, and an attorney-general. 

They also formed a constitution, or bill of rights, securing 
trial by jur}^ freedom from taxes, without consent of assem- 
bly, toleration to all christians, except papists, &c. 

A question was discussed in this assembly, "Whether th*? 
people have a right to be represented in general assembl}'^, or 
whether it be a privilege enjoyed through the grace of the 
crown." The sense of the house was taken upon this ques- 
tion, and an act passed in favor of the former opinion ; but 
this act was repealed by king William, in 1697. 

In 1691, governor Sloughter met the chiefs of the Five 
Nations, in council, at Albany, and renewed their former league 
with the English, to prevent the Mohawks from making peace 
with count Frontenac, then governor of Canada. Governor 
Sloughter, on his return to New York, died, July 23d, 1691 ; 
and the government devolved on the council. They appoint- 
ed Richard Ingoldsby president, and he was sworn into office 
on the 26th. 

At this time, major Schuyler assembled a party of Mohawks, 
crossed lake Champlain, and commenced an attack upon the 
French settlements in Canada ; gained a signal victory over 
de Callieres, governor of Montreal ; killed and took about 
300 French, and returned in triumph to Albany. This com- 
menced an Indian war with Canada, that raged through th;f^ 
winter, with various success. 



UNrXED STATES. 149 

On the 29th of August, colonel Benjamin Fletcher arrived 
from Enghmd ; pubhshed his commission as governor, and 
entered upon the duties of his office. He brought out an ac- 
ceptable present to the colony, of arms, mihlary stores, &c. 
which called forth an address of thanks to his majesty, with a 
request, that he would order the neighboring colonies to join 
their aid in defence of the colon v. t 

Major Peter Schuyler, of Albany, had at this time, by his 
great abilities, as well as active zeal in defence of his Country, 
acquired such influence over the Five Nations as not only se- 
cured their friendship, but rendered them entirely subservi- 
ent to his will. Quider (as they called him) was the director 
of their movements, and thus became very useful to governor 
Fletcher ; and he raised him to the council board. 

In 1693, count Frontenac invaded the Five Nations, with 
an army of six or seven hundred French and Indians ; and on 
the night of the 6th of February, this army passed the village 
of Schenectady, and entered the country of the Mohawks. 
They surprised the Indians in their castles, and killed and 
captured about 300 of the confederates. 

Major Schuyler appeared for their relief, at the head of his 
volunteers, and routed the enemy. ■ The confederates joined 
in the pursuit, and the French were driven back into Canada, 
with great loss and distress. Peace was restored. 

This year, the king vested governor Fletcher with full 
powers, to command the militia of the neighboring colonies 
for the defence of New York, agreeable to their petition to 
his majesty ; and the governor attempted to assume the com- 
mand of the Connecticut militia at Hartford, as has been no- 
ticed. J 

At this lime, there was no religious establishment in this 
colony ; but a free toleration was granted in their bill of 
rights. The first settlers had been educated in Holland, un- 
der the religion of the Dutch Refornie^l church, and thev 
continued in the belief and practice of the same, c.nd their de*^ 
scendants after them, as far as religion occupied their atten- 
tion. 

Governor Fletcher, in his speech at the opening of the 
first assembly, urged the importance of providing for a reli- 

t The colony at that time contained about 3000 souls. 
X Governor Fletcher extended his government over the Golony of 
Pennsylvania, this year, by a special commigsion from the erewn.lSSS- 

13* • " 



150 HISTORY OF THE' 

•^ious establishment ; but the house declined it. At the sec- 
ond session of the assembly, he pressed the subject again, and 
the house passed a bill accordingly, and sent it up to the gov- 
ernor, tor his concurrence. The governor returned (he bill., 
with this amendment upon that clause that regarded the 
choosing and settling ministers : " And presented to the gov- 
crtior, to be apj)roved and collated." 

The house returned the bill, ])raying '' that it might pass 
without the amendment, having in the drawing of the bill, a 
due regard to the pious intent of settling a minister for the 
benefit o^the people." 

The governor in his wrath, prorogued the assembly. Here 
opened the first religious controversy. The governor set up 
his prerogative, and the house their privilege. This spirit 
appeared in the adjourned session, in September, and the gor- 
ernor(iissolved the assembly. 

In the midst of this religious quarrel, a new Indian war 
commenced. Count Frontenac agam invaded the country ol 
the Five Nations, and commenced the repairs of the fort at 
Cataraqui. The governor published the king's orders, that 
the following colonies should furnish their several quotas of 
men for the war. 

Massachusetts 350, Connecticut 120, Rhode Island, &c. 4B, 
Pennsylvania 80, Maryland 160, New York 200, and Virginia 

240. 

The governor used all his efforts to carry this order into 
effect ; but the colonics resisted the measure, as dangerous 
and impolitic, to trust too much power in the hands of the 
governor of New-York. 

This Indian war continued to rage, down to the peace ol 
Rv^-wick, 1697 — this closed the horrid sce»e.t 

Upon the peace of Ryswick, Richard, carl of Bellomont. 
was appointed to succeed governor Fletcher, and he arrived 
in New-York, April 2, 1698. His excellency laid before his 
council, his commission against the pirates, who then infested 
the American seas. He next laid before the council, an affi- 
davit, delivered him by secretary Vernon, and the East-India 
company, alleging "that Fletcher had permitted the pirates 
to land their spoils in this province, and that NicoU had bar- 
gained for their protection, and received eight hundred dol 
iar^in specie." 



t See king William's waY, under New-Hampshire, in Part I,. 



UNITED STATES. iOl 

Nicoll acknowledged the receipt of this money ; but plead 
the act of assembly, allowing privateers to enter, upon giving 
security. This affidavit opened the tield for the enemies ol' 
Fletcher to attach themselves to the earl, and rendered his 
administration popular. 

His lordship repaired to Boston in June, to enter upon th<' 
government of that province, as was noticed under Massachu* 
setts, where he apprehended the noted pirate, Kidd. When 
he had settled the affairs of that government, he returned to 
New-York, where he died, March, 1701, much lamented. 



CHAPTER X. 

NEW-YORK, CONTINUEC, 

The earl of Bellomont was a minister for the good of thf 
colonies over which he presided, and his death was severely 
felt. 

Nanfan, the lieut. governor, was then absent in the ishmd 
of Barbadoes, and the council were divided upon tlie question, 
who should rule. 

On the I'lrst of May, lioulenant-governor Nanfan arrived, an*f 
closed the controversy, and entered upon the government. 
The parties continued vvaiui. in the assembly. 'J'he govern- 
or, to lay the storm, dissolvoti them, June, 1701. 

On the 2d of September, the governor instituted a court oi' 
chancery, by order of the lords of trade. This court was to 
commence, and continue its sittings on the first Tuesday of 
each month ; and commissioners were empowered to appoint 
masters, clerks, and a register, for the same. 

I pass over those civil and rehgious controversies that dis- 
tracted this colony, throigh this and the succeeding adminis- 
tration, under lord Cornbury, down to the administration pf 
lord Lovelace, 1708. 

His lordship received his appointment from her majesty, 
(queen Ann) in the spring ; but did not arrive in the colony, 
imtil December following.! 

The jealousy excited by the mal-admmistration of lortl 
Gornbury, carried its effects into this administration, and led 

-_ tKing Williara died March, 170-2, and queen Ann sucreedeii te t-K'e 
tHYone, 



152 HISTORY OF THE 

he assembly to maintain that caulion they had used towards 
he Jbrmer, lest lord Lovelace should tread in his steps, and 
ieiVaud the public revenue. His lordship felt the cruel in- 
liguity, and in this trying scene he died, and lel'l his wile and 
ainily to feel the seventy ol' their neglect, until the queen in- 
erposed, and compelled the assembly to do them justice. 

Upon the death of lord Lovelace, the administration again 
levolved on lieut. governor Ingoldsliy. 

At this time, 1709, the expedition contemplated against 
[Canada, engrossed the attention of this colony. General 
Micholson, formerly lieut. governor, had engaged in the en- 
terprise, as commander-in-chief; and he entered into thevvar 
tvith zeal and spirit. 

The colony of New-York raised 7»iO men, with two inde- 
pendent companies ; employed six hundred Indians in their 
service, and supported their iamilies at Albany, at the same 
time. They also constructed 200 batteaux, and 200 birch 
canoes, to transport the troops over the lakes, and built two 
forts, besides the expense of transporting provisions, military 
stores, &c. all which cost this colony about ,£20,000 ; but 
^vhen the promised fleet had failed, they were left to provid<' 
for this expense, by an emission of paper money. 

It appeared from the letter of lord Sunderland, (the British 
minister) that the fleet promised by the queen, had been call- 
ed into service to support the P*oitugU(\se fleet, which had 
been defeated by the French ; and thus the expedition fail- 
ed. 

ill 1710, lieut. governor Ingoldsby was superceded by gov- 
ernor Hunter. The governor brought out with him from 
England, a colony of Palatines, to the number of 2,000; a 
part ot this colony settled in New-York, where they built a 
Lutheran church, and established the Lutheran religion ; oth- 
ers planted a beautiful vill.ige upon the Manor of Livingston ; 
others removed into Pennsylvania, where they settled, and 
drew out into that [)rovInce, several thousands of their per- 
secuted brethren from Germany, who also settled in Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Another colony came out from Germany, and planted the 
village west of Albany, uj)on the Mohawk, known by the name 
of German Flats. All these Germans were peaceable, m- 
dustrious, good inhabitants, and a great acquisition to lier irt^ 
iestv's colonies. 



UNITED STATES. J53 

Governor llunlersaw llic importance of securing the peace 
of the frontier, hy a friendly intercourse with the Indians- 
He accordingly assembled the chiefs of the Five Nations in 
council, at Albany, and renewed the former covenants. 

In 1709, colonel Schuyler sailed for Eni2,Iand, with five sa- 
chems of the Five N.jtions, at his own j)iivate exj)en8e, to 
promote the best e;ood of his country. These Indian kings 
were objects of ])articular admiration in England, throughout 
the kingdom. They were introduced at court, and present- 
ed to her majesty, who received them graciously. They 
visited all parts of the kmgdom ; and when they had been 
fully satisfied with the enjoyments of England, they returned 
to America, with commodore Martm and general Nicholson, 
who commanded the forces destined against Port Uoyal, 1710. 
(See New England.) ^ 

The next year, New- York again made great efforts to co- 
operate with the fleet and armament from England, in the con- 
quest of Canada j but the destruction of the fleet in the gi>lf 
of St. Lawrence, again defeated the enterprise, and left the 
colony again involveil in debt. 

In autun.n, the governor convened the assembly, to provide 
for the exigencies of the colony ; but a controversy sprang^ 
up between the two houses, which marred the interest of the 
colony, and defeated the object of the session. Both parties 
were obstinate, and the debts of the colony remained unpaid. 

In May, 1712, the governor again convened the assembly, 
and the same evils continued* The ])ublic groaned under 
the accumulated pressure of the debts incurred l»y the war ; 
yet the house was obstinate, and the governor dissolved the 
assembly. J 

In Marcl), 1713, the treaty of Utrecht was signed, and the 
])eace was soon announced in America. By this treaty, the 
Five Nations of Indians, were (for the first time) acknowledg- 
ed subjects of the crown of England. 

In May, 1713, the governor convened a new assembly ; 
and by his laconic speech, broke the obstinacy of the liouse, 
and they promptly provided for the exigencies of the public. 

In 1719, governor Hunter took an affectionate leave of the 
colony, and sailed for England ; and colonel Peter Schuyler, 

+ Port Royal was taken at this time. 

X This year lias been distinguishod for tlic union of the Tuscaroras 
of Carolina, with the Five Nations, from which time they becaiii? the 
Sbc Nations. 



J 6^ illSTOUV OF TllK 

as eldest counsellor, took the chuir. — 'J'he most conspicuou.- 
realm-e« in this administration, were a new treaty with the 
Six Nations, at Albany, and the settlement of the colony linr 
>vi(h New Jersey. 

On ihe ITlh of Seplend)er, 1720, Win. Un^nel,e^^|. aim- 
ed in New York with the kin«;\s con)nHssion, and relieved 
eolonel Schuyler Ironi the duties of the chair, and eoniinenc- 
<>d his administration as governor; colonel Schuyler hecamr 
his senior counsellor. 

In IT*^?, governor r>urnet was removed hy his majesty, 
uooro-e 11. and placed in the chair orMassachusetts, and ^i;ov- 
crnor Montp;oinery succeeded to the chair.} 

'i'iie adnHuistii-aion of j;overnor Monti^omery settled ihf- 
I>oundary line with Connecticut, hy exchanij:;»iii;- lands near the 
sounil, lor a tract lyinii; bel\ve(Mi the roioiiies, of (^(),Ot^t^ acres 
called the ohlong,' 1731. 

'I1»e sanie year, the French built the fortress at Crown 
J'oint, on lake Champlain. 

'The subsequent history of^^ew York has been carried for- 
ward in the jioneral history of New Kn«j;land, (lo\vn to tin"- 
])eare of Taiis oi" 170:5. 



CllAPTKK \1. 

iwai: AND rnOCRBBS of NKW-JERSliV. 

The patent of the duke of Voik to lord Berkeley, ami sir 
V 'I'orjie (^n-tertU, bearini;" ilate lUtil, which laid the louuda- 
tion of the irolonv of New .Icrsey, has been noticed in the 
history of New York ; and the incipietit stau;cs of the rise of 
New Jersey, has been carried forward in that history, be- 
c.iuse they were inseparably connected. 

The next year, Philip Carteret was appointeil fijovernor. 
He came over iVom l''nu;land and setthnl at Klizabelhtown ; 
and laid the foundation of the eolony upon the tree and inde- 
pendent |>lan of llu» ("olonies of Nevv-Fnuiland, and presided 
with wisdom and di«;nity, until the colony was conquered by 
the Dutch, 1G7:> 

The Hutch erected the colony of New Jersev into three 

I Kingf Coorgc ascended the throne in Juno, 11^27 



UNITED STATES. 155 

jurisdictions, viz. Niewer Amstel, Upland, and Hoel-Kill, and 
appointed Anthony Colve, governor. 

The next year, the colony was restored to the English b} 
the peace of Westminster. The king granted a new patent 
to the duke of York, and the duke appointed sir Edniond An- 
dros governor of all his territories in America. 

" In 1676, the province was divided into East and West 
Jersey. Lord Berkeley's assignees released East Jerse}*^ to 
Carteret, who in return, conveyed West Jersey as a depen- 
dency of New York ; but Carteret retained the fgovernment 
of East Jersey." 

*' In 1667, a vessel arrived from England, with 230 passen- 
gers, mostly Quakers, who proceeded up the Delaware, treat- 
ed with the Indians for a tract of land, and commenced a set- 
tlement, at what is now called Burlington. Two vessels ar- 
rived the same year, with about 200 passengers, and settled 
at the same place." 

" West Jersey continued to be held as a dependency oi 
New York, or rather as a conquered country, until the year 
1680, when the duke of York, after much solicitation from the 
proprietors, restored to them the rights granted by his patent 
of 1664; and West Jersey was no longer subject to New- 
York." 

This year the first mills were erected in New Jersey. 
Governor Andres caused Philip Carteret, governor of East- 
Jersey, to be arrested this year, and brought prisoner to New 
York ; but the duke interposed, restored Carteret to his gov- 
ernment, and removed Andros. 

In 1685, the duke of York, then king James II. appointed 
sir Edmond Andros, to the government of New England. 

In 1702, the proprietors of East and West Jersey, resign 
ed up their colonies to queen Ann. and they were governed 
by the crown, down to the time of the revolution of 1775. 

One common governor, under the crown, from 1702 to 
1738, governed the colonies of New York and New Jersey ; 
they then became distinct and separate governments, and liave 
continued so to this day. 

In 1738, Princeton college was founded, by tlie name of 
Nassau Hall, by charter from John Hamilton, president of the 
council, and liberally endowed by governor Belcher, in 1747. 

In 1776, the present constitution of government was fram- 
ed ami adopted. 



i 



)5e HISTORY OF THE 

CHAPTER XH. 

RISE AND PROGRESS OF DELAWARE. 

la the year 1627, this country was visited by a party oi 
Swedes, by permission of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Swe- 
lien, who commenced a settlement at cape Henlopen, (then 
called Paradise Point) under the command of William Use- 
Hog, a noted S:vedish merchant, who called it New Swede- 
kmd. 

In 1631, they built a fort near where Wilmington now 
stands, which they called Christeen or Christiana, and laid out 
A village, which the Dutch afterwards destroyed. 

Soon after this, Peter Minuet was commissioned by the re- 
gency of Sweden, under the minority of ihe queen, to the 
jovernment of the colony. 

When queen Christiana ascended the throne of Sweden, 
1633, she commissioned John Printz to the government ot 
the colony ; and his administration continued to the year 
1654, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law John Pap- 
goia. 

In the year 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New 
Netherlands, made a general conquest of New-Swedeland, 
and added it to the Dutch colony, and Alric became their tirst 
governor. 

In 1644, the English took possession of the Dutch colony 
of New Netherlands, and king Charlos II. conveyed this dis- 
trict in his patent to the duke of York. The whole was con 
firmed to the English at the peace of Breda. 

In the year 1662, the Dutch incorporated the town of New- 
Castle, and the inhabitants had a free trade, without being 
obliged to make entry at New-York. 

In 1681, this country was covered by the patent of Penn 
sylvania, which king Charles 11. granted to Wm. Penn. 

In the year 1682, the <iuke of York conveyed to Penn all 
his claims upon that district, and he annexed it to his govern- 
ment.! 

After the union of the province and the three lower coun- 
ties, (then so called) the representatives held their Hrst ses- 
sion at Upland, (Chester) on the fourth of the tenth month. 
1682. 

t Their deeds embraced New-Castle and twelve miles round it, ex* 
icnding to cape Henlopen. 



UNITED STATES. 155 

In 1685, the boundary line between Delaware and Mary- 
land was settled, between VVm. Penn and lord Baltimore, as 
tbllows, viz. " That tract of land lying between the river and 
bay of Delaware and the eastern sea, on the one side, and the 
Chesapeake bay on the other, be divided into two equal 
parts, by a line from cape Henlopen to the 40th degree of 
north latitude, and that one half lying between the bay of 
Delaware and tlie eastern sea, belong to his majesty, and the 
other half to lord Baltimore." 

During the three years residence of Wm. Penn in the colo- 
ny, all was harmony and good order ; but when he returned 
to England, to settle this controversy with lord Baltimore, 
Nicholas Moor, chief' judge of the colony, threw the prov- 
ince into the utmost disorder, until he was removed by Black- 
well, the deputy governor, in 1688. He in his turn, played 
the tyrant over the people. ^ 

Upon the accession of William and Mary, the colony of 
Pennsylvania neglected to -acknowledge their sovereignty j 
but continued their administration in thxi name of king James 
II. which gave just offence to king William, and in 1693, he as 
sumed the government, and appointed colonel Fletcher, gov- 
«rnor of New-York, to administer the governme^it of both 
colonies. 

In the year 1694, Pennsylvania was again restored to Wm. 
Penn, and in 1696, he. gave the colony a new frame of gov- 
ernment, which continued to the year 1701, when the coun- 
ties of Delaware rejected the constitution, and declared their 
independence of Pennsylvania. 

Wampum was the principal currency of Delaware, througk 
the early periods of her settlement, and governor Lovelace"! 
gave it a current value, by proclamation ; ordering four white 
grains and three black ones, for a stiver, or penny. 

The repose of the counties of Delaware remained undis- 
turbed for many years, until the old proprietary controversy 
was renewed ; then the claimants became warm, and the 
weight of anxiety and expense obliged th»;m to adjust all their 
diff'^rences, by commissioners, May, 17.32. 

By reason of numerous delays, the doings of these commis- 
sioners were never carried into effect, until March, 1762, 
when the division lines were run out in due form ; but they 

^ Governor of New -York. 

14 



158 HISTORY OF THE 

were not fully established until the proclamation of Richard 
Penn, in 1775. 

The remainder of the history of Delaware, will be carried 
forward with the colonies collectively, in their national char- 
acter. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

niSE AND PROGRESS OF PENNSYLVANIA, DOWN TO THE PEACfJ 

OF 17t)3. 

The distinguished services of admiral Penn, had brought 
him into favor at court. This favor descended to his son, 
Wm. Penn, although a fluaker, and enabled him to obtain, by 
way of compensation for a large sum ol money, due from the 
government to his father, that district of country in North 
America, now known by the name ot Pennsylvania. 

Wm. Penn was constituted full and absolute proprietor of 
all this tract of land, or province, with full powers of govern- 
ment over the same, by a charter bearing date, Westminster, 
March 4th, 1781 ; which province is thus detined : 

''Charles, by the grace of God, &,c. Therefore, know ye- 
kc. do give and grant unto the said Wm. Penn, his heirs and 
assigns^ all that tract of land in America, with the islands there- 
unto pertaining, as the same is bounded on the east by Dela- 
ware river, from twelve miles distance north of New-Castle 
town, unto the 43d degree of north latitude, ii the said river 
doth extend so far, but if not, then as far as it doth extend, 
and from thence to the 43(1 degree, as aforesaid. The said 
lands to extend westward, five degrees of longitude ; to be 
computed from said eastern bounds. Said lands to be bound- 
ed on the north by the 43d degree of north latitude, an(l on the 
south by a circle drawn twelve miles distance from New-Cas- 
tle, northward and westward, until the beginning of the 40th 
degree of north latitude, and then westwardly by a straight 
line, to the limits of the longitude above mentioned." 

This patent continues in this style through twenty-three 
long sections, in which the rights, powers, and privileges ol 
the proprietary, are fully and clearly flefined. 

These preliminaries being closed, Wm. Penn published his 
patent, with such si description of the country as could then 



UNITED STATES. 159 

be obtained, and offered his lands for sale, at forty shillings 
sterling the hundred acres, or one shilling per annum, forev- 
er ; with good conditions of settlement, for such as wished to 
become adventurers. 

The dis :iples of George Fox,t whose confidence was 
strongly fixed in VVm. Penn, soon formed a company in Lon- 
don, under the name of " The Free Society of traders in 
Pennsylvania." Twenty thousand acres of land were soon 
purch:ised ; articles ot trade were drawn up, published and 
entered upon, by several divisions of the company, which 
were soon followed by others ; and the emigrations to Penn- 
sylvania, rapidly progressed - 

In 1781, two ships from London, and one from Bristol, sail- 
ed for Pennsylvania, and arrived safe, with settlers for the new 
colony, and brought out Wm. Markham, the deputy governor, 
with several commissioners, to treat with the Indians, and pur- 
chase their lands. A policy well calculated to insure the 
peace and prosperity of the colony. 

VVm. Penn guaranteed to his settlers, a constitution, enti- 
tled, " The Frame of Government for the colony of Penn- 
sylvania, in America," &.c. in which the civil and religious 
privileges of the citizens were clearly defined, cautiously 
gairded, and fully protected. The true principles of this 
government may be seen in the following remarks : 

" The true design of government, is to support power in 
reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the 
abuse of power ; for liberty without obedience is confusion ; 
and obedience without liberty, is tyranny," &c. 

In 1682, William Penn obtained of the duke of York, a 
release of all the right, claim, or title, which he had, or might 
be supposed to have, in the province of F^ennsylvania ; to- 
gether with another conveyance of all claim to the territory ly- 
ing upon the river Delaware, called b the Dutch the " three 
lower counties," which are fully defined under New- York 
and Delaware. 

In 1682, Wm. Penn arrived at New-Castle, Pennsylvania, 
on the 24th of October, where he was cordially received 
amidst the acclamations of the people. English, Swedes, 
and Dutch, all bid him welcome, with mingled transports of 

joy- 
On the 4th of December, William Penn convened the first 

t Founder of the se,ct called quakers, about the middle of the 17th 
centurv, 



160 HISTORY OF THE 

assembly at Chester ;t at which time, the three lower coun- 
ties were annexed to the province, by a special act of union. 
The Dutch and Swedes were all naturaliz; d, and the laws 
which had been agreed upon in England, all passed in due 
form. 

Wm. Penn concluded a treaty of peace with the Indians, 
this year, which continued more than seventy years, and ren- 
dered the quakers, the idols of their affection*. 

In less than one year alter the proprietary came into the 
province, more than thirty sliips arrived from England, with 
passengers, to settle the colony ; these were generally qua- 
kers, whose first conccn whs, like the puritans of Ne*v -Eng- 
land, to plant churches, and make provision for the free en- 
iovment of their religion. 

In about two year* after this, more than fiftjr sail of ship- 
ping arrived, from different })arts of En<;land, Holland, and 
Germany, with settlers for ihe new colony. A company of 
Palatines, at this time, came out from Germany, and settled 
Gemantovvn, near Philadelphia. These were quakers, who 
were driven from the Palatinate, by the religious persecutionF,. 
that laid waste their country, in the reign of Louis XIV. king 
of France. 

At this time, the city of Philadelphia, which Wm. Penn had 
laid out lor his capital, (1682) grew and increased rapidly, 
and the log huts had become riumerous. 

In 1683, Wm. Penn convened the second assemblyt in his 
new capital, and presided in the council. The province was 
by this assembly, divided into the counties of Bucks, Pl;ilade!- 
phia, and Chesttir ; these added to the three lower counties 
on the Delaware, viz. New-Castle, Kent, and Sussex, made 
up six counties, for which the proprietary appointed sheriffs. 

This year a controversy arose between lord Baltimore and 
Wm. Penn, concerning the boundary between Maryland and 
Pennsylvania ; but the pruflent management of Wm. Penn, 
soon layed the strii'e, and restored tranquility to the settlers. 
Wm. Penn, however, resolve .to return to England, and set- 
tle the question fnlly with lord Baltimore. 

In 1684, William Penn appointed Thomas Lloyd, president 
of the council ; and on the 12th of June, set sail for England. 

tThis assembly consisted of three members of the council, and nine 
members of the house. 

:j: This assembly was composed of eighteen members of the conncil. 
and thirty-six of the assembly, or lower house* 



UNITED STATES. ICl 

He arrived in England in season to witness the death oi king 
Charles II. and the accession of James II. late duke of York. 
To effect the immediate purposes of his voyage, he took up 
his residence at Kensington, that he might have a more free 
and easy access to the king, 1685. 

The agent of lord Baltimore .ippeared in England, and man- 
aged the cause of his lordship so adroitly, before the king in 
council, t!»at he obtained an oninr for the thn-e lower coun- 
ties, formerly claimed by the Dutch, to be annexed to Mary- 
land. Although this order was to take immediate effect, yet 
it was delayed until the reign oftpieen Ann, about the year 
1702. 

In^l685, great disorders arose in the government of Penn- 
sylvania, during the absence of the pro[)rieta)y, and severe 
persecutions awaited William Penn, while in England. Ilis 
enemies accused him of a Jesuitical ambition. At the same 
time, he sent from England, VVm Blackvvell, to act as deputy- 
governor, in the place of Thomas Lloyd, removed from thf^ 
presidency by resignation ; but this increased the evils. 
Blackwell withdrew from the chair, and returnel to England. 

In 1689, the public school of the Friends, was founded iu 
Philadelphia. In 1697, it was incorporated by charter ; an«l 
in 1701, this charter was confirmed by patent from the pro- 
prietary, and he (ixcd the numl)er of the corporation to that 
of fjfteen ; under the title of the overseers of the })ublic. 
school, founderl in Philadelphia, at the request, cost and char- 
ges, of the people called quakers. In 1711,Wm. Penn re- 
newed the charter of this school, whereby he confirmed all 
the other charters, and <lirected, that fifteen overseers should 
be chosen by the corporation, to inspect the affairs of the 
school. 

In 1688, when William and Mary h;ul ascended the throne, 
upon the flight of James 11. those suspicions that had fallen 
upon Wm. Penn, and given the name of papist, Jesuit, &c. 
were remembered, and caused him to be arrested arraigned 
before a tribunal of justice, and formally tried ; but as n« 
proof lay against him, he was acquitted at the Easter term. 

In 1690, he' was arraigned again, upon a new indictment: 
tried and acquitted, at Trmity term. The same year, he was 
again attackctUby a proclamation, as an enemy to the kingd.om, 
and an adherent to the enemies of the crown ; arraignetl; 
tried, and acquitted, at Micheelmas term- 

14* 



162 HISTORY OF THE 

William Penn now beg;in seriously to wish to return to hi? 
province in America ; but the time had not yet arrived. He 
was arrested upon the oath of a vile, profligate fellow, whilst 
returning from the funeral of the celebrated George Fox ; 
and h^ withdrew from [HiDlic notice, and passed two or three 
years in retirement, 1(391. 

In tliis state of things, the disorders in the province of 
Pennsylvania, became so serious, that the king appointed 
colonel Fletcher, governor of New-York, to take the reins 
of government ; and in April, 1G93, he entered upon the ad- 
ministration. 

In 1G94, the friends of William Penn, found access to the 
ear of his m;jjesty, and obtained the following declaration 
from the kinj; : " William Penn is one of my old friends, as 
well as your's ; and he nj;jy Jbliow his business without lurlher 
molestation, and you are autliorised to make this known to 
him." 

At the eventful moment when this communication was 
m:ule to William Penn, died Uulielma Maria, his wife, No- 
vember 30th ; which added greatly to the weight of his afflic- 
tions. 

In August, 1694, Wm. Penn was restored to the govern- 
ment of his province, by letters patent iVoni their majesties, 
Willium and Mary ; and he appointed William Markham 
lieutenant-governor, and the affairs of the province became 
regular. 

In 1699, Willi.im Penn returned again to Pennsylvania, 
where he arrived in December. By this late arrival, he 
providentially avoided the yellow fever, winch for the tiist 
time, had raged in Philadelphia, and proved very malig- 
nant and mortal. 

One of the first objects that engrossed the attention of the 
proprietary, was to heal the differences, that had distracted 
the colony in his absence ; to effect this, he convened an as- 
sembly at New-Castle, in October, 1700. 

This assembly received from the proj)rietary, a new char- 
ter of privileges, that healed all their differences, and restor- 
ed peace, order, and tranquility to the province. 

In 1701, Wm. Penn held a grand treaty at Philadelphia^ 
with about forty sachems, and others of the great tribes, lying 
upon the waters of the Susquehannah, Potowinac, &c, wbicU 
established a general and lasting peace. 



UNITED STATES. 165 

Thus we sec, how much the interest of a people, depends 
upon individual characler. 

These things being accomplished, William Pennonce more 
organized his governiuent in his province, by appointing An- 
drew Hamilton, late governor ot' New-Jersey, as his deputy 
governor, and James Logan, as his secretary, and returned l*o 
England, to promote the interest of the colonies generally. 

in 1702, king William died, and was succeeded by queen 
Ann.t The same year, governor Hamilton died, and was 
succeeded by lieut. governor Skipper. 

In 1703, the three lower counties on the F)elavvare, with- 
drew from the province, and th latter called a separate as- 
sembly at Philadelphia, in October. 

The same year, ihe proprietary appointed John Evans as 
deputy governor, and repaired to Pennsylvania, where he ar- 
rived in February, 1704, 

In April, he conveneil an assembly at Philadelphia, for the 
purpose of again uniting the three lower counties to the prov- 
ince ; this he effected so far as to gain the consent of the coun- 
ties, but the province refused to be re-united, in autumn of 
the same year, governor Evans convened an assembly at New 
Castle, which became clamorous ; caballed against him, and 
actually accused the governor to the proprietary, for mal-ad- 
ministration. 

Q,(ieen Ann's war with the French and Spaniards, was now 
raging in Europe, on the ocean, and throughout the frontiers 
of New-England ; desolating their fields and settlements, and 
filling their borders with death ; yet in Pennsylvania, all was 
trancpiil, and the Susquehannah Indians were rejoicing with a 
comp.my of Q,uakers, who had come out to preach to them in 
the character of friends of Wm. Penn, 1705. 

In 1709, governor Ciookin arrived at Philadelphia, to suc- 
ceed governor Evans, removed. The governor made an ef- 
fort to raise men and money in the province, to co-operate 
with New-England and New-York, in the conquest of Canada ; 
byt failed. I These Quakers were not disposed either to tight 
or pay. This openetl a controversy between the assembly 
and governor, which raged so seriously, that the proprietary 
was obliged to interpose by letter to the assembly, in 1710. 

t Elo; est daughter of James II, 

^ The expedition contemplated in queen Ann's war, which failed^ bv 
Ike EngJigli fleet having been called to P«rtuga^. 



1G4 HISTORY OF THE 

The effects of this letter were such, as caused the dissolu- 
tion ot this assembly, and the election of a new one ; and har- 
mony was restored. 

In 1712, William Penn made a formal sale of the province 
of Pennsylvania, to her majesty queen Ann, for the double 
purpose, of relievmg himself from the embarrassments of his 
affiirs, as well as from the vex itious cares, which their un- 
hallowed contentions had produced ; but before the convey- 
ance was duly executed, he was seized with an apoplexy, 
which rendered him incompetent to the act. 

The factions of the province were shortly renewed, and 
continued, down to the year 1717. when governor Gookin re- 
turned to England, and was succeeded by governor Keith. 
Under this administration, order and peace were again res- 
tored. 

At this eventful moment, when all was quiet, died William 
Penn, the friend of man, and the benevolent founder of the 
])rovince of Pennsylvania, 1718. The particulars of his will, 
and disposal of his estate, may be seen in Proud's History of 
Pennsylvania, vol. fl. page 1 14. 

About this time, William Penn, the heir at law, died at 
Liege, and his eldest son, Springett, claimed the government. 

The controverted claims among the heirs of Wm. Penn, 
were decided in a court of chancery, in England, in favor of 
.Tohn, Thomas, and Richard Penn, minor heirs of the elder 
Wm. Penn ; and the widow Hannah Penn, as executrix, had 
the government vested in her, and other trustees, intrust for 
the minors. 

In 1723, the governor instituted a court of chancery in the 
province, by and with the consent of tlie assembly. 

This year governor Keith made a general peace with the 
Virginia, Pennsylvania, and confederate Indians, and the as- 
sembly, to gratify a request of the Indians, passed an act, to 
prevent the traders from selling rum to them. 

In 1722, the assembly, to relieve the burdens of the peo- 
ple, issued bills ofcredit, to the amount of £15,00'\ At the 
close of the year, they issued £30,000 more, which in 1726, 
had depreciated 50 per cent. 

In 1729, they issued £30,000 more, and in 1739, (ten 
vears) such had become the depreciation, and pressure for 
money, thai they issued £l 1,000 more, making a suna total 
of £86,000, which in fair market, was worth £50,000. On- 
Iv £6,1 10, 5s. of all this sum, had then been redeemed. 



UNITED STATES. 165 

In 1726, governor Keith was succeeded by governor Gor- 
don, and in 1731, such had been the prosperity of the prov- 
ince, that it contained a more numerous white population, 
than the three colonies of Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina. 

The commerce of Pennsylvania had become so respecta- 
ble, that their historian^ (Rabert Proud) observes, "their ex- 
ports consisted of wheat, flour, biscuit, beef and pork, butter 
and cheese, bacon, hams, cider, apples, soap, myrtle wax/ 
candles, &,c. which yiehied them a revenue of j[^CO, 000 annu- 
ally." All this, the colony had attained to. in about 50 years. 

In 17;32, Thomas Penn, a descendant of William Penn the 
elder, arrived in Penn><ylvania in August, when the assembly 
were in session, and entered upon the duties of the adminis- 
tration. 

In 1736, governor Gordon died, and was succeeded bv 
governor Tliomas, who did not arrive in the province until 
August, 1738. 

In 1741, Thomas Penn took an afFgctionate leave of the as- 
sembly, and returned to England ; a\d in 1746, he came into 
possession of three-fourths of the province. 

In 1742, a number ot^entlemen, in the city of Philadelphia, 
associated with doctor Franklin, and subscribed forty shil- 
lings each, for thQ purpose of a library, with ten shillini^s an- 
nually, which laid V.'.a foundaticn O.^cn^- of the lirst, and mosf 
respectable libraries m the country. 

In 1750. more than 5000 Britirih, Irish, and Germ ins emi- 
grated to Pennsylvania. At ihistime, Philadelphia contained 
2l00dwelling-houses, and eleven places of public worship. 

In 1747, the affairs of the province were generally quiet, 
when governor Thomis resigned, and was succeeded by gov- 
ernor Hamilton, in 1748 

In 1754, governor Hamilton resigned, and was succeeded 
Z)}'^ governor Morris, and he was succeeded by William Den- 
ny, in 1756 ; and in 1758, James Hamilton again took the 
chair, and continued to the year 1763. John Penn, son of 
Richard Penn, th^n took the chair, and continued until 1771. 

The American Philosophical Society, was instituted in 1769, 
and incorporated in 1780. 

At the commencement of the revolution, 1775, the heirs of 
Wm. Penn quit-claimed all their proprietary rights to the co- 
lony, for thirty thousand pounds. 

In 1790, Pennsylvania established her present constitution. 



166 HISTORY OF THE 

In 1793, more than 3000 souls were swept oft", by the yel- 
low fe^^er ; and in 1797, the same disease swept away more 
than 12,000. 

In 1800, Congress removed from Philadelphia, to the city 
of Washington. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

RISE AND PROGRESS OF MARYLAND, FROM ITS ORIGIN DOWN T€> 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

The first settlemont that commenced in this district, that 
now bears the name of Maryland, was made by William Clai- 
borne. 

In the year 1G3I, kmg Charles I. granted to Claiborne, a 
license to traffic, in all such par's of America, as were not pat- 
ented to others ; and he planted a small colony upon Kent 
island, near the centre of the territory. 

About the samp time, king Ch irles 1 . caused a patent of this 
district of country, to be made out to sir George Calvert, 
(lord Baltimore) who had been secretary to his father, king 
.Tames 1. ami vvho having become a papi>?t, now sought a re- 
treat in the wilds of America, where he might enjoy hhs re- 
ligion undisturbed. 

Sir George was one of the original partners of the Virginia 
company, and continued so, until its dissolution, which led 
him to seek a retreat in this part of America. 

When sir George arrived in Virginia, he found the people 
all churchmen, whose intoler tnce was as bitter, as that he had 
left in England ; he therefore removed into the district of 
Maryland ; but before his pjtent passed the seals, sir George 
died, and the king issued the patent to his son Coecil, lord 
Baltimore, June 20th, 1632. 

The patent issu*^d to Coecil, lord Baltimore, is thus defined, 
viz. "■ All that part of Pennsylvania, lying between the ocean 
on the east, and the bay of Chesapeake on the west ; and di' 
vided from the other part, by a line drawn from the cape, cal' 
led Watkinson's Point, situated in the aforesaid bay, near the 
river Wighco, on the west, to the main ocean, on the east ; 
and between that bound on the south, to that part of Dela- 
ware bay on the north, which lies under the fortieth degree 



UNITED STATES. 167 

of north latitude, &c. and all thai tract of land, from the 
aforesaid Delaware bay, in a right line, by the degree afore- 
said, to the true meridian of the first fountain of the river 
Potomac, and from thence, tending towards the south, to the 
further bank of the aforesaid river, and following the west 
and south ^ide ot it, to a certam place called the Cinquack, 
situated near the mouth of s.iid river, where it falls into the 
Chesapeake bay ; and Irom thence, in a straight line, to the 
aforesaid cape, called Watkinson's Pomt," &.c. 

This grant, as well as that of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and 
Connecticut, was so carelessly dotined, as to involve the par- 
ties in long, and obstinate disputes, which cost them much 
time nnd expense to settle. Lord Baltimore, (some say king 
Charles) gave to the province the name ol Maryland, in hon- 
or of the queen, (Henrietta M.iria). 

In 1633, lord Baltimore appointed his brother, Leonard 
Calvert, as governor of the province ; and in 1634, he com- 
menced a settlement upon the north side of the Potomac, and 
near its mouth, with about 2U0 settlers, mostly Roman Catho- 
lics. 

Lord Baltimore laid the foundations of his province, in the 
security of property, and liberty in religion ; granting in ab- 
solute fee, fifty acres of land, to every actual settler, and es- 
tablishing Christianity, agreeable totheold common law, with- 
out allowing pre-eminence to any sect. 

These measures of his choice, soon converted a dreary wil- 
derness, into a prosperous colony More than £40,000 were 
expended by his lordship, in the two first years, in transport- 
ing settlers, and their neceusary storch, &c. The people, to 
remunerate this expense, granted to his lordship, a subsidy of 
two-fitteenths of tobacco, upon every poll. 

Such was the paciiic disposition of the Indians, that the 
first settlers lived, for some time, among them, under the do- 
mestic regimen of a family. The Indian women taught the 
emigrants how to make bread of their corn ; their men taught 
the English how to hunt and fish, and when they assisted in 
the chase, sold them the game they took tor themselves, for 
a trifle ; all which, furnished them an easy support, until they 
could clear the ground, and cultivate for themselves. 

Such was the fertility of the soil, the mildness of the clim- 
ate, and the free toleration of the government, that emigrants 
flocked to the province from Europe, and se!tlements began 
to multiply. 



i(38 HISTORY OF THE 

In 1 63 J, the freemen all met in general assembly, but nu 
other record remains of their doings, than an act passed, 
*Vthat all ofifenders, in all murders and felonies, shal] suiier the 
same pains and forfeitures, as forthe same crimes in England.'* 

In 1638, the gOFernor called a new assembly, and present- 
ed for their acceptance, a body of laws, sent over by lord 
Baltimore ; but the assembly rejected these, and prepared a 
ooUection of regulations, better adapted to their circumstan- 
oes. 

At this time Claiborne, who had settled on Kent island, re- 
fused obedience to the laws of Maryland, and set up his claims, 
and appealed to the crown. This was rejected by the lords 
oommissioi?ers, who established the claims and jurisdiction of 
lord Baltimore. 

In 1629, a third assembly was convened by the governor., 
und an act was passed, " for establi>hing the house of assem- 
bly. '* This act declared, that all who should be elected pur- 
suant t» writs issued, should be called burgessos. That the 
gentlemen, summoned by special writ of the proprietary, to- 
gether with the governor and secretary, should be called the 
house of assembly. All nets to be of the same force, as it 
the whole body of freemen had been present. 

By an act of this assembly, the people are distinguished from 
the slaves^ which serves to show, that slavery commenced al- 
most with their origin. 

In 1640, an effort was made by Virginia, to extend her do- 
minion over the province of Maryland, and subvert her char- 
ter ; but their etforts fiiled, and thus, what commenced in in- 
justice, ended in disgrace. 

TliP people of Maiyland were peculiarly happy under the 
government of lord Baltimore. They both understood, and 
pursued their own best interest ; and while they cherished a 
just regard for the prerogatives of the proprietary, they nev- 
er lost siijht of their own rights as freemen. 

The intrigues of Claiborne, together with the imprudence 
of the settlers, involved the province in an Indian wai, in 
1642, which raged for several years ; but the savages were 
humbled, and peace was restored. 

Immediately upon the rest»^ration of peace, Claiborne unit- 
ed with RichiU'd Ingolds, and aided by the turbulent spirit ot 
the times, raised a re)»ellion in this province. Calvert, the 
governor, fled into Virginia, and Claiborne seized Qn the 



UNITED STATES. it>9 

government, 1645. In August following, the rebellion wa? 
quelled, and tranquility restored. 

In 1649, an act of free religious toleration was passed by the 
assembly, which was confirmed in 1676, among the perpetual 
Inws ofthe province. 

A new religious drama was now opened upon the great the- 
atre ofthe American colonies. Virginia passed several laws 
against the puritans. In Massachusetts, the puritans were 
persecuting the episcopalians, baptists, quakers, &c. but the 
catholics in Maryland, to their eternal honor, were tolerating 
«nd protecting all. 

In the memorable year, 1650, that constitution was finally 
established, which continued, with very little interruption, 
«lown to the year 1776, when the present constitution was 
adopted. In forming this constitution, those who were call- 
ed by special writs, formed the upper house, and those chos- 
en by hundreds, the lower house ; and allibills that passed both 
houses, with the governor's signature, becamt? the laws o! 
the province. 

From this epoch, the democratic part of the assembly, 
(consisting of fourteen delegates) must date the origin of it? 
particular immunities, or exclusive privileges. 

The province at this time, was divided into three counties 
ifiz. St. Mary's, the isle of Kent, and Ann-Arundale. Thesr: 
counties were sub-divided into hundreds. 

In 1651, the ruling power in England, (the commonwealth 
■parliament) appointed commissioners, " for the reduction and 
governing the provinces within the Chesapeake bay," which 
trust they exercised with great attention and dexterity ; aK 
though the proprietor of Maryland had submitted to the par^ 
liameat, and obtained leave to govern, in the name of thr 
*' keepers ofthe liberties of England." 

In 1654, Oliver Cromwell seized on the government of Ma 
ryland, which excited a strife between the puritans and cath- 
olics, that issued in a civil war ; a decisive battle was fought, 
the catholics were vanquished, the governor was taken, and 
by a court-martial, sentenced to die ; but the puritans inter 
yosed, and his sentence was changed to a long confinement. 

This year, Claiborne again attempted to assume the rein- 
©f government, under the authority of" the lord high protec 
tor of England ;" and with his commissioners, called an as- 
«ftmblT ; but the burgesses of St. Mary's county, declineci 

15 



170 HISTORY OF THE 

hk government, as being incompatible with their oaths iv 
\otd Bahimorej and refused to attend. This assembly ac^ 
knotfledged the government of Cromwell, and passed an act} 
declaring all papists^ outlaws in the province. The contrast 
between this, and the act of assembly in 1649, reflects great 
honor on the catholics of that day, for their liberality in mat- 
lefs of religion* 

in March, 1668, the commissioners resigned their trust to 
Josiah Fendal esq. ae governor, on the part of the proprieta- 

In 1669, he called an agsembly, which abolished the senate 
uf Upper house, and rendered the lower house absolute in the 
IjOVernment j and the governor was appointed by the ruling 

party. 

Upon the restoration of king Charles 11. in 1660, a change 
was again e<)fected in the government. The proprietary ap- 
pointed Philip Calvert, governor of Maryland, and in Decem- 
ber, he entered upon the administration. 

These political changes produced no sensible effects upon 
the prosperity of the province. Her wealth and populationi 
lik^ that of Pennsylvania, had so rapidly progressed, that she 
cotlld number more than 12,000 inhabitants, including slaves. 

In l6CJi, the proprietary appointed his eldest son, Charles 
Calvertj to the government, who followed the maxims ot his 
father, and ruled in wisdom. This year the peace of the 
province was disturbed by the Janadoah Indians 5 but the 
war was short, and Rucces^fully terminated. 

b 1676, Coecilius Calvert, the fatherof Maryland, died in 
the 44th year of his government. At this time, the province 
wag divided into ten counties, containing more than 16,000 
jiOUk. Maryland then contained neither parishes, nor church- 
es, and no provision had been made by law, for the support of 
the gospel. There were only three episcopal clergymen in 
Marvlatid, 

CharleH Calvert, the then governor, became the proprieta^ 
ry, and underthis authority^ he convened an assembly, which 
gave to Maryland a new code of wise and salutary laws. 

In 1689, a revolution was completely effected in Maryland, 
by the protestants, under the mask of a popish plot, in con- 
nection with the Indians, to massacre all the protestants, and 
>a8iume the reini of government. The revolutionists placed 
*»e .l#bn Coodeinthe chair of the province, and king William 



UNITED STATES, Mi 

Sanctioned the measure, by orders to those who had assumed 
the power, to exercise it in his name, until further orders. 
From this, the government of the province remained under 
the control oftho crown, about twenty-seven years. 

In 1692, Maryland was divided into thirty-six parishes, 
and the bishop of London appomted Thomas Bray, D. D. as 
his commissary, to superintend the protestant cause in this 
province. Thus the protestant reUgion was established by 
Jaw. 

In 1094, the town of Severn was changed to that of Annapo 
lis, and made a port of entry. In 1697, it became the seat of 
government, and thus continues to this time. 

In the year 1716, the government was restored by king 
George I. to Charles, lord Baltimore, the proprietor, and it 
continued in his family, down to the year 1776, when the 
freemen of the province assumed the government, coniiscated 
the property, although the then proprietary was a minor, and 
framed and adopted the present constitution. 

In 1790, Maryland granted to the United States, that part of 
the District of Columbia, that lies east of the Potomac. 

The remainder of the history of Maryland, will be carried 
/orward with the United States, coWeciively, 



CHAPTER XV. 

HISE AND PROGRESS OF GEORGIA, FROM ITS ORIGIN, IN 1732, 
DOWN TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 

A period of more than one century elapsed, from the settle- 
ment of Virginia, New- York and New-England, before any 
attempts were made to settle Georgia. In June, 1732, king 
George 11. t granted a charter to a company in England, to 
settle that part of Georgia, that lies between the rivers Savan- 
nah and Alatamaha ; and the colony bears his name. 

The proprietors of this grant had it in view, to settle their 
lands, by transporting such indigent people in England, as had 
become burdensome, and were disposed to become adventur- 
ers to the new world. 

In the month of July, of the same year, the proprietors 
met, and appointed lord Percival for their president ; ordered a 

+ King Georgo II, ascended the throne, January, 1727. 



HISTORY OF THE 

common seal, &c. The powers vested in the company by 
this charter, extended to the term oftvvent}' years ; and then 
the government was to revert to the crown. 

In August following, a large sum of money was raised by 
subscription, among the higher orders in England, under the 
management of sir VVm. Heathcote, to provide for the neces- 
sities of the settlers, and support the views of the company. 
Parliament also cooperated by a grant of £10,000, to carry 
forward the plan. 

In November following, between one and two hundred la- 
borers, volunteered in the enterprise, and embarked irom 
England, in December, under the superintendance of James 
Oglethorpe. In January, 1733, they all arrived in Carolina, 
where they were kindly received, and hospitably provided 
for. 

The Carolinians supplied this colony with such live stock 
and tools, as were necessary to commence their settlement, 
together with such military escort, scout boats, &c. as were 
necessary to conduct them safe into Georgia. 

Thus provided for, this little colony, with their illustrious 
chief, arrived safe in Georgia ; explored the banks of the Sa- 
vannah for a permjinent residence ; and on the 9th of Febru- 
ary, erected the first house on that elevation, where the town 
of Savannah now stands. 

They next erected a small fort ; embodied and organized 
ihe settlers into a regular militia, for the defence, and pro- 
tection of the colony, and commenced their labors. They next 
entered into friendly negotiations with the neighboring In- 
dians, particular!}- the Creeks, who were the most numerous, 
and concluded treaties of safety. 

This colony was considered as a frontier settlement, be- 
tween the Indians on the one side, and the Spaniards on the 
other ; they were tlierefore all armed, and equipped, at the 
expense of the company ; and the settlers were accordingly 
bound to do military duty, and hold themselves in readiness, 
for the public defence. The government was so far feudal, 
that the trustees granted their lands upon a male entailment, 
and upon a failure in the male line, the lands were to revert 
back to the trustees ; reserving the right and power of provid 
ing for the female heirs, upon such estates in reversion", as 
the several improvements, as well as their necessities would 
justify. Reserving to the widows the dwelling-house, with 
one half of the lands, duringj life,, 



UNITED STATES. 03 

All lands suflered to lie waste for eighteen years, together 
with all lands forfeited by high treason, felonies, kc. were to 
revert back to the trustees. All trade with the Indians, to be 
subject to the regulations of the trustees, and all negroes and 
rum, were prohibited to the colony. 

Such a plan, for settling a colony in Georgia, soon proved as 
abortive, as ;Lhe constitution of Mr. Locke, for Carolina ; the 
settlers fled the province, in qu*^st of lands, [rec from entail, 
and which were easy to be obtained. 

In 1734, the trustees collected together, from the gleanings 
of cities, about 600 adventurers, whom they transported into 
Georgia ; but these proved a nuisance to the colony, by their 
idle and dissolute habits. The colony continued to languish, 
although parliament had augmented their grai its, to the amount 
of £36,000, to carry forw.jrd the benevolent design. 

The trustees opened a new plan for conducting their settle- 
ments. They laid off eleven townships, upon the Alatamaha, 
Savannah, Santee, Pedee, &c. consisting of 20,000 acres each^ 
surveyed into tifty acre lots. They next offered one tifty acre 
lot t« every actual settler. 

When the trustees published these terms in Scotland, 130 
Highlanders volunteered at once, and were transported int* 
Georgia, where they built the town of Inverness, upon the 
Alatamaha. At the same time, a company from Germany, 
consisting of about one hundred and seventy, embarked for 
Georgia, and settled a German colony. 

In 1736, general Oglethorpe, who had returned to England, 
to promote the good of the province, sailed for Georgia, with 
300 phmters, and settled Frederica, which augmented the num- 
ber of settlers to i400. All which, gave high hopes to (he 
trustees ; but their hopes were premature ; the idleness and 
dissipation of the first settlers, added to their wars with the 
Indians, blastf^d their hopes, and kept the colony in a state of 
wretchedness. 

At the commencement of the Spanish war, general Ogle- 
thorpe was appointed commander-in-chief of all his majesty's 
forces, in Georgia and South Carolina, 1 738. The first object 
of the general, was to secure the friendship of the Creeks, to 
defeat the intrigues of the Spaniards. This being accomplish- 
ed, he next concerted measures with governor Bull, of South 
Carolina, for the conquest of East Florida. 

General Oglethorpe, at the headof4(»0 men, from Virginia, 
Carolina, and Georgia, with a body of friendly ladiaws. eiter- 

15* 



7# HISTORY OF THE' 

ed Florida, and took fort Diego, within twenty miles of St 
Augustine. Soon after, he was joined by the other colonial 
troops and Indians, to the number of about 2000, and march- 
ed to St. Augustine, without opposition, and invested the 
castle. The general pushfd the siege for several days, with 
vigor ; but the garrison was reinforced, his troops became 
sickly, and began to desert; the hurricane season was athand, 
and the general abandoned the enterprise, and returned to 
Georgia. 

In 1742, the Spaniards attempted to return the rompli- 
ment to the general. A Spanish force of 200u men, under 
the command of Don Antonio Ridondo, from the Havanna, 
touched at St. Augus^tine, and took in a reinforcement of 1000 
men, and from thence sailed to Georgia ; entered the Alata- 
maha, and proceeded up the river, and erected a buttery of 
twenty eighteen pounders. General Oglethorpe retired at 
their approach, and retreated to Frederica, with only 700 
men. 

The Spanish commander detached several parties, in pur- 
suit of general Oglethorpe, but these weie defeated, with 
very considerable loss, and the enterprise failed. 

At this time, general Oglethorpe learned, that the dissen- 
sions in the Spanish army, obliged them to keep two encamp- 
ments, and he attempted to surprise one of them in the night ; 
but his plan was discovered by a deserter, and he was obliged 
again to retreat to Frederica. 

The general hit upon an expedient to revenge on the de- 
serter, for his treachery. He addressed to him a letter, by u 
Spanish captive, as though he was a spy in the Spanish camp, 
and directed htm to inform the Spanish general, that if be 
marched directly to Frederica, he might surprise the English, 
in their defenceless situation ; but if he delayed three days, 
the English would then be reinforced, by six Briti=^h ships of 
war, and 2000 men. 

This stratagem succeeded ; the letter was delivered to the 
Spanish general, and the deserter Wiis put in irons. The 
o-eneral, undetermined how to act, delayed his movements un- 
til the third day, when a reinforcement, which had sailed from 
South Carolina, for the relief of general Oglethorpe, appear- 
ed in view. The Spanish general took the alarm ; demol 
ished his fort, spiked his heavy cannon, abandoned his pro- 
visions and military stores, embarked his troops, and retarji 
ed to Florida, 



UNITED STATES. ilt 

Georgia was thus relieved ; and general Oglethorpe was 
hailed as the deliverer of his couotiy ; but the Spanish gen- 
eral, on his return to Havanna, was thrown into prison, for his 
dastardly conduct. 

At this time, the supplies of money voted by parliament, for 
the settlement of Georgia, amounted to £112, UOO ; but with 
all this patronage, the restrictions, forfeitures, and hardships 
endured by the settlers, embarrassed the colony, and the set- 
tlers languished. 

Tired of these fruitless efforts, the trustees abandoned the 
enterprise ; resigned up their trust to the crown, and Georgia 
became a royal government, in 1652 ; just twenty years after 
the first settlements in the country. 

King George established a regular colonial government in 
Georgia, after the plan of the other royal governments, and 
appointed John Reynolds for their first governor, under the 
crown. At this time, the whole exports of the province, did 
not exceed £10,000 sterling, per annum. 

In 1755, the first general court was established in Georgia ; 
but the progress of agricultural improvements had been ao 
slow, that their exports, at the close of the old French war. 
did not exceed j£27, 000 per annum. 

Soon after the peace of 1763, a spirit of enterprise began 
to prevail, under the administration of governor Wright ; 
their low lands and swamps began to be cleared, and cultiva- 
ted ; and the colony enjoyed such prosperity, that in 1773„ 
their annual exports amounted to about 120,0 >0 pounds ster- 
ling. 

In 1763, king George III. annexed to Georgia, all the lands 
lying between the river Alatamaha and St, Mar^'. 

In 1785, Georgia adopted her first free constitution, and 
the legislature incorporated the university of Georgia. In 
1798, Georgia amended, and adopted the present constitution. 

The remainder of the history of Georgia, will be carried 
usrnrard callectively, with the United States. 



QENERAL REMARKS ON PART IV. 



In the sketch here given, of the rise and progress of th§ co- 
lonies south of the Hudson river, we are led to notice a vari- 
ety of character, aadelisGordant interests ; anil each indepem- 



176 HISTORY OF THE 

dently pursuing its own. To accomplish this, they had gor- 
ernments to form, the forest to subdue, the Indians to keep 
quiet, and their lands to obtain, either by purchase, or con- 
quest, which often involved them in long and bloody savage 
wars. These common objects engrossed their whole atten- 
tion, and served as a bond of union, to support them in their 
efibrts 10 clear and settle the country. 

Manners and Customs. — These were not only diiferent, in 
the several colonies, but in each they were peculiar to them- 
selves. In New- York, they were rigidly characteristic of the 
Hollanders, from whence they severally emigrated, and pos- 
sessed all the features, peculiar to the sober, neat, frugal, in- 
dustrious, and plodding low Dutch. In Virginia, they felt and 
indulged the pride and ostentation of highborn Englishmen, 
and while they scorned the rigid manners and customs of the 
puritans of the north, indulged in all the luxury, effeminacy, 
and dissipation of their countrymen, under the reign of king 
Charles II. In Carolina the excesses, and licentiousness of 
the tirst emigrants, were almost peculiar to themselves, but 
from the times of the settlements of the several protestant 
colonies, from France, Germany, Scotland and Ireland, the 
manners and customs of the Carolinas were greatly changed, 
and assumed a more fixed and permanent character. — Mary- 
land commenced her settlement under more favourable auspi- 
ces ; although they were Rom m c;itholics, they received 
from their leader, lord Baltimore, a liberal and fixed charac- 
ter, that rendered their manners and customs permanent and 
respectable. Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey, were 
generally quakers, and their settlements commenced under 
a system of manners and customs, peculiar to that people.— 
!Neat, frugal, temperate, honest and industrious, they paid the 
natives liberally for their land, and treated them fairly and hon- 
Qrably ; lived among them as brethren, and were the most ex- 
empt from Indian wars of any of the American colonies. 

Religion. — In this, these colonies differed ms much as in 
their manners and customs, which may serve to show, in some 
measure, the reciprocal influence they have upon each other. 
In New-York, the Dutch ret7)rmed religion gen<^,rdly prevail- 
ed, for this Tvas the religion of their country. In Virginia, the 
religion of the Episcopal church of England, generally pre- 
Tailed, for this was the prevailing religion of their country.-— 
In Carolina, whatever religion they may be supposed to have 
had in their early period, was of a mixed character, until the 



UNITED STATES. Itf 

protestani colonies commenced their settlements ; after that 
time, their religious character became more fixed, and res- 
pectable. In Maryland, the Roman catholic religion was the 
standard of the first settlers, and for ihe free enjoyment oi 
this, lord Baltimore led his colony into the wilds of America, 
and commenced the settlement of Maryland. The colony 
continued to enjo}' their religion, until the protestant reign of 
William and Mary commenced in England ; from that time, 
religious dissensions arose, and distracted the colony, until 
they subverted the established religion of the government : 
and the dissenters introduced, and fixed the protestant religion 
by law, which had become the prevailingreligion, at the close 
of this period, and still continues. The religion of the three 
other colonies, was that of the denomination called quakers, or 
friends, and the great William Penn, who settled the colony 
of Pennsylvania, was considered as the leader, and father of 
this people in America, and he was reverenced by them, next 
to their original founder, George Fox. The practical princi- 
ples of this religion, peace on earth and good will to men, se- 
cured to these colonies, the rich enjoyments of civil and re- 
ligious institutions, and a general peace and harmony with the 
Indians. 

Trade and Commerce, — Trade and commerce commenced 
in these colonies, with their origin, and have formed the lead- 
ing features of their character. Furs and peltry, .^ere the first 
articles of traffic, which were procured from the Indians, and 
generally for such trifles as rendered the trade very profita- 
ble, when they were exported to England. Tobacco, in the 
southern colonies, was also an article of considerable export, 
particularly in Virginia and Maryland. As the settlementjs 
extended, beef, pork, lard, vidieat, flour, and some live stock, 
were added to their exports, in large quantities. About the 
beginning of the 18th century, rice and tar, inCarohna, were 
added to the above articles. These taken collectively, formed 
the basis of the exports from the middle and southern colonies, 
for which they received in exchange W. India and European 
goods ; but the latter, were received principally from G. Brit- 
ain, because, by her commercial acts, she engrossed, as far as 
possible, the foreign trade of her American colonies. Ship 
building did not commence and flourish early, in these colo- 
nies, as it had done in New England, which gave to Great Brit- 
ain the principal part of their carrying trade. 

Arts and Manufactures. — These were not known in the^ 
middle and southern colonies, any farther than was necessary 



na HISTORY OF THE 

to construct their dwellings, erect bridges, mills, kc. and to 
manufacture coarse domestic cloths, for common use, and ev- 
en these, were very limited in their extent. They had no 
fisheries, as in New-England, to encourage the art of ship- 
building, or serve as a nursery for seamen, to manage their 
foreign trade ; which renrjered the British navigation act, of 
1651, more effectual in these colonies, than at the north. The 
art of printing was early introduced into New England ; but 
at the close of this period, it is believed, not to have been in- 
troduced south of Pennsylvania. During the admmistration 
of governor Berkeley in Virginia, he " thanked God, that 
there was not a printing press in all the southern colonies." 

Population. — The whole white colonial population, at the 
close of this period, has been estimated at 900,000 ; of which 
amount, the middle and southern colonies contained more 
than one half. 

Education. — That system of education, which commenced 
with the settlement of New England, in their primary schools, 
grammar schools, and colleges, was not known in either of the 
middle or southern colonies, at the close of this period. The 
rich planters, and merchants, sent their sons abroad for their 
education, generally ; but the middling, and lower classes of 
the people, remained in ignorance at home. As early as 1619 
to 21, funds were raised in England and Virginia, to endow 
a public seminary at Henrico, and another at Charles city ; but 
they both failed ; and in 1690, these funds were applied'^to the 
support of William and Mary college, which was established 
and patronised, by the then reigning family in England. Thi< 
was the only public seminary that had been established, at the 
close of this period, from the Hudson to Georgia. 

War. — Wars with the Indians were common to all these co- 
lonies ; but they did not any of them suffer from the ravages 
of the French, and the Canada Indians, in connection with the 
wars of New England, except New York. Her northern 
frontier was equally exposed to those savage depredations, that 
had been so distressing to New England, through this period, 
and which were closed by the conquest of Canada. In this 
conquest, New York and New England made a common cause, 
Virginia and tlie Carolinas suffered severely from Indian wars, 
until the capture of fort Duqnesne, and the humiliation of the 
more southern Indians ; but Pennsylvania, Maryland, Dela-= 
ware and Jersey, were more favored, and suffered less from 
Lndian ravages, than any of the other colonies. 



UNITED STATES* 

PAK r III. 

CHAPTER I. 

LauSES that led to the AMERICAN RE VOLUTION - 

By the peace of 1763, Great Britain had triumphed over 
her enemies in the east and in the west, and become mistress 
q( the seas, and arbiter of the world.— The colonies had tri- 
timphed over the French in Canada, and the savages of the 
wilderness i and laid the foundation of a lasting Indian peace ; 
but new troubles awaited them, more serious in their effects 
and consequences, than any they had yet endured, and from 
tt quarter wholly uncontemplated. 

Great-Britain, jealous of the rising strength of the colonieSj 
x'esolved to make an effort to check and control it. At this 
time, her navigation act, so called, of 1651, was in full force 
in America ; by which she engrossed all the trade of the col- 
onies, and from which she derived such a revenue, as ought 
to have shown her where her true interest lay, and made her 
contented* 

This degree of wisdom she did not possess ; but her ava- 
tice, combined with her jealousy, and lust of domination, led 
her to check this free trade, by a system of duties on com* 
merce, under the authority of the following act, of 1764 i 
** Whereas it is just and necessary, that a revenue be raised 
in America, to defray the expenses of defending, securing, 
and protecting the same, &c. We, the commons, fee. do give 

and grant unto your majesty, towards raising the sum of 

to be levied upon the following articles, therein specified, 
Yiz. upon all foreign clayed sugars, mdigo, coffee, and all for- 
eign produce, upon all wines except French, upon all wrought 
silks, and all calicoes, molasses and sirups, being the produce 
of a colony not under the dominion of Great Britain," &c. All 
which duties, were to be paid into his majesty's exchequer.! 

t From the following acts of parliament, it may be seen how passive 
America had. beeajimder the ristriqlions of her trade, an^ fv^m which 



ISO HISTORY OF THE 

This act enforced the collection of these duties in the courts 
of admiralty, and ordered all duties to be paid in specie ; both 
of which aimed a mortal blow at the liberty and prosperity 
of America. 

Well might the colonies take the alarm, at such a bold stretch 
of power, and well might they sound the alarm through the 
country. The sagacious politicians of America saw a cloud 
arising, under this act, that threatened to destroy their just 
rights and dearest interests forever. 

It had been a maxim interwoven in the fundamental princi- 
ples of the colonial governments, "that taxation and repre- 
sentation, were, and ought to be, inseparable." Impressed 
with the importance of this truth, the colonies demanded, by 
way of petition to the crown, that the taxes might be remov- 
ed, and the colonies left free to tax themselves, or be admit- 
ted to an equal representation in the government. 

Deaf to the remonstrances of the colonies, the taxes were 
continued by the ministry, and rigidly enforced by the naval 
commanders, stationed upon the American coast. This led 
the colonies to appoint committees of correspondence, to call 
up the attention of the people, and promote a general union 
of sentiment and action. 

Instead of listening to the prayers and remonstrances of 
the colonies, and removing the taxes, the ministry added the 
duly on stamps, termed the stamp act, which passed in March^ 
1765. t 

G. Britain argued that she would continue to be passive. In >732, an 
act was passed, prohibiting the exportation of hats from America, and 
restricting the number of appicntices, taken by hatters. In 1750, an 
act prohibited the erection of any mill, for slitting or rolling iron, ox 
any plating forge, to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace, for ma- 
king steel, in the colonies. Also, all wools or woollen goods, the pro- 
duce of America, were prohibited to be exported from one province to 
another, in any manner whatever. 

tThis act ordained, that all instruments of writing, such as notes,, 
l)onds, deeds, Sic. should be executed on stamped paper, throughout 
the colonies, or be null and void by law, all which stamped paper, 
should pay a duty to the crown. While this system of measures was 
under discussion in parliament, Charles Townsend thus expressed 
himself in debate : 

" These Americans, our own children, planted by our care, nourished 
by pur indulgence, protected by own arms, until they are grown to a 
wQQd degree of strength and opulence ; will they now turn their backs 
upon US', and grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from the 
heavy load which overwhelms us ?" 

Col. Barre caught the words, and, witlj a Ttheipcnci Jiectmin^ » 
(tu? is^l^i^r, r9se £knd sa,id : 



UNITED STATES. 181 

When this had passed, doctor Franklin, then in London, 
wrote Mr. Charles Thompson,! at Philadelphia, and thus ex- 
pressed himself: " The sun of liberty is set, you must light 
up the candles of industry and economy." To which Mr., 
Thompson replied, " I fear other lights may become neces- 
sary." 

To guard ag.iinst colonial opposition to this system of taxa 
lion, as well as to keep the peace in America, it was con- 
templated by the ministry, that the revenue on stamps would 
support an armed force. Lord Grenville introduced another 
bill, authorising mihtary officers in America, to quarter their 
troops upon the people, in private houses. This bill, cor- 
rupt as it was, passed in part, and ordered the legislatures 
of the several colonies, to provide by law, for the support of 
the troops. 

Thus the system of despotism was unfolded at one view, 
and the colonies saw nothing before them, but resistance or 
slavery ; even the slavery of Ireland, at the point of the bay- 
onet. 

'• Plnnledbyijour care ! No ! your oppression planted them in Amer^ 
ica ; they flsd trom your tyranny, into a then uncultivated land, where 
they were exposed to ahnost all the hardships, to which human nature 
is liable, and among others, to the savage cruelty of the enemy of tht; 
country, a people, the most subtle, and I take upon me to say, tlie 
most truly terrible, of any people that over inhabited any part of God's 
earth ; and yet, actuated by principles of true English liberty, they 
met all these hardships with pleasure, compared with those they suf- 
fered m their own country, from the hands of those that should have 
been their friends. 

" Thei/ 7iourished bj/ your indulgence '. They grew by your neglect ; 
as soon as you began to care about them, that care was exercised, in 
sending persons to rule over them, in one department and another, 
who were, perhaps, the deputies of the deputies of some members of 
this house, sent to spy out their liberties, to misrepresent tlieir actions, 
and to prey upon them : men, whose behavior, on many occasions, 
has caused the blood of those eons of liberty to recoil witliin them : 
men, promoted to the highest seats of justice, some of whom, to my 
knowledge, were glad, by going to foreign countries, to escape the 
vengeance of the laws in their own. 

** They protected by your arms ! Tiiey have uobly taken up arms in 
four defence, have exerted their valor, amidst their constant and labo- 
rious industry, for the defence of a country, whose frontiers, while 
flrenched in blood, its interior parts have yielded for your enlargement, 
the little savings of their frugality, and the fruits of their toils. Antt 
believe me, remember,! this day told you so, that the same spirit whicK 
actuated that people at first, will continue with them still." 

t Afterwards socretary to congress, 

16 



182 HISTORY OF THE 

The patriots of Virginia, George Johnston and Patrick Hen- 
ry, kindled the spark of liberty, which burst forth in a migh- 
ty blaze, and illuminated the country with their spirited re- 
solves, in May.f These were reciprocated through the colo- 
nies, and led to the convention of a general congress at New- 
York, in October. This, like the grand assembly at Albany, 
in 1764, gave union, strength, and spirit to the colonies. — 
The sons of those pilgrims, who had subdued the forest, the 
savage and the French, lost not a moment in their choice, but 
rallied round the standard of liberty, and stood forth, the 
champions of their country's rights. 

Tumults commenced in Boston, and spread through the 
country. Acts of non-importation were passed, that lessened 
the imports from Britain, this year, j[;;)880,81 1. 

At this time, the free white population of these colonies, was 
estimated at 926,000 ; extending on the sea coast, from Geor- 
gia to Maine ; yet their manly resistance, supported by the 
influence of the great Wm. Pitt, compelled the British minis- 
try to repeal the stamp act ; and in March, 1766, his majesty 
went to the house of peers, and gave his royal sanction to the 
act of repeal. 

Great was the joy in London ; the city was illuminated ; 
the ships displayed their colors, and all was a scene of re- 

t In these resolutions, Virginia led the way. On the meeting of the 
liouee ofburgessas, Patrick Henry- presented, among others, the fol- 
lowing, which were substantially adopted. 

Resolved^ That his majoaty's liooo people of this his ancient colony, 
have enjoyed the rights of being thus governed by their own assembly, 
in the article of taxes, and internal police, and that the same have ne- 
ver been forfeited, or yielded up, but have been coustaiitly recognized 
by the king and people of Britam. 

Resolved, therefore. That the general assembly of this colony, to- 
gether with his majesty, or his substitutes, have, in their representa- 
tive capacity, the only exclusive right and power, to lay taxes and im- 
posts, upon the iahabitants of this colony ; and that every attempt to 
vest such power in any other person, or persons, whatsoever, than the 
general assembly aforesaid, is illegal, unconstitutional and unjust, and 
hath a, manifest tendency to destroy British, as well as American lib- 
erty. 

Resolved, That his majesi3'''s liege people, the inhabitants of this co- 
lony, are not bound to yield obedience to any law, or ordinance what- 
ever, desiL'ned to impose any taxation whatever, upon them, other thau 
the laws or ordinances of the general assembly aforesaid. 

Resolved, That any person who shall, by speaking or writing, assert 
or maintain, that any person or persons, otherthan the general assem- 
bly of this colony, have any right or power to impose, or lay a tax on 
the people here, shall be deemed an enemy of this his majesty's colony. 



UNITED STATES. 183 

joicing. The joyful tidings flew like lightning to the shores 
of America, and the colonies were filled with transports of 
joy. The bold declaration of the great commoner, Pitt, " You 
have no right to tax America ; I am glad she has resisted ^^^ be- 
came the topic of the day, and he the idol of the people. 

The clause in this act o^ repeal, styled the declaratory act, 
was, impossible, more hostile to the peace and interest of the 
colonies, than the stamp act itself. This pernicious clause, 
^^ Parliament has, and of right ought to have, power to bind the 
colonies ni all cases zvhat )ei'er," finally severed the nation, 
and established the independence of the colonies. 

America felt the elevated ground on which she stood, from 
the high acquisition she had g:iir.ed, the saving clause in the 
act of repeal notwithstanding, and ascribed the victory to the 
impression she had made on commerce ; hence she conclud- 
ed, that she might always wield that weapon with success, 
should she ever have another occasion. 

Great Britain at the same time, felt her honor, as well as 
her interest wounded, and lost not a moment in seeking re- 
dress. 

In 1767, Charles Townsend, chancellor of the exchequer, 
called up the attention of parliament to the declaratory act, 
and pledged his honor, that the same might be enforced. To 
accomplish this, he introduced a bill into parliament, for grant- 
ing certain duties to his majesty, on glass, paper, painter's co- 
lors and tea, imported into America ; which was passed into 
a law. 

This bill opened the wound of the stamp act afresh, and 
roused the same excitement in America, that the bill of ship 
money had done in England, the last century, and raised the 
same opposition. This bill contained a sweeping clause, 
which empowered the king to establish a civil list in the colo- 
nies, upon which he might levy taxes at pleasure, to an inde* 
finite amount. An act was also passed, for establishing a board 
of commissioners at Boston, to superintend the customs, and 
manage the revenue. An act also provided, that British 
troops should be supported, at the expense of the colonies in 
America. 

On the 27th of May, a bill passed in parliament, ** for re- 
straining the assembly of New- York from passing any act, un- 
til they had complied with the act of parliament, for furnishing 
his majesty's troops with the necessaries required by the act." 
This act was signed by the king, the 2d of July following. 



184 HISTORY OF THE 

This act unfoldecl the whole system of arbitrary power, 
which the ministers had assumed, and called forth from the 
house of burgesses in Virginia, the following remark: "If 
parliament can compel the colonies to furnish a single article 
to the troops sent over, the}' may by the same rule, oblige 
Ihem to furnish clothes, arms, and ever}' other necessary, even 
to the pay of the officers and soldiers ; a doctrine replete 
^vith every mischief, and utterly subversive of every thing 
dear and valuable.'- 

This act of parliament took effect in New-York, and the 
powers of the assembly were suspended, one whole year» 
which brought them to terms. They complied with the act, 
and their functions were restored ; but when they attem})ted 
to co-operate with the other colonies, by their resolves, to 
support the grand system of opposition ; the governor dissol- 
ved them. 

Alarmed at such daring innovations ; impressed with a just 
sense of their situation, and alive to their best rights and dear- 
est interests, the colonies again roused to the contest, and open- 
ed their whole battery of resolves, petitions, addresses and 
remonstrances, with which they liad withstood the stamp act ; 
together with their general associations of non-importation. 

This commanding atiiiude of the colonies, alarmed lord 
Hillsborough, secretary of slate for American aflairs, and he 
•wrote to all the crown governors in the colonies, to exert tlieir 
influence, to suppress these combinations. This o|)ened the 
war between the governors and the jieople ; and the scenes oi 
the stamp act, ^vere extensively renewed. 

At the .June session of Massachusetts assembly, in 1768, 
governor Bernard, by order of the British minister, demand- 
ed that they should rescind a particular act of a iormer assem- 
bly ; to which Mr. Otis replied, " When lord Hillsborough 
knows that we will not repeal our acts, he should apply to par- 
liament to rescind theirs. Let Britain rescind her measures, 
or she is lost forever.''^ 

The public mind was now ripe for an explosion, and an in- 
cident occurred that lit up the fire. 

On the lOth of June, the officers of the customs seized a 
sloop, belonging to John Hancock esq. while in the act of dis- 
charging a cargo of wine. Resistance was made, but without 
effect. The people rose in a tumultuous manner, to the num- 
ber of about 2000 ; beat and wounded the officers of the cus- 
toms ; demolished their houses, and renewed the scenes®! 



UNITED STATES. 185 

the stamp ant, so fully, that the commissioners of the customs 
fled to the castle, under the protection of the governor, until 
the storm was over. 

Lord Hillsborough had anticipated these scenes in Boston, 
and written, on the 8th of June, to general Gage, and admiral 
Hood, at Halifox, to send a military force from that station to 
Boston, to protect the commissioners of the revenue. On 
the 1 1th of August, general Gage communicated this order to 
the governor of Massachusetts, and informed him, that he 
had sent over one regiment, with a small naval force, to pro- 
tect the harbor of Boston. On the first of October, the fleet 
entered the port of Boston, and proceeded to land the troops, 
under cover of their guns, without opposition ; i*nd they were 
quartered in FaneuilHall and the Town House, until other 
accommodations could be provided. 

In February, 1769, the house of lords passed sundry bills, 
liighly indicative of the resentment thoy felt, towards the pro- 
ceedings of Massachusetts, with which the house of commons 
concurred, and both houses united in an address to his majes- 
ty, applauding the firmness of his measures, and assuring him 
of their support. 

They also besought his majesty *' to direct the governor of 
Massachusetts to procure the fullest information, touching all 
treasons, and misprisons of treason, committed within the co- 
lony, since the 30th of Uecember, 1767, and to transmit the 
same, together with the names of the persons, who were the 
most active in such oifcnces, to one of the secretaries of state, 
in order that his majesty might issue a special commission, for 
inquiring of, hearin;; and determining the same offences, with- 
in the realm of Great Britain ; pursuant to the statute of the 
35th of Henry VHI." 

The indignation which this address excited in Ameriba, can 
never again be either felt or expressed. The lollowing resolu- 
tion of the house of burgesses, in Virginia, may serve to shew 
the sense, as well as the iirmness of the colonies at large, viz. 

" Resolved, That this house has the exclusive right to tax 
their constituents ; as well as their just right, to petition their 
sovereign, for the redress of grievances, and also to procure 
the concurrence of the other colonies, in praying for the in- 
terposition of his majesty, in favor of the violated rights of 
America. And that all trials for treasons, or misprisons, or 
any other crimes whatsoever, committed in the colony, ought 
to be tried before the courts of his majestv, in that colotiy ; 

16* 



18C HISTORY OF THE 

nnd thnl the seizing of liny person, residing in that colony, stft 
pected of any crime whatsoever, committed therein, and sen- 
ding such persons to phices beyond se:s to be tried, was high- 
ly derogatory to the rights ot" British subjects." The next 
day, ]ovi\ Bottetourt the jiovernor, dissolved the assembly. 

The same resolutions were passed in Carolina, and tlie 
same effects followed, trom governor Tryon. 

In 17G8, the non-importation association liad become gen 
eral throughout the colonies, under the motto of '' United wc 
conquer; divided we die." 

In Massachusetts, the fire raged with increased violence. 
Here were the ioreign troops, and here was the focus of the 
revolution. 

The Massachusetts house of assembly, by the firmness of 
their resolves, extorted the following acknowledgement from 
the governor : 

*' Gentlemen, 1 have no authority over his majesty's ships 
in this port, or his troops in this town," which led them to 
])ass the following resolve : " that we can proceed no lariher 
^vith business, while surrounded with an armetl force.'"! The 
governor adjourned the general court, to hold their sittings at 
Cambridge. 

The governor next requested the house, to make provis- 
ion for the expenses of the troops ; which they, by their re- 
solves, absolutely rei'used. 

The wliole colonies had now become sensibly alive to the 
oppressions they felt ; their resolves reached Britain, which 
caused an attempt in the house oTcommons, to repeal the ob- 
noxious duties, supported by the clamor of the citizens of 
London ; but without elVect. Lord North appeared at the 
head of the opposition, and thus expressed the sense of par- 
jiainent : '* However prudence, or policy, may hereaOer in- 
duce us to repeal the late piper and glass act, / hope li'c shall 
never think of it, until tec h.'jvc brought ^hnerica to onrfect.^^ 

Lord Hillsborough, at the close of this session of j)arlia- 
ment, attempted to soolh the irritability of the colonies, and 
soften down their feelings, as well as their measures, by the 
fallowing circular, which he addressed to the governors of all 
the colonies — May 13, 1709. 

" It is the intention of his majesty's ministers, to move iu 
the next parliament, that the duties on glass, paper, and col- 

1 A park of artillery was planted in front of tho state house, vfi\k 
Wlliixks poiuteii Uircctly tewards the seat ofjuslice and tUoIuWij. 



UNITED STATES. JU 

ors, be romovetl, as having been laid, contrary to the trur 
jninciples of commerce ;" with assurances at the same time, 
*' that a design to propose to parhament any further taxes ou 
America, for tiie purpose of raising a revenue, lias at no lime 
been entertaincil.'" 

This uas plausible, but it took no elVect. The duty of 
three pence per pound, remaining on tea, shewed to the col- 
onies, that enough of taxes was retained, to establish the prin- 
ciple in the declaratory act, *' that Great Britain claims the 
right of binding the colonies in all things whatsoever." This 
to them, amounted to tlie same, as it" the whole taxes had been 
retained ; because the princii>le was the same, and this was 
the real point in (juestion. 

Governor Bernard was recalled by his nrijestv, in June, and 
in August, he embarked tor England, leaving lieutenant-gov- 
ernor IJutchinson in the chair of IMas^achusells. 



CllABTEK 11. 

CAUSES liiXi LEU TO THE UKVOLl TIOX, CONTINUED, 

Unfortunate collisions between the troops and citizens ot' 
Boston, had been frequei't, and the public peace iiad often 
been disturbed ; these collisions iiad engendered strife, and 
bitterness between the parties, and violence often ensued. 

On the '2d of March, 1770. an atVray took place between a 
number of soldier.s and rope-makers, which beciime serious, 
and led to the collection of a mob at evening. At 9 o'clock, 
the |>opulace were assembled at the ringing of tlie bells, and 
commenced an attack u|ion the main guard, accompanied with 
the cry of, " kill the soldiers, kill the soldiers." 

'i'he olhcer of the guaril, resented this outrage, and ordei-eU 
the men to lire on the populace, wliich was obeyed in part ; 
three were instantly killed ; five were dangerously, and sev- 
eral slightly wounded — March 5, 1770. 

The shock w.is inexpressihly great ; the town was instantly 
;(larmed ; they beat to arms, \vilh the general cry of " turn 
out with your guns." Tlie citizens immediately assembled to 
ihe number of several thousands, both with and without arms. 
At the same time, the lieut. governor called on the ollioer «f 
ihe guard, («<;aptain Treston) and demanded the reason why 



188 HISTORY OF THE 

he fired upon the people without orders ? To which he re- 
plied, " we were insulted." The lieut. governor instantly 
passed on to meet the council, and on his way, attempted to 
appease the populace. 

On the morning of the 6th, the lieutenant-governor assem- 
bled his council, and by permission, lieutenant colonels Dal- 
rymple ana Carr, appeared in the council. The people, at 
the same time, assembled in town-meeting, in a vast con- 
course, and in great rage, where they passed the following re- 
solve, and sent it by a special committee to the governor : — 
*'It is the unanimous voice of this meeting, that nothing can 
prevent blood and carnage, and restore the peace of the town, 
but the immediate removal of the troops." The lieutenant 
colonel commandant returned for answer, *' that he readily 
consented, that the offending (29lh) regiment, should be re- 
moved." At the receipt of this report, (3 o'clock, P. M.) 
the town meeting had increased to about three thousand. — 
They returned another resolve, " the whole of the troops 
must be removed." To which the venerable Samuel Adams, 
who bore the message to the governor, added, " it you can 
remove the 29th, you can remove the 14th, and it is at your 
peril, if you do not." 

The lieutenant-governor appealed to the council for ad- 
vice, and whilst the question thus balanced, Mr. secretary 
Oliver, frankly told the governor, "you must either comply 
with the demands of the people, or prepare to leave the 
province." 

Captain Preston and his guard were taken into custody the 
next day, and committed to prison for trial. 

On the 8lh of March, one of the wounded men died, and 
the funeral of the slain, was attended by an unusual concourse 
of the citizens of Boston, and the neighboring towns; under 
the solemnity of the largest and most interesting procession, 
that was ever witnessed in Boston. The mournful peal of all 
the bells in Boston, Chailestown and Roxbury, tolled their 
solemn knell ; which gave an inexpressible gloom to the 
scene. 

The troops were all removed down to the castle, and gen- 
eral tranquility was so far restored, as to admit the trial of 
c-aptain Preston to commence, on the 24th, in due form. The 
v-rime tor which he stood indicted, *vas murder. 

The counsel for the prisoner, were John Adams and Josiah 
t^uincy esq's. These distinguished sons of liberty, warm 



UNITED STATES. IBS 

as had been their emotions and expressions, in the cause ol 
their injured country, became cool and disinterested, in the 
court ofjustice, anddisphiyed the magnanimity ot'lheir char- 
acters, in the defence of their chent. On the 30th, a virtuous, 
independent jury, regardless of the emotions of their own 
breasts, or the rage of popular opiiion, returned a verdict ot 
not guilty. 

The trial of the eight sohlicrs of the guard, who actually 
fired on the people, commenced the next day, upon tlie same 
indictment. 'J'hey were defended by the same counsel ; and 
after a trial of five d;iys, were in the same manner acquitted. 

It was remarked of Mr. Adams, that his arguments to shew 
under what a variety of circumstances, murder was actually 
reduced to man-slaughter, were so luminous, that they indu- 
ced the popular leaders to change their ground, and turn their 
attention to the militia, as the best defence of liberty. 

On the 26th of Septemb r, the governor informed the 
house, that the troops were to be withdrawn from the castle, 
and their place was to be supplied with such other reguhu 
troops, as his myesty should be pleased to appoint to that sta- 
tion, and be subject to the command of general Gage. 

Struck with alarm, at this intelligence, the assembly saw 
before them the awful crisis. They passed a resolve, " ap- 
pomting Wednesday, the 3d of October next, to be observed 
hy both houses, as a day of prayer, to seek the Lord for his 
direction and blessing." This was sent up to the council, and 
approved unanimously. The assembly were at this time in 
session at Cambridge, by order of the governor. 

In January, 1771, a recent grant of i^2000, by the assem- 
bly of New- York, for the support of British troops, raised 
violent commotions in that citv. Anonvmous publications 
were circulated, to inflame the passions of the people ; call- 
ing upon them to assemble in the tields. About 1400 obey- 
ed the summons, and repaired to the tields, where they ex- 
pressed by a resolve, their disapprobation of the acts of the 
legislature, granting money for the support of British troops ; 
appointed a committee to communicate their doings to the as- 
sembl}', and quietly dispersed. 

In the years 1771 and 2, general arrangements were made 
throughout the colonies, by corresponding committees, s[)e- 
cially appointed, to ascertain the strength of the sons of lib- 
erty, in every town. The public mind was at the same time, 
excited by a succession of the most spirited publications, '0!\ 
the side of liberty, and the rights of the country. 



190 HISTORY OF THE 

At this time, the citizens of Providence burnt and destroy- 
ed the Gaspee schooner, a noted vexatious revenue cutter in 
that river, which served to give impulse to the public feeling. 

Town meetings continued to multiply, and their resolves 
were transmitted to the general committee in Boston. A 
general summary of the whole may be seen in the following : 

Resolved, " That it is the first and 'highest social duty of 
this people, to consider of, and seek ways and means for a 
speedy redress of these mighty grievances and intolerable 
wrongs ; and that for the obtaining of this end, this people 
are warranted by the laws of God and nature, in the use of 
every rightful act, and energy of policy, stratagem, or force.'' 

In 1773, a traitorous and periidous correspondence of gov- 
ernor Hutchinson, judge Oliver, and five others, with the 
British ministry, was detected and sent to America, by doctor 
Franklin, (then in London) where it circulated through the 
country, in the public prints, and gave high impulse to the 
public mmd. The assembly of Massachusetts immediately 
forwarded a petition to his majesty, praying for a speedy re- 
moval of the governor, kc. 

When the news of the destruction of the Gaspee schooner 
arrived m England, the ministry obtained an act of parliament 
under the following title, viz. *' An act'for the better securing 
his majesty's dock-yards, magazines, ships, ammunition, 
stores, &c." by which the penalty of death was denounced 
against all who should destroy, or aid and assist in destroying 
any of the articles named in this act ; and also subjected the 
offenders to a trial in any shire or county in England. 

Armed with these powers, parliament next proceeded to 
pass another act, authorising the East India company to ex- 
port their teas, free from duty, in any part of the world.* 
This would give tea to the American colonies, with the duty 
to government of three pence per pound, cheaper than the 
then current price. 

The company were aware of the evils that might ensue, 
and offered to government a duty of six pence, on all teas 
exported, if they would withdraw the colonial duty of three 
pence ; but this was rejected, and the East India company 
?5hipped to each of the cities of Philadelphia, New York and 
Boston, 600 chests, and a general distribution in like propor- 
tion to the other colonies. 

t The East India company had on hand at that time, about seven-' 
teen million nounds of tea. 



UNITED STATES. 191 

These measures were rightly appreciated in America, and 
combinations were immediately formed by the merchants, 
throughout the colonies, to resist the measures, and oppose 
both the landing and sales of the tea ; denouncing as tories 
and traitors, all who either aided or assisted in thus violating 
the liberties of their country. 

The consignees of the tea, generally, resigned their trusts, 
to avoid the rage of the populace ; and the tea was either 
sent back or stored, by all the cities to which it was shipped, 
except Boston. The consignees at Boston had refused to re- 
sign. A town meeting was called ; the tea ships were seized 
and secured by a strong guard ; the citizens of the neighbor- 
ing towns repaired to Boston, to witness the scene that was 
passing in town meeting, then held under that liberty tree, 
which had been so conspicuoui- in the riots of the stamp act. 
Alarmed for their safety, the consignees then requested 
permission of the governor to resign, but he refused. The 
die was now cast ; the town meetings were adjourned from 
day to day, until the impatience of the populace could no 
longer be restrained. The captain of one of the tea ships 
applied to the governor for a pass for his vessel, that he might 
return to England, which the governor refused. 

The sound of the war-whoop burst from the front gallery 
of the " Old South," (where this meeting was held) and the 
meeting v/as dissolved ; but the Mohawks (citizens in dis- 
guise) rushed out (and ran down to the wharf; entered the 
tea ships and threw into the dock more than 300 chests of 
tea ; dispersed and retired quietly to their homes. 

This act of destroying the tea, was a full declaration of 
what was afterwards expressed, " that they had taken a de- 
cided stand, and were resolved to resist all acts of oppression, 
in blood up to their knees." 

Notwithstanding the warmth of feeling so openly expressed 
by all public bodies, at this eventful day, and notwithstanding 
the tirm and energetic measures which had been, and contin- 
ued to be pursued, in resisting the aggressions of Britain ; 
the great body of the people were anxious for a reconciliation 
with the mother country, and hoped that the repeal of the duty 
on tea would restore the same harmony , as the repeal of the 
stamp act had done before. But the leading few saw that this 
was now impossible ; and at the head of these, stood Samuel 
Adams, who not onlv felt, but often declared in the circle of 



392 HISTORY OF THE 

his friends, "the country shall be independent, and we will 
not be content with any thing short of it.'' 

Early in March following, his majesty announced to parlia- 
ment, the proceedings of the town of Boston, which so highly 
incensed that body, that they passed the famous ** Boston 
Port Bill," laying a commercial interdiction upon that town 
— 1774. 

From this eventful moment, the movements of the parties, 
both in England and America^ progressed in regular succes- 
sion, to meet the awful crisis before them. 



CHAPTER III. 

AUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION CONTINUED 

BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 

4 

On the 5th of September, 1774, a delegation of all the 
colonies, except North Carolina, assembled at Philadelphia, 
agreeable to their appointment, and chose Peyton Randolph, 
esq. of Virginia, for their president, and Charles Thompson, 
esq. of Pennsylvania, for their secretary. This congress, by 
their first resolve, placed all the colonies upon im equality, 
by declaring "* that in determining all questions, each colony 
shall have one vote." 

The delegation from North Carolina, soon after appeared 
and took their seats, which rendered the amount of the whole 
number fifty-two, besides the president. Thus organized, 
congress passed numerous resolves, in vindication of the cause 
(»f their suffering country, and in 8U()port of the measurcB 
that had been pursued in her defence, particularly for tbe 
support of the town of Boston, fcc. 

Congress next entered into a general bond of union, which 
consisted of fourteen articles, for themselves and their con- 
stituents, •' to be and remain in force, until the obnoxious 
acts, or parlft of acts, relating to these colonies, shall be re- 
pealed ;"" signed by all the members, October, 1774. 

Congress next resolved, that an address be prepared, and 
sent to the inhabitants of Great Britain. 

They next resolved, that a petition be presented to his ma- 
jesty. 

Congress next resolved^ that letters be addressed to the ip- 



UNITED STATES. 193 

habitants of Canada, Nova Scotia, St. Johns, and Georgia, in- 
viting them to mutual aid, in the common cause of British 
America, t 

These were all dignified and masterly productions ; did 
honor to the illustrious statesmen of the day, and were of 
great utility, in carrying forward and supporting the common 
cause of the colonies, both in Europe and America. 

Congress at the same time, published a manifesto, unfold- 
ing to the world, the causes of the contest, and the resolu- 
tions of the colonies. They next called up their attention to 
their armed vessels, and the defence of their sea-ports. 
They then proceeded to establish a general post-office, and 
appointed Benjamin Franklin, post-master general. They 
also established a hospital tor 20,^00 men. These general 
outlines being settled, all parties prepared for action. 

Congress further resolved, '"• that another congress be call- 
ed on the 10th of May next, unless the obnoxious acts should 
be repealed ;" and on the 2Uth of October, they dissolved 
their sittings. 

The wisdom, firmness, dignity, and patriotic spirit of this 
congress, will shed a lustre on the American character, t« the 
latest generation. 

Pending this session of congress, general Gage issued writs, 
and called an assembly or g<»neral court, of Massachusetts, at 
Salem. Ninety members met, and the general countermand- 
ed his writs ; but the members convened, resolved them- 
selves int© a provincial congress, chose John Hancock esq. 
president, and adjourned to Concord. 

This congress assumed the direction and government of the 
affairs of the province, and continued their sittings, by ad- 
journment, trom time to time, and place to place, as circum 
stances required. 

Such was the power of habit, arising from a long and steady 
obedience to the laws, in a well regulated state of society, 
that Massachusetts was, in all respects, as free from every de- 
gree of licentiousness, wh^.n all courts of law were suspended, 
and one great bustle of military preparation, usurped the 
place of the laws, as she ever had been, in times of the most 
profound peace. 

The firmness of the town of Boston, under all her suffer 

t Messrs. Lee, Gushing and Dickinson, were, tlie cowmiitteo wki/ 
5»reparod thes* ad«lr«sses. 

17 



194 HISTORY OF THE 

ings, shed a lustre upon herself, and a glory upon her coun- 
try, which gained her the universal applause of that day, and 
%vhich will be transmitted down to the latest posterity. 

The king met his new parliament, on the oOth of Novem- 
ber, with a high-toned speech, in which he announced the re- 
bellious state of the colonies, particularly Masrjachusetts, and 
called on parliament to maintain and defend the nceasuros he 
had adopted, to bring the colonies to obedience. Parliament 
met this speech by an overwhelming majority, in favor of the 
king. Lord North disclosed the views of the ministry, in the 
following declaration to Mr. Quincy : 

•' We must try what we can do to support the authority we 
have claimed over America ; if we are defective in power, 
we must sit down contented, and make the best terms we can ; 
no body can blame us, after we have done our utmost ; but 
until we have tried what we can do, we can never be satisfied 
in receding," &c. 

But America had friends, as well as enemies, in England ; 
friends, who knew her strength, -as well as worth ; friends, 
who wished to cultivate peace, both for the good of America, 
and the best interest of Britain. At the head of these friends, 
stood the great, the illustrious Wm. Pitt, earl of Chatham. 

Mr. Q,uincy, who attended in the house of lords, on the 
20th of December, when the minister opened hie budget upon 
the affairs of America, thus describes the great champion of 
her cause. 

*' Lord Chatham rose, like Marcellus, ^' Vivos sujperimet 
•mnes,*^ he seemed to feel himself superior to those around 
him. His language, voice, and gesture, were more pathetic, 
than 1 ever saw or heard before, at the bar. or in the senate. 
He seemed like an old Roman senator, rising with the dignity 
of age, yet speaking with the fire of youth," &c. He then 
proceeded ; 

*' My lords, these papers, now laid for the first time before 
your lordships, have been five or six weeks in the pockets of 
the minister, and notwithstanding the fate of this kingdom, 
bangs upon the event of this great controversy, we are but 
this moment called to a consideration of this important sub- 
ject. My lords, I do not want to look into one of these pa- 
pers ; 1 know their contents well enough already ; I know 
there is not a member in this house, but is acquainted with 
-tlieir contents also There ought, therefore, to be no delay 



UNITED STATES. 195 

in entering upon this matter ; we ought to proceed immedi- 
ately^," &c. 

" I move my lords, that an humble address be presented to 
his majesty, most humbly to advise and beseech his majesty, 
that it may graciously please his majesty to direct, that orders 
be immediately despatched to general Gage, for removing the 
troops from the town of Boston, as soon as may be. 

*' The way, my lords, must be immediately opened for a 
reconciliation. It will soon be too late. I know not who ad- 
vises the present measures ; I know not who advises a per- 
severance and enforcement of them ; but this I will say, that 
whoerer advises them, ought to answer for it at his peril. 
1 know that no one will avow, that he advises to these meas- 
ures ; every one shrinks from the charge. But somebod} 
has advised his majesty to these measures ; and if his majes- 
ty continues to hear sucb evil counsel, his ni;ijegty Is UlidonS, 
His iiirijesty may indeed continue to wear the crown, but the 
American jewel out of it, it will not be worth the wearing. 

" What more shall I say, my lords ? I will not say the 
kingdom ig betrayed ; but this I will say, the nation is ruined. 
What foundation have we for our claims over America .' 
What is our right to jjcrsist in such cruel and vindictive meas- 
ures, against that loyal, that respectable people ? They saj' 
you have no right to tax them >vithout their consent, and they 
say rightl\'. Representation and taxation must go together ; 
they are inseparable. Yet there is hardly a man in our 
streets, be he ever so poor, but thinks he must be legislator 
for America. Our American subjects, is a common phrase in 
the mouth of the lowest order of our citizens ; but property, 
my lords.^ is the sole and entire dominion of the owner. None 
can meddle with it ; it is a unity ; a mathematical point ; it is 
an atom, untangible by any but the proprietor. Touch it, 
and the owner loses his whole property. The (ouch con- 
taminates the whole mass; the whole property vanishes,'" 
&c. 

" In the last parliament, all was anger, all was rage. Ad- 
ministration did not consider what was practicable, but what 
was revenge. Sine cladc victoria, was the language of the 
ministry, the last session ; but every bod}"^ knew ; an ideot 
might know, that such would not be the issue. For the ruin 
of the nation, was a matter of no concern, if ministers might 
be revenged. Americans were abused, misrepresented and 
(raducedj in the most outrageous manner, in order to give a 



196 HISTORY OF THE 

color, and urge on to the most precipitate, unjust, cruel, mud 
vindictive measures, that ever disgraced a nation. 

" Gnossius hiBc Khadanianthus, habet durissima regna. 

** Castigalque, auditquc dolos. 

" My lords, the very infornal spirits, they chasiise, casti- 
<;atque ; sed amUtque. My lords, the w.ry spirits of the in- 
fernal regions, Acar before they pimish. But how have these 
respectable people behaved, under all their grievances ? With 
unexampled patience, with unparalleled wisdom. 

" They chose delegates by Iheir suflrages ; no bribery, no 
corruption, no influence here, my lords. Their representa- 
tives met, will) the sentiments and temper, and speak the sen- 
timents ot the whole continent. For genuine sagacity, foi' 
singular moderation, for solid wisdom, manly spirit, sublime 
sentiments, and simplicity of language ; for every thing hon- 
orable JVid respectable, the congress at Phi!;i(lelpliia, shorn 
unrivalled. 

" This wise people speak out. They do not hokl the lan- 
guage of slaves ; they tell you what they mean. They do not 
ask you to repeal your laws, as a favor ; they claim it as a 
right ; they demand it. They tell you (hey will not submit 
to them ; and I tell you the acts njust be repealed ; they will 
be repealed ; you cannot enforce them. 

*' Repeal, therefore, my lords, I say. But repeal will not 
satisfy this enlightened, this spirited people. What ! repeal 
a bit of paper ! repeal a piece of parchment ! that alone, my 
lords, will not do. You.must go tlirough ; you must declare 
you have no right to tax, then they may trust you ; then they 
may have confidence in you. 

'' My lonis, there are three million oi whigs. Three mil- 
lion of whigs, my lords, with arms in their hands, are a formi- 
dable body. 'Twas the whigs, my lords, that set his majesty's 
royal ancestors upon the throne of England. I hope, my 
lords, there are yet double the number of whigs in England, 
there are in America. 1 hope the whigs of both countries, 
will join, and make a common cause. Ireland is with Ameri- 
ca, to a man ; the whigs of that country wdl, and those oftln> 
ought, to make the cause of America their own. 

*' The cause oi' ship money, was the cause of the whigs of 
England. You sJiaJI not take my money ivitJwut my consent, is 
the doctrine and language of whigs. It is the doctrine, in 
support of which, 1 do not know how many names 1 covid, I 
may call, in this house, among the living. I cannot Say hov, 



UNITED STATES. 197 

UXduy I could join with me, and maintain tliose doctrines with 
their blood ; but among tlic dead, 1 coukl raise an host innu 
nieiiil)h\ 

'' My lords, consistent with the i)rcceding doctrines, and 
with what 1 ever have, and shall continue to niaintain, I say, 
I shall oppose America, whenever I see her aiming at tlirow- 
ing ofl'the navi<^ailon act, and otiier regulatory acts of trade, 
made, bonajlde, for that purpose, and framed, and calculated 
for a reciprocation of interest, and the general extended wel- 
fare, and security of the whole empire. It is suggested, tliat 
such is their design ; I see no evidence of it. But to come to 
acestain ktiovvleilge of their designs upon this head, it would 
he |)roper, iirst to do them justice. Treat them as subjects, 
before you treat them as aliens, rebels and traitors. 

*'My lords, deeply impressed with tiie injportance of taking 
some healing measures, at this most alarniing, distracted state 
of your affairs, though bowed down with a cruel disease,! I 
have crawled to this house, to give you my best experience 
and counsel ; and my advice is, to beseech his majesty, &,c. 
this is the best I can think of. It will convince America, thai 
you meiui to tiy her cause in the spirit, and by the laws of 
freedom and fair inquiry, and not bv codes of blood. How 
can she now trust you, with the bayonet at her breast ? She 
ha.« all the reason in the world to believe, you mean either her 
death, or her bondage," &:c. 

I regret that the limits of this work, will not permit me to 
insert the whole of this most masterly protluclion. What I 
have inserted, will shew most clearly, that the hearts of minis- 
ters, were steeled against conviction ; that their passions had 
surmounted their understandings, and that they were blinded 
by the grossest delusion. 

The petition of the continental congress, had been present- 
ed to the king, and was n»w referred to the house of lords. 
This threw the house into a high fever. They denied the le- 
gality of that body, (congress) treated their petition with con- 
tempt, and rejected it without discussion, by a majority of 
281 ioG'o. 

On the 27th of February, Mr. Quincy sailed for America ; 
but he fell sick on his passage, and died, a short time before 
the ship reached her port of destination. Thus balanced, the 
parties moved forward, with a steady step, to the awful crisis 
before them : and the destinies of America, were suspended 

t The 'rout. 

17* 



198 HISTORY OF ^tiP. 

upon a thread, which the meanest ruffian was liable evert' 
moment to break, and drench the land in blood. 

On the 18th of April, notice was given to Messrs. Samuel 
Adams and John Hancock, at Lexington, that general Gage 
was about to make a movement ; and a number oi provincial 
officers dmed together at Cambridge, in order to watch the 
motions olthe enemy, and give the alarm accordingly. Aboui 
midnight, a detachment, consisting of about eighteen hundred 
grenadiers and infantry, (the flower of the British army) un- 
der the command of lieutenant-colonel Smith, and major Pit- 
cairn, embarked at the foot of the common, crossed over, and 
landed ut Phipp's farm, and commenced their march for Con- 
cord, in quest of the American stores. 

On the 19th, the detachment arrived at Lexington, and 
caused an alarm in that town, and vicinity.! The captain of 
the Lexington company of militia, assembled his mCn upon 
the green, (about 130) at 2 o'clock in the morning. No fur- 
ther intelligence of the enemy being received, the company 
was dismissed, after roll call, to assemble upon parade at the 
beat of drum. About four in the morning, the approach of 
the enemy gave the alarm ; the drums beat to arms, and those 
that were near, assembled .again upon parade, (about 70) 
amidst a concourse of spectators, who were drawn together 
by-the alarm. When the company was forming, major Pit- 
cairn rode up at the he-ad of h»s division, and with an imperi- 
ous command, exclaimed, '' Disjierse you rebels, (hroxv down 
your arms and disperse.'" Regardless of the order, the com- 
pany continued to form. Major Pitcairn advanced to the 
charge, fired his pistol, flourished his sword, and ordered his 
men to fire. The order was obeyed, accompanied with a 
huzza ; and the militia instantly dispersed. The fire was re- 
peated, and the militia returned a scattering fire, as they fled, 
and took shelter under cover of the adjacent stone walls ; 
from whence they continued to fire. The enemy killed three 
upon the green, at their first fire, and five others behind the 
stone walls. 

The detachment continued its march to Concord, to seize, 
the American stores, which were the principal object of its 
destination. The conflict at Lexington, had given the alarm at 
Concord, and the militia assembled and stood in their defence ; 
but upon the approach of a strong regular force, they retired 

t This alarm was giron by vinginor the bcUfj, l>y signal guns, vollics, 
iJtc. , • 



UNITED STATES. u^ , ^ 

behind thn river, and waited for aid from Ihc neighboring 
towns. 

Colonel Smitii advanced with his whole force, and began 
tiic destruction of the niilitarv stores at Concord. Two 24 
pounders were disabled, and their carriages destroyed, be- 
sides the wheels of several others, of a smaller size. Five 
hundred pounds of shot were thrown into the river and wells, 
&,c. and about sixty barrels of flour broken in pieces, and half 
destroyed. 

At this time the militia were reinibrced from the adjacent 
towns, and advanced upon the enemy, under the command of 
major Butterick ; a conllict began at the bridge ; the enemy 
fired, and killed captain Davis, and one of his privates ; the 
provincials returned the fire, and the enemy retreated, with 
the loss of several killed and wounded. t This detachment 
soon joined the main body, and coloneT Smith attempted to 
lead back his troo|>s to Boston. l)ut the whole vicinity was 
in arms, and pressed uj)on his rear ; whilst the provincial 
sharp-shooters, galled his flanks from the adjacent stone wall!:, 
hedges, and other coverts, which greatly endangered, and 
alarmeilthe oflicers, who were more immediately the objects 
of their vengeance. Miijor Pitcairn, who burnt the tirst pow- 
der at Lexington, dismounted, and led his division on foot ; 
but his horse was taken by the provincials, together with his 
pistols in their holsters. 

To check the ravages of the enemy, on their retreat, the 
rev. Mr. Payson, of Chelsea, headed a small detachment of 
militia, and killed, wounded, and captured a small detachment 
of the British, and recovered the plunder they were carrying 
ofl'to Boston. 

About sunset, the fugitives secured their retreat over 
Charlestovvn neck, covered by a party of about nine hundred 
regulars, under the comiaund of lord Percey ; and the next 
morning, they escaped safe into Boston. Colonel Smith, wh(» 
received a wound in the expedition, had the honor to report 
to general Gage, that in obedience to his orders, he had 
marched to Concord, and destroyed such stores as were to be 
found ; engaged the Yankees in several skirmishes, in which 
they had sulTercd severely ; but being overpowered by num- 
bers, he had been able to make good his retreat to Boston, 

tOnc of the wouiidod enetny was killed with a hatchet, by a strag- 
!ing pursuer, which gave rise to very extra vag-ant reports from the 
liritisli, iifler Ihey returned t« Boston." 



:00 HISTORY OF THi: 

with the loss of only 65 killed, 180 wounded, cuid 158 taken 
prisoners, total 403. 

As f^oon as regular returns could bo made by tiie provin- 
«:ials, their loss was fount! to be 50 killed, and 34 wounded, 
;md four missing, total 88 ; which, deducted from 403, leftu 
balance of success in their favor, of 315, besides the exult- 
ing triumph of pursuini;- the enemy about twenty miles, and 
driving them into close quaiters. 

Thus the conflict began ; blood was spilt, and the scene 
was opened. 

The news of this conflict flashed like lightning through the 
country, and kindled a spirit of revenge, in those hardy sons 
of liberty, who rushed to the war, to take vengeance on the 
insulting foe. The heroes of the old war, put themselves at 
the head of their injured bretiiren, and enrolled themseh'es 
in the ranks of tlieir country, to wipe out the stain, by the 
blood of the British. 

General Ward, an old experienced oflicer, took the com- 
mand (tigreeable to his appointment) of the troops at Cam- 
bridge, as they collected Irom the neighboring country, and 
colonies, and general Gage soon found himselfclcsely investctl 
in Boston, by ;\n army of 20,000 men. 

When the tidings of the conflict at Lexington, reached the 
colonies at the south, they roused to the contest, with the 
same ardeut, patriotic zeal, as the colonics at the north, and 
one universal im|)jdse, in the cause of liberty, inspired the 
whole American famdy. 

The whole white population of the colonies, at this time, 
amounted to about 3,00u,000. 



CHAPTER i\ . 

V.MEUICAN REVOLUTION, CONTINUED, FROM THE BATTLE OK 
LEXIXOTON, TO Tlli-^. FALL OF MONTGOMERY BEFORE 

tiUEBEC. 

Thus armed against herself, Great Britain put forth all her 
efforts to prosecute the war, and bring her colonies *' at her 
feet.'' 

Arrayed in one lirm bond of union, under the guidance of 
her general congress, America committed her cause to Ocd, 



UNITKD STATES. !:0 1 

iuul entered tljc lists with Britain, then mistioss of the seas, 
and arbiter of tlie world. 

'J'lie provincial coni^rcss ol' JMassacluisett->^ addressed tli(> 
tollowins circular l^'^ter to the several colonics, bearing dal(>, 
April '28lh, 1776 : • 

" We conjure you by all that is (U'ar, by jdl tiiat is sacred, 
Ihat you give all possible assistance in ibrining an army, in de- 
fence of the country. Our all is at stake. Death and de 
struction are the certain consequences of delay. Kvery mo 
ment is infinitely precious ; an hour lost, may de.lui!;e your 
country in blood, and entail perpetual slavery, upon the few 
ofyour i.osterity that survive the carna!2;e. We beg and en- 
treat, as you wi'll answer it to your country, to your (M)nscieii- 
ces, and above all, as you will answer it to your Goil, th;>( 
you will hasten, by all possd)le means, the enlistment of men, 
to form an army ; and send tlH>m forward to head-nuarters, 
at Cambriil^e, "with that e.xpedition, which the vast impor 
tance, and instant ur^>:ency of the afl'iirs <lemand.'* 

This circular gave an impulse to that anient zeal, with 
which the battle of Lexington had inspired the valiant sons of 
liberty. They rallied to the contest ; obeyed the calls of 
thfeir country ; Hew to the relief of thcMr brethren at Cam- 
bridge, and enrolled themselves as the soldiers of liberty. 

Arduous were the duties of the heroes of the old war, on 
whom devolved the lirst, and most important services, offornj- 
ing camps, embodying the troops, raw and undisciplmed, yet. 
full of zeal, for the rights and liberties of their country . In 
this interesting and trying scene, it is recorded of some officers, 
(hat they appeared at the head of their respective guardsi,(lay 
and night, by the week together, without repose, or even 
ehanging their clothes, to save the army from surprise, by a 
I'ormiilable, disciplined enemy. 

At this eventful moment, colonel Ethan Allen was detached, 
by general Ward, and empowered to raise 400 men, iH)on tin- 
New IJampshire grants, (iiovv Vermont) to surprise the loi ts 
of the enemy, upon lake Champl lin. Colonel Allen repaired 
to Vermont, and commenced the service of enlisting tlu^ mei), 

At the same time, the patriots of Connecticut, uiuIcm- the di- 
rection of Messrs. Dean, Wuoster, I'arsons and others, con- 
certed the same plans. Several olficers of the militia pro- 
ceeded to I>ennington, where they met colonel Allen, and ar- 
ranged the enterprise. The colonel pro.^.eeded to complete 
his complement of men, while the others procured such arms. 



*"C^ HISTORY OF THE 

stores, &c. OS the expedition required. They fixed upoi. 
Castleton, as a place of rendezvoui=. Colonel Allen repair- 
ed to Castleton with 230 men, and joined the party, which 
(hen amounted to 172, and proceeded lo post Gentries upon 
all the roads, leading to ibrt Ticonderoga, to intercept all in- 
telligence. 

At this critical moincnt, colonel Benedict Arnold arrived 
troni camp, attended only by his servant, and offered to take 
the command ; but this was rejected, and he consented to act 
in concert with colonel Allen. Thus arrayed, these patriots 
moved forward to the object before them. 

On the loth of May, colonel Allen crossed over the lake, 
with a detachment of eighty three men, and surprised fort 
Ticonderoga, in the grey of the morning. The colonel sum- 
moned the fortress, "in the name of (he great Jehovah, and 
(he continental congress."! Captain Delaplace o!)eyed the 
summons, and delivered up the fort. Tjje garrison, consist- 
ing of one liciUciiant, one gunner, two sergeants, and foriy-four 
rank and tile, besides women and children, were taken prison- 
ers of war, and sent down into Con?iecticut, for security. J 

Colonel Seth Warner crosseri the lake, with the remainder 
of the party, surprised and took the foitress of Crown-Point. 
This fort contained more than 100 pieces of cannon. 

Colonel Arnold embarked upon the lake in a small schoon- 
er, and captured an armed vessel, at ihe north end of the lake. 
and returned with his [)rize to Ticonderoga. Thus the com 
manri of lake Champlain was secured, and with it, a free com- 
muiiicallon witii Canada. 

During these operations in the north, general Gage con 
templated at) attack upon general Thomas, at Roxbury. Tlie 
general's whole force consisted of only 700 militia, who were 
almost destitute of arms and ammunition. General Thomas 
learned the movements of general Gage, and practised upon 
him an old military stratagem, by displaying his forces. He 
marched his troops round a hill, in view of the enemy, through 

i Congress convened at Philadelphia about. 10 oVlocktlie same day. 

if. The arms and military stores taker, in this fort, were as follows, 
viz. 120 iron cannon, G,424 pounds of ball, bO swivels, two 10 inch mor- 
tars, one howitzer, onocohorn, 100 stand of arms, ten tons of musket 
balls, three cart loads of flints, thirl}' new gun carriages, a large quaji- 
tity of shells, ten casks of powder, two brass cannon, thirty barrels ol" 
flour, eigljteen barrels of pork, Szc. ; also a warehouse full of materials 
for boat buildino-. 



UNITED STATES. 203 

the day, and thus deceived general Gage, and prevented his 
attack. General Thomas was soon reinforced, and Roxbury 
preserved. 

During these operations, the British foraging parties were 
often surprised and defeated, among the small islands of the 
bay, which inspired the Americans with courage and confi- 
dence, and taught tliem to face the British with firmness and 
success. 

On the 25th, the three British generals, Howe, Clinton, and 
Burgoyne, arrived in Boston. These were expected " to 
bring the colonies at the feet of the ministry," the first cam 
paign. 

On the 27th, general Putnam, and doctor Warren, at tht^ 
head of a party of provincials, defeated a strong British for- 
aging p.irty, upon the islands of the bay, and destroyed the 
armed vessel stationed for their defence. The same success- 
es were renewed on the 30th, and the stock generally remov- 
ed from those islands, which greatly distressed the enemy ii) 
Boston. All intercourse with the town was now closed. 

The American army now began to suffer severely, by the 
small pox, which had been communicated from Boston. The 
scarcity of money also, became serious. At this time, the 
whole American force did not exceed 8000, officers r.nd sol- 
diers ; and this was rather an assemblage of men, than an ar- 
my. Such was the state of discipline, and such their priva- 
tions, that nothing but their zeal for the rights of the country, 
kept them together. 

On thf 12th of June, general Gage issued his proclamation, 
offering pardon, &c. in the king's name, to all who should 
quietly submit to the royal uithority, excepting Samuel Adams 
and John Hancock ; denouncing, at the same time, as rebels 
and traitors, all such as? should refuse this offered mercy, or 
aid and_assist, in any way, or correspond with, such as should 
refuse to accept. It also declared the province under mar- 
tial law, until the civil law could be restored. 

This proclamation was considered as a public manifesto, 
and a prelude to some serious operations. The Americans 
watched the enemy closely. 

On the 16th, colonel Prescott was detached, with 1000 men, 
to fortify Bunker's hill, in Charlestown ; but by mistake iu 
the night, he fortified Breed's hill, which lay contiguous to 
the former, and nearer to Boston. Struck with surprise at 
the firmness of this movement, general Gage saw at once, that 



204- HISTORY OF THE 

his own safety in Boston, depended very much, upon the 
strength of this position. He resolved to dislodge the Amer- 
icans, as soon as possible. Accordingly, about noon of the 
17th, he detached four battalions of infantry ; ten companies 
of grenadiers, and a suitable train of artillery, under the com- 
mand of major-general Howe, and brigadier-general Pigot, to 
dislodge the provincials. 

This force crossed over to Charlestown, where they were 
reinforced, and became 3000 strong. This whole force for- 
med on the beach, and marched regularly to the combat ; a 
terrible cannonade commenced. 

Colonel Prescott, supported by colonel Stark, of New- 
Hampshire, and captain Morton, of Connecticut, received the 
lirst shock of the enemy with firmness. Generals Warren, 
Pomeroy and Putnam, soon joined the detachment, and gave 
spirit and energy to the party. Charlestown, by order of 
general Gage, was now wrapt in flames, as the murderous 
Britons advanced to the charge. 

The provincials, like the illustrious heroes of the plains of 
Abraham, reserved their tire, until the enemy had advanced 
within twelve rods ; they then opened a well directed fire of 
musketry, which was serious in its effects, and checked their 
pace. The explosion of musketry now became terrible ; the 
enemy gave way, and fled in disorder. Stung with mortifica- 
tion, they rallied to the charge ; again they were cut down, 
and thrown into disorder, b}' the destructive fire of the Yan- 
kees, and put to flight. At this eventful moment, general 
Clinton joined general Howe, {and by the united exertions of 
British ofticers and British valor, the troops were once more 
led on to the charge, and the carnage again became terrible. 
At this critical moment, the powder of the provincials began 
to fail, and the soldiers rifled the cartridge boxes of the dead, 
to keep up their fire, even after the enemy had turned their 
flank, and brought their artillery to rake their trenches. 

The British now redoubled their exertions, supported by a 
terrible cannonade from their ships and batteries ; the officers 
pressed on the troops with the bayonet, and the sword, in their 
rear ; the combat became close. The British entered the 
trenches, at the point of the bayone' ; the Yankees clubbed 
their muskets, and maintained their defence, until overpower- 
ed by numbers, they were constrained to retire. They re- 
treated in good order, and regained their camp at Gambridge, 



UNITED STATES. 205 

under a galling fire from the enemy's ships and batteries, 
which raked Charlestown neck, as they passed. 

The brave general Warren tell gloriously on the field, in 
defence of his country, and his country's riglits. 

Not one action stands recorded, in honor of British valor, 
on the whole historic page, where her troops met with such 
matchless firmness, and desperate resistance, as was displayed 
by the Americans at Bunker's hill. 

The loss in this action, as stated by general Gage, was 226 
killed, 19 of whom were commissioned officers, 70 officers 
wounded ; total, killed and wounded, 1054, rank and file. 

The American loss amounted to 139 killed, 278 wounded, 
and 36 missing — total 453. The loss of general VVarren, 
colonel Gardner, lieut. colonel Parker, and majors Moore 
and McClaney, Wcis severely felt by America, and cast agloom 
over the nation. This loss at Bunker hill, equalled the loss 
sustained by general Wolfe, upon the plains of Abraham, at 
the capture of Quebec ; but in the loss of ofiiccrs, it stands as 
18 to 13 killed, and 70 to 66 wounded. From this, some true 
estimate can^be formed, of that firmness and valor, the Amer- 
icans displayed, in defence of Bunker hill. 

Congress had assembled at Philadelphia, agreeable to ap- 
pointment, on the 10th of May, and commenced their sittings.! 
The honorable Peyton Randolph, was again chosen president, 
and Charles Thompson esq. secretary. 

On the 2d of June, they interdicted all traffic or intercourse 
with the enemy, by a special resolve. 

' On the 7th, congress assumed the style of the Twelve Uni- 
ted Colonies, by a special resolve, which appointed a public 
fast on the 20th of July following. 

On the 15th, congress appointed George Washington, esq. 
commander-in-chief of all the forces raised, or to be raised, in 
defence of the Americr.n colonies. 

General Washington, then a member, accepted the trust with 
great modesty, declaring at the same time, " that he did not 
consider himself equid to the command he was honored with." 

When the commission was made out and delivered to gen. 
Washington, congress pledged their lives, their fortunes, and 
their sacred honors, to support him in his arduous duties, in 
defence of his country. 

Congress next proceeded to appoint the officers of the co»- 

1 The morniuff of the capture effort Ticonderoga, 

18 



?06 HISTORY OF THE 

tinental army, and their commissions were made out, and de- 
livered to the general-in chief, lor distribution. 

During these proceei lings, general Washington retired to 
his seat, at Mount Vernon ; set his house in order ; made pre- 
parations for the service, and on the 2d of July, commenced 
his journey, accompanied b)' general Lee, and several other 
gentlemen ; and actually arrived at Cambridge, in just fifteen 
days from the date of his cornmissjon. One universal express- 
ion burst fiom all parts of United America : " Under God, 
Washington must be the savior of his country.''^ 

When the general had tnterful upon the duties of his ap- 
pointment, and examined the returns of the army, he found 
himself at the head of about 14,000 men, without order, dis- 
cipline, or military stores, (or rather with a very scanty sup- 
ply) and destitute of most of the conveniences essential to a 
camp. 

When the continental officers arrived, the general proceed- 
ed to deliver their commissions, and they entered with zeal 
and ardor, into a joint co-operation with his excellency, to 
diffuse a spirit of cleanliness, order, activity and disciphne, 
throughout the army. h>ew energies, and new efforts became 
universal. 

The main body of the British army w^as posted at this time, 
very strongly, on Bunker's hill, commanded by his excellen- 
cy general Howe. The other division of the British army, 
was strongly posted near Roxbury. Those two positions, 
together with the fleet and armed vessels, covered the town 
of Boston, and the corps-de-reserve, which commanded that 
station. 

His excellency general Washington, took up his head-quar- 
ters at Cambridge, with the main body of the American army. 
His right was secured by general Ward, strongly posted at 
Roxbury. His left was intrusted to the command of general 
Lee, who was strongly intrenched upon prospect hill. Gen- 
eral Putnam and others, filled the intermediate points of at- 
tack, with about 3000 men. 

Thus posted, the American army, firm to the righteous 
cause of their country, nobly surmounted all their embarrass- 
ments, and held their enemy in a state ol siege. 

Such was the ardent spirit of patriotism, in this country, 
thai a battallion of rifle corps, ordered by congress, on the 
14Lh and 22d of June, to be raised in Virginia and Pennsyl- 
vania, were raised, accoutred, and marched to the army. 



UNITED STATES. 207 

where they were embodied, on the 7th of August following ; 
and all, without one cent of advance from the public treasury. 

The want of powder and bayonets, gieatly exposed the 
American army to an attack from the enemy, and it became 
the most urgent duty of the general-in-chief, to deceive the 
British general, until he could supply these deticiences. 
These embarrassments were augmented by the want of 
clothes, camp utensils, tools for service, and engineers ; to- 
gether with a disaffection among the officers, which arose 
from the congressional appointments. JVLrny of the troops 
were to be discharged in November, and the longest service, 
did not exceed the last of December. Yet all these embar- 
rassments were sustiuned, by tliat zeal and spirit, that flowed 
from a righteous cause. 

The force of the enemy in Boston, was at this time, aug- 
mented by a reinforcemont from England, to about 8000 men. 
General Washington called a council of wir, to settle the plans 
of operation for the season ; and a g<^noral system of blockade 
was agreed upon, for the want of powder and bayonets, to car- 
ry the town of Boston by storm. 

On the 1st of August, it was well ascertained, that the ene- 
my had lost, in various ways, about 2500 of his original force, 
«ince the 19th of April, and from this it was concluded, that 
before the spring recruits could arrive, the British army 
would become more vulnerable. 

In July, Georgia joined the confederacy, and America then 
tookiheUtle of '' the Thirteen United States." 

About this time, general Gage sent orders to New York, to 
invite all foreign seamen into hi^ servic^^, as volunteers. In 
the month of October, the town of Falmouth was burnt, in 
obedience to orders i-sued in the name of Jiis majesty, to the 
commanders of his majesty's ships oi war, to treat the Ameri- 
cans as rebels, and la^ waste and destroy the seaports of all 
such as had taken part in the rebellion. 

The flames of Falmouth, lik<.' the flames of Charlestown, 
flashed through the country, and roused the colonies atresh, 
to union and revenge. Congress fitted out several frigates, 
and caused two battalions of marines to be raised for the ser- 
vice ; and framed articles of war, for the government of the 
navy. General Washin<:;ton al-so, employed several cruisers, 
to intercept the store sliips of the enemy, for the immediatv^ 
service of the army : all which, produced a spirit ofadven- 



208 HISl ORY OF THE 

tiire upon the seas ; and the American coast soon swarmcc) 
with priv.iteers, which cruised with great success. 

A rich store-ship was taken at this time, by captain Manley, 
of the privateer Lee, hulen with supphes, for the army in 
Boston. These captures, not only gave support and energy 
to the American army, in carrying on the siege of Boston, but 
greatly distressed the enemy, by cutting off his supphes. 

South Carolina, by a summons from her general committee, 
convened her provincial congress, upon the first tithngs, that 
blood had been, shed at Lexington, and chose Henry Laurens 
esq. president, .Tuly 1. On the 2d, they passed, by a unanim- 
ous resolve, the following covenant : 

" Thoroughly convinced, tint under our present distressed 
circumstances, we shall be justiiied before God and man, in 
resisting force by force : Wc do unite ourselves, under every 
tie of religion and honor, to associate, as a band of brothers, 
in defence of our injured country, against every foe : hereby 
solemnly engaging, that whenever our continental or provin- 
cial councils, shall decree it necessary, we will go forth, and 
be ready to sacrifice our lives and fortunes, to secure her do- 
fence and safety. This covenant to continue in force, until a 
reconciliation shall take place, between (ircat Britain and 
America, upon constitutional principles ; an event which \\v 
most heartily desire. And we will hold those persons crimin-^ 
al to the liberty of these colonics, who shall refuse to sub- 
scribe to this association." 

This resolve was cordially supported by the people. On 
the 5th, this congress proceeded to raise two regiments of in- 
fantry, ;hkI one regiment of rangers, for the d(dence of the 
colony ; and the languag(^ of the day, was *' We will freely 
give up one half, or evm iJir m^hole of ovr property, to secure 
our libcrties.^^ 

T'his congres? next assumed the reins of government over 
the colony ; entered with spirit into a general organization ol' 
their affaii's, and ailjourned. 

The same zeal for the support of the common cause, pre- 
vailed in all the colonies at the south ; their crown govern- 
ors were all renioved, anci the people assumed the govern- 
ment. Each colony organized a provmcial congress, commit- 
tee of safety, &c. for the managen^ent of their affairs. 

While 'these events ^vere transpiring, the colonies general 
\y» P^^t forth all their efforts, to collect military stores, for the 
supply of the army at Boston, and turned their attention to 



UNITED STATES. 20y 

their cruisers on the w:iter. They sent ;in:l {JiirchMsed pow- 
der ill (oreign ports, wh^^rovorit wis praoticahle ; and even 
obtained it from Bermuda, and some ot^ the British forts, on 
the coast of Africa.! They also commenced the manufucturv 
of powder in many of the colonies. 

At the same tune, information arrived at head-quarters, that 
the addresses of coni^ress had been favorably received in Can* 
ada ; and that the peoph^ would not act a2;ainst the colonies. 
General Washington «lotaciied a body of troops, under the 
comininfl of colonel Arnold, (about 1000) aiilOvd by colonels 
Greene and Enos, and majors Meigs and Bigelow, upon an ex- 
pedition into Canada. 

On the 10th of September, colonel Arnold embarked his 
troops at Newburypcrt, for the river Kcnneb«'c, where he ar- 
rived the 20th, and on the 22d, began to ascend that river, 
upon an expedition against Q,uebec. On the 9th of Novem- 
ber, he accomplished his march,' throirgh a pathless, uninhab- 
ited wilderness ; ov^^rcome every possibU^ didiculty, hardship 
and fitigue, jmuI arrived at [loint Levi, opposite to the city of 
Q,uebec. 

At the same time, general Montgomery penetrated into 
Canada, by the way of lake Champlain, accompanied by gen- 
eral Schuyler ; and on (he 8lh of October, laid siege to the 
fortress of St. John's. Sir Guy Carleton, governor of Cana- 
"da, appeared at the h^ad of about 800 men, for the relief of 
St. John's ; but col. Warner, at the head of his Green moun- 
tain boys, defeated sir Guy, and on the 18th, majors Brown 
and Livingston passed by fort St. John's, with a party, and sur- 
prised the small fort ol'Chamblee, where they found six tons 
of powder, &,c. with which they pushed the siege of St. 
John's ; and on the 2d of November, the fort surrendered. 
The garrison became prisoners of war. 

During the siege of St. John's, colonel Allen attrirpted to 
surprise the city of Montreal, but failed ; was taken prisoner 
on the 25th of October ; loaded with irons, and sent to Eng- 
land. 

On the 12th of November, general Montgrmery entered 
Montreal in triumph, and on the 17th, eleven >ail of vessels, 
with general Prescott and several other officers, and about 120 
privates, with a large supply of flour, beef, butter, kc. be- 

t Seven thousand pounds were received by general Washington 
fiom the latter, by the wav of Providence, about the ftrst of Sept. 

. 18* 



510 lilSTOHY OF TIJK 

sides cnnnon, small arms, and military sloros, were taken ; ail 
wliich became useful to the army, in prosecuting the conquest 
of Canada.. •Governor Carleton escaped in a canoe, with 
muflkd paddles, in the night, and retired to (:^uebec. ^ 

General Montgomery, with such troops as he could retain 
for the seryice, penetrated into Canada, and joined colonel 
Arnold, belbre (Quebec, on the first of December ; and on the 
5th, they connnenced a system oT operations, to carry the 
city by storm. 

This Gibraltar of America was then garrisoned by about 
1500 men, under the command ofsir Guy Carleton, who^ had 
arrived from Montreal, on the 10th of November ; yet the 
brave general Alontgomery sat down before this strong hold, 
in the severity of winter, and opened his trenches in the 
?now, (the ground being impenetrably (ixed by the frost) and 
Iiardened these trenches with water, which froze into ice, and 
thus commenced the siege. 

General Montgomery next called a council of war, to con- 
sult upon the future operations of the siege ; the council mi< 
the views of the general, and were almost unanimous in th>' 
resolution, to attempt to cairj the city by storm. Arrang(>- 
mcnts wore accordingly made ; the next day the general pre- 
parations commenced ; and on the morning of the 31st, the 
signal was given for tlio attack, by a discharge ol rockets, pre- 
cisely at 5 o'clock. A violent snow storm covered the troops, 
as they advanced with (irmness to the combat ; but the garri- 
son had taken the alarm from the discharge of rockets, and 
stood on their defence. 

General Montgomery, at the head of the lirst "division, at- 
tempted to enter the lower towi) by the margin of the river ; 
carried the first battery and dispersed the guard ; but in pass- 
ing a defile, at the head of his brave troojis, the dischiu-ge ol' 
one solitary gun from the abandoned battery, kiHed general 
Montgomery, with captains Cheesnr.in and McTherson, and 
several others. The troops, api)alled at the loss of their gen- 
eral, retired from the detile, and aban(ioned tiie enterprise. 

Not so with colonel Arnold ; he, at the head of the second 
division, entered the lower town, on the opposite side, accom- 
panied by captain Lamb, at the head of his artillery company, 
with one' field piece n\ounted on a sled. The main body (»f 
the divi<,i.on brought up the rear. At tho head of this brave 
column, colonel Arnold was wounded in the leg, by a musket 



UNITED STATES. -li 

l>all, while iorcing the first barrier, which iVacturcd the bone, 
iind obhged liirii to be roinoved to the roar. The cotnmaiul 
now devolved upon colonel Morgan, who led on the column, 
htonned the hrst barrier, and advanceil to (he attack ot'tlu- 
second, with high houea of succeiss, and in monientiry ex- 
]>ectation of learning the success of general Montgotnery. 

At this eventful moment, colonel Morgan was joined by 
majors Meigs and Bigelow, whirh augmented his force to the 
number ol about ^00. At the head oi" this lorce, colonel 
Morgan led on the charge, lo siorm the second barrier ; the 
whole column, amidst a shower of musketry, ascended their 
ladders and mounted the barrier ; when lo ! to their aston- 
ishment, a forest of bayonets, bristled in array against them, 
and hlled all the street. To advance was de.j'h, to retreat 
was d.angerous ; they therefore entered the adjacent houses, 
and stood in their defence, until overpowered by numbers, 
they yielded to necessity, and surrendered themselves prison- 
ers of war. Thus this desperate enterprise (ailed, with the 
loss of their general, and about 'lUO men, killed, wounded and 
taken, and Quebec was relieved. 

The death of general Montgomery was a serious loss to the 
American cause, and severely felt, as well as deeply lamented, 
throughout the nation. Congress felt the shock and resolved, 
that a monument be erected to liis memory, commemorative 
of his excellent worth. 

Wt! will now leave colonel Arnold to continue the blockade 
ofQuebcc, and pursue the siege of Boston. 



CHAPTER \'.' 
nEvor.UTioN' continued, from the VAL], ov montgomerv, 

TO THE EVACUAriON OF BOSTON. 

In the month of October, general Ilowe succeeded general 
(^age, in the command at Boston, and the British army lay in 
an inactive state of blockade, through the winter. 

Congress, being desirous of supporting the views of gener- 
al Washington, resolved as follo\vs, viz. " That if general 
Washington and his council of war, shall be of opinion, th;it a 
.successful attack may be made upon the troops in Boston, h(> 
rihould make it, in any manner he might think cxpedientj x\oV. 



112 HISTORY OF THE 

ithstanding the town and property in it might thereby be 
estroyed." 

The general, in his reply to this resolve, thus expressed 
imself : " It is not in the pages of history to furnish a case 
ke ours. To maintain a po>t within musket shot of the en- 
Qiy for six months together, without ammunition, and at the 
ime time to disband^ one army and recruit another, within 
lat distance of twenty odd British regiments, is more than 
robably was ever attempted ; hut if we succeed in the 
itter, as we have done m the former, I shall think it one of 
ie most forlun.ite events of my whole life." 

Such was the deti:.i'jncy of arms in the service, at this time, 
lat the general wrode to congress about the tirst of February', 

more than 2000 mi;n in this armv are without arms of anv 
ort, and my whole lorce does not exceed 885 > men." 

The general, at the s ime time pressed it upon Congress, to- 
aise a regular army, for a given time, as a prop the country 
;iight more fully rely upon. Congress saw the necessity of 
lie measure, and by the tirst of March, tbe army before Bos- 
3n, was about 14.000 strong; which, when reinforced by 
000 militia, amounted to 20/000. — With this ai my, the gen- 
ral ^commenced serious operation.-?. He ordered general 
'homas, with adeiachment from Roxbury, to take possession 
f Dorchester heights, whilst he covered the movement by 

bombardment upon the town of Boston. On the night of 
le 4th of March, -^ener d Thonas took possession of the 
icights, and threw up a breast-work sufficient to cover his 
•arty from the fire oi the enemy, in the morning. 

General Howe saw at once, tlie necessity of dislodging the 
irovincials from this commanding position, or of evacuating 
Boston. He resolved on the former, and detached lord Per- 
y, with 3,000 men for this service. His lordship actually 
mbarked to execute his. orders ; but the movement was de- 
eated by tempestuous weather. 

General Washington li id made his arrangements to com- 
aence an attack upon Boston, as soon as tlie detachment 
hould become engaged at Dorchester; and thus the storm 
nosl probably saved the British army in Boston. 

Pressed upon all sides, general Howe despatched a special 
lag to general Washington, to communicate his intentions to 
evacuate Boston, and threatened to destroy the town if his 
novements were molested. On the night of the 16th, the 
British armv were all embarked^ and sailed en the ITlb, for 



UNITED STATES. 213 

Nantosket roads ; and in a few days, llie v^liole fleet sailed 
for Halifax. 

General Washington marched, and took possession of Bos- 
ton ; and universal joy spread through the colonies. Con- 
gress passed a resolution, expressing the thanks of that body, 
and of the colonies, to general Washington, and ordered a gold 
medal to be struck, with a proper device, commemorative of 
the event, and presented to the genera!. 

During these operations in the north, lord Dunmore raised 
a force, and attempted to ellect a counter-revolution in Vir- 
ginia ; but the patriots pressed his lordship so close, that he 
Avas compelled to abandon the cause, and take refuge on board 
his fleet. 

To revenge this indignity, his lordship ordered the fleet to 
destroy the town of Norfolk, and the order was obeyed on 
the night of the first of January, 1776. His lordship contin- 
ued his depredations upon the coast, until he disgusted his own 
party, and then withdrew with his negro booty, (say 1000) 
to Florida and Bermuda, where the slaves were sold, for the 
benefit of the concern. 

Governor Martin made a similar attempt in North Carolina; 
but his movements were all defeated ; the insurrection v/as 
suppressed, and the patriots established. 

On the l7th of February, commodore Hopkins had put to 
sea, with the American navy, from cape Henlopen, and in 
fifteen days, surprised and dismantled a fort, upon the island 
of New Providence, and brought off forty pieces of iron oid- 
nance, fifteen brass mortars &c. together with the governor, 
and lieutenant-governor, and one counsellor of the isianf^. 
On the fourth of March, the fleet fell in with, and captured, a 
British schooner, and on the fifth, they took a bomb-brig, la- 
den with arms and military stores, and on the 6th, a part of 
the fleet engaged the Glasgow sloop-of-war of twenty guns ; 
night parted the combatants, and in the morning, the Glasgow 
escaped into Newport. 

During these movements in America, the news of the bat- 
tles of Lexington and Bui-ker's hill, had reached England, to- 
gether with the appointment of general Washington, as com- 
niander-in-chiefof the American armies ; all which, made very 
serious impressions upon the people, and the government ; 
but the king and the ministry were obstinately bent on war. 

Parliament convened on the 26th of October, and the king, 
by his speech, supported the war system. Altho' the speech 



214 HISTORY OF THE 

net with a strong opposition in both houses, yet the king and 
he ministry prav-iiled, and the war was continued. 

On the 29th of December, the sliips Acteon and Thunder- 
)omb, sailed from Portsmouth for Cork, with sir Peter Park- 
er and earl Cornwallis, to convoy the transports with 4000 
roops to America. 

Colonel Ethan Allen returned to America, on board this 
lect. 

Colonel Allen had been confined in Pendennis castle, in 
Cornwall, and treated with great severity ; but when he ar- 
ived in Ireland, a subscription was opened for his relief, and 
IkU of his companions, which was the first succor they had 
eceived. 

On the 13lh, lord North moved "that his majesty's trea- 
ies with the landgrave of Hesse Crtssel, and the duke of 
"Jrunswick, and other Germ:in | rinces, for 17,000 men, to be 
-mployed in America, bo referred to the committee of sup- 
)iy." This motion, after a warm debate, was carried by 242 

OU. 

In the course of these debates, it was shewn, that this body 
>f troops v.'ould cost the nation (me million sterling, annually ; 
md that the army in garrison at Boston, bad already cost the 
iation more than £lOO sterling per mm, in less than a year ; 
ind that even under this enorjnous expense, their privations 
r.id been great, and their supplies wretched in the extreme. 

In April and May following, two divisions of these German 
roops, sailed for America. The whole estimate of forces to 
)e employed against America, this year, (1776) amounted to 

^o,o;io. 

The destination of the Cork fleet to the southern states, was 
'arly known in America, by an intercepted letter addressed to 
ord Dunmore, of Virginia ; and on the ."d of May, the fleet 
lad all arrived in cape Fear river, whero they were joined by 
general Clinton from the army of the north. 

On the 5th of May, 1776, general Clinton published his 
>roclamation of pardon, &:r;. to all such as should lay down 
heir arms ; but finding liftle encouragement, the general, 
vith his fleet, sailed (or Charleston, S. C. where they arrived 
ibout the first of June, and came to anchor off Sullivan's isl- 
md. 

General Clinton commenced the siege of Charleston, by is- 
uing his proclamation of pardon, &c. as he had done in North 



UNITED STATES. 2lb 

Carolina, and with the same effect. It had now become too 
late for proclamations ol pardon in America. 

The secretary's letter had reached South-Carolina, and gov- 
ernor Rutledge had made all possible preparation to receive 
the enemy. The militia of the vicinity, promptly obeyed 
the summons of the governor, and rallied round the standard 
of their country. General Lee appeared, at this critical mo- 
ment, at the head of several regular regiments from the north, 
and took the command, in defence of Charleston. 

On the 26th of June, the enemy crossed the bar, with sev- 
eral ships and frigates, and commenced their operations ; but 
they were so severely gidled by the American fort and batte- 
ries, that they were consirainefl to withdraw, with the loss of 
one fifty-gun ship, wholly destroyed, and the others so disa- 
bled, as to be unfit for further service. Such was the sever- 
ity of this contest, that more than 7000 loose balls were pick- 
ed up on Sullivan's island, after the action. 

Such was the intrepidity of colonel Moultrie and his brave 
garrison, at the fort, that when their flag staff was shot away 
in the action, sergeant Jasper, of the grenadiers, leaped upon 
the beach, seized the flag, fastened it to a sponge-staff, and 
erected it again, m the heat of the action ; for which act of 
bravery, governor Rutledge presented him with a sword, the 
next day. 

Such was the character of the heroes, who defended Charles- 
ton, and such was the signal defeat of the English, that they 
abandoned the enterprise, retired to New York, and left the 
patriots to the full enjoyment of their rights and liberties. 

When the news of this glorious defeat reached Congress, 
it kindled into a flame that spark of liberty, which prudence 
and caution had long smothered, in that honorable body ; and 
it burst forth in the declaration of independence. The colo- 
nies were now well prepared tor such an event, and the decla- 
ration of independence was hailed by America, as the salva- 
tion of the nation. This spirit in Congress was supported 
by instructions communicated from aW the colonies ; and the 
following resolution was moved by Richard Henry Lee, and 
seconded by John Adams : 

'* Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right 
ought to be, free and independent states ; find that all polit- 
ical connection between them and Great Britain, is, and ought 
to be, totally dissolved " — Passed unanimously. 

During these movements, a Declaration of Independence 



^16 HISTORY OF THE 

iiad been prepared by a special committee,! and the same 
was now adopted unanimously, and signed by all the members 
according to the order of the states. (See appendix, letter A.) 

This was one of the most memorable state papers, that the 
whole historic page can boast ; and the worthies whose names 
stand recorded in support of this dignitied measure, as the 
authors of this glorious epoch, are enrolled in the temple of ^ 
immortal fame, and their names can never die. 

This was the epoch of permanent liberty, and the death- 
blow to British power, and British influence in America. 

The jBons of those venerable sires, have watched vvith care 
the sacred tire ; resolved to transmit it in its purity, to their 
posterity, that generations yet unborn, may fan the sacred 
llame, and bid it burn to time's remotest bounds. 



CHAPTER VI. 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED CAPTURE OF NEW VOK.K- 

General Howe arrived at Sandy Hook, v^^ith his fleet and 
armament, from Halifax, on the 28th of June ; and lord Howe 
arrived with a fleet and armament from England, and joined 
his jjrother, on the 12th of July. 

Lord Howe brought a commission from the British govern 
ment, which clothed him and his brother with full powers to 
treat with the United States, collectively or separately, or 
%vith individuals, to grant pardons, kc. His lordship, upon 
his first arrival at the hook, despatched a flag to Amboy, vvitl* 
a circular letter, announcing his commission, &c. 

General Washington, who had arrived with his army from 
Boston, for the defence of New-York, ordered this circulai 
to be transmitted to Congress. 

General Howe addressed a letter to George Washington, 
esq. for the purpose 6f opening a correspondence upon the 
subject of his commission ; but the general returned the let- 
ter unopened, as being improperly addressed ; and congress 
applauded the act by a spf^cial resolve. 

tThe gentlemen whe camposed this ever memorable committc*. 
wore Messrs. Jcftcrson, J. Adams, Franklin, Sherman, and 11. R. Liv 
iugston , but the honor of the draft has ever been ascribed to Mr. 
Jefferson. 



UNITED STATES. 217 

General Howe despatched colonel Patterson, adjutant-gen- 
eral of the British army, with another letter addressed to 
George Washington, &c. This was also rejected, and the 
colonel opened the subject to the general in a conversation, 
in which he disclosed the powers of the commissioners to treaty 
grant pardons, &c. to which general Washington replied, 
*' that they who had committed no fault, wanted no pardon.'"' 
Colonel Patterson expressed his " regret that the negociation 
should have failed," and withdrew. 

Gen. Washington meditated an attack upon general Howe, 
upon Staten Island, before the whole force should have ar- 
rived from England ; but was prevented by tempestuous 
weather, and \n the mean time, the whole force arrived, ex- 
cepting tke last division of the Germans; amounting in the 
whole to about 24,000 men. 

This was one of the best appointed armaments, the British 
government had ever fitted out, and from which they had the 
highest espectalions. 

General Washington had under his command, at this time, 
about 17,00Qt men ; three or four thousand of whom were 
sick, and the remainder were* stationed in New York, upon 
Long Island, Governor's IslanrI, and at Paulus Hook. Some 
of these posts were ten or fifteen miles distant from each other, 
and separated by waters navigable by the fleet of the enemy ; 
and the whole exposed to an attack by a superior force. 

Thus posted, under such circumstances, and in the pres- 
ence of such a foe, the American commander-in-chief, attemp- 
ted to cover New York. At this time, the American army 
was augmented by drafts of militia, to about 27,000 ; one 
fourth of whom were sick, with diseases common to raw 
troops, who were exposed to the open air, without tents, &c. 

The whole force of the enemy had now arrived, and gen- 
eral Washington made his arrangements to support his point ol" 
defence of New York, upon Long Island. There general Sul- 
livan was stationed, in the command of general Greene, who 
had retired through extreme indisposition. 

Early in the morning of the 22d of August, the British 
shewed a disposition to land on Long Island, and consequently 
general Sullivan was strongly reinforced ; but the enemy 
made good his landing, under cover of his ships, at Utrecht, 
and Gravesend, at the narrows, (so called.) Colonel Handj 
of the Pennsylvania line, retired to the high grounds, to cover 
the pass leading to Flatbush village. 

19 



18 HISTORY OF THE 

Lieutenant-general Clinton, who commanded this expedi- 

on, detached lord Cornwallis to seize tiie pass to Flatbush, 

unoccupied, but not to hazard an engagement. His lordship 

ivanced ; but finding the pass in possession of the Ameri- 

ms, he halted in the village. 

These movements bemg announced to general Washington, 
e issued the following orders : 

" The enem}' have now landed upon Long Island, the hour 

fast approaching on which the honor ;md success of this ar- 
y, and the safety of our bleeding country depend, llemem- 
er, oihcers and soldiers, that you are freemen, fighting lor 
le blessings of liberty ; that slavery will be your portion, 
id that of your posterity, il you do not quit yourselves like 
len. Remember, how your courage has been (iespised, and 
aduced, by your cruel Invaders, though they have found, by 
ear experience at Boston, ( harlestown, and other places, 
hat a few brave men can do, in their own land, and in the 
est of causes, against hirelings and mercenaries. Be cool, 
c determined. Do not tire at a distance, but wftit for orders 
omyour officers." 

These orders closed with renewed injunctii||^, to shoot 
own every man who might desert his post, to seek shelter 
y flight. And with assurances, " that if they acquitted them- 
2lves well, like men, they had good reason to expect to save 
leir country, 6y a glorious victory, and acquire to themselves 
nmortal honor." , 

The camp at Brooklyn, was now placed under the command 
f major-general Putnam, and reinforced with six regiments, 
^ith orders, to be in readiness for a momentary attack, and to 
eep open a communication with his best troops, through the 
mods, with the advance guiird on the heights of Fl.itbush. 

On the 23d, general de Heistcr landed, at the head of two 
rigades of Hessians, and on the 25Lth, took post,at Flatbush, 
nd lord Cornwallis drew oft' his division to Flatland. 

On the 26th, general Washington crossed over to Brooklyn, 
nd passed the day, in making arrangements lor the action. 

The British army were now formed, with the Hessians in 
he centre. General Grant, with his division on the left, and 
;eneral Clinton, lord Cornwallis, and earl Percey, with the 
lower of the British army, on the right. Thus posted, the 
listance between the two armies, did not exceed four miles, 
ind their approach to each other, was accessible by three di- 



UNITED STATES. 219 

Vect roads, which led across the hills, that divided the armies, 
and which were covered with woods. 

The direct road from Flatbush to Brooklyn, was possessed 
by the Americans, and defended by a strong redoubt, mounted 
with several pieces of cannon, and supported by a strong de- 
tachment of infantry. The other two roads were guarded by 
detachments of infantry, within view of the enemy. 

These passes being thus guarded, general CUnton detach- 
ed the van of the British army, on the night of the 27th, con- 
sisting of light infantry, grenadiers, and light horse, and a re- 
serve under lord Cornwallis, with fourteen pieces of cannon, 
to seize on another pass, that led to Jamaica, about three 
miles east of the Bedford road. 

This movement succeeded, and opened the way for this 
whjle division to pass the heights, and in the morning they 
were encamped on the plain. 

General Grant moved forward with his division on the left, 
and a sharp skirmish common :ed on the heights. Lord Ster- 
ling was detached to support the American right ; but the 
whole column was obliged to retire before the enemy. 

At daYli'2;ht, general De Heister put in motion, the centre 
of the British army, to cross over the hills, directly to Brook- 
lyn, and commenced his attack with a heavy cannonade. Ge- 
neral Clinton had now gained the rear of a part ot the Ameri- 
can left, and detached colonel Donop, to charge the Ameri- 
cans, on the hills, and supported the attack with the whole 
centre column, under the command of general De Heister. 

General Sullivan now discovered the enemy in his rear^ 
and beat a retreat, if possible, to regain the camp at Brook- 
lyn. The advance gu trd of the British, intercepted his re- 
treat, and an action commenced ; but the Americans were 
overpowered by numbers, and fled into their camp at Brook- 
lyn, with v«^.ry consKJerable loss. At this time, the American 
left was broken and routed, near Bedford, and fled into the 
vvoods, where they were inclosed between the right and the 
centre of the British a'^my, and suffered great loss ; yet apart 
of these fugitives gained the camp at Brooklyn. 

At this time, lord Sterling, discovering that the enemy had 
turned and put to flight the left, and wore' pressing on in his 
rear, upon the camp at Brooklyn, instantly beat a retreat, and 
to cover this retreat, charged the corps of lord Cornwallis, 
with a detachment of 400 men only. Such was the spirit of 
this charge, that he held his lordship at bay, until the re- 



20 HISTORY OF THE 

seating division had regained the camp. Then general G rant 
dvanced into his rear, and con^pelled this little hand of he- 
oes, to resign themselves up prisoners of war. 

Flushed with their successes, the enemy threatened to c?r- 
y the camp at Brooklyn, hy storm ; but the prudence of the 
ommander restrained the ardor of the troops, and he invest- 
d the camp in form, on the night of the 28th of August. 

The American loss in this action, in killed, wounded, and 
iken, amounted to about three thousand, including general 
ullivan and lord Sterling, taken, and brigadier-general Wood- 
ull, killed. 

General Washington passed the day in his camp at Brook- 
►'n, on the 29th, and at night, by a most masterly movement, 
le army with their whole encampment (except some heavy 
annon) crossed over into New-York ; and when the fog 
leared off, at 9 in the morning, the rear guard was discover- 
d by the enemy ; but they were out of the reach of his fire, 
^his fog arose from a small marsh in the vicinity of Brook- 
^^n, in one column, to a great hi'ight (supposed about 200 feet) 
nd then diffused itself over the adjacent country, so as to en- 
elope the armies, and thus covered the retreat of the Amcr- 
;ans. The sun rose clear at New-York, and remained r.n- 
bscured through the whole day. 

Lord Howe made a movement with his fleet, to enter the 
iver, and cut off their retreat ; but was prevented entirely. 
y a contrary wind 

On the 2d of September, Governor'^s Island was evacuated^ 
y two regiments oi the Americans, with all their arm:-, stores, 
X. except a few heavy cannon, within a quarter of a mile of 
le enemy's shipping, with the loss of only one man's arm. 

This was an eventful crisis in the revolution, and the com- 
lander-in-ciiief saw; that the fate of America was haziirded 
pon the issue of a battle, under the most perilous circum- 
tances, and with a superior foe. Impressed with the mag- 
itude of the object, he passed two days and nights without 
leep or rest, being the most of the time on horseback, and 

?ith his watchful eye, superintending every movement; watch- 
ig every event. 

Flushed with the successes of Long Island, lord Flo.ve re- 

evved his pacific proposals to congress ; but they were again 

ejected. Congress at the same time, delegated a special 

ommittee to confer with lord Howe, and learn his po>vers. 



UNITED STATES. ^21 

They executed their commission and reported, " That the 
powers of the commissioners amounted to nothing more than 
a court of inquiry," and consequently were of no force. 

The defeat upon Long Island, wrought a complete change 
in the American army ; the fire of Lexington and Bunker's 
hill, was then extinguished, and the militia deserted their col- 
ors, abandoned their general, an<l fled to their homes, in such 
numbers, as to threaten the dissolution of the army ; one 
fourth of those that remained, were enrolled among the sick. 

The enemy, elated with the successes of Long Island, mov- 
ed with a division of the fleet, up the E:ist river, and threat- 
ened to cut off" the retreat of <he American army, which led 
the general to abandon New-York, and take post undercover 
of the forts. But the enemy landed in force, from the fleet 
in the river, on the 15th of [September ; and general Washing- 
ton retired. 

On the 16th, a sharp skirmish commenced between detach- 
ments of the American and British armies, in which the Ame- 
ricans were decidedly successful ; this mspired them with 
fresh courage and resolution. 

On the 21st, more thm 1 100 houses were destroyed by 
flre, in the city of New-York ; then equal to about one fourth 
of the city. 

On the 24th of September, an American officer of distinc- 
tion, thus expressed himself, in a letter to his friend : *' We 
are now upon the eve of another dissolution of the army,, and 
unless some speedy and eff'tictu <I measures are adopted by 
congress, our cause will be los.t." 

Under these embarrassing circumstances, general Howe at- 
tempted to cut ofl'the retreat of general Washington, by land- 
ing a strong force in his rear. At this critical moment, gen- 
eral Lee arrived in the American camp ; and a reinforcement 
of five or six thousand Germans, arrived in New- York, to 
strengthen the enemy. 

On the 1 7th of October, general Washington called a council 
of war, and it was resolved to aband n York Island, and retire 
to White Plains, leaving a garrison at fort Washington. This 
was effected bjr opposing a tirm front to the enemy, whilst the 
sick, baggage, military stores, &c. were conveyed altng the 
rear, and thus removed to a place of safety. 

On the 22d, general Howe was reinforced by one or two 
•livisions of Germans, and on the 25th, he commenced opera- 
tions, and marched towards White Plains, to meet the Amer- 

19* 



I'Zt HISTORY OF mt 

icans. On the 28th, a general skirmishing commenced be- 
tween the advanced parties ; and on the 29th, general Howe 
moved in columns to support his parses, and bring on a gen- 
eral action ; but the Americans held him at bay, until he was 
again reinforced on the 3 1st, when general Washington retired 
to the high grounds, leaving a strong rear guard to cover 
White Plains. General Howe abandoned the enterprise, and 
drew off his army towards King's bridge, Nov. 8. On the 
1 5th, he sent in a summons to colonel Magraw, the comman- 
der effort Washington, and on the 16th he carried the fort by 
storm, and put the garrison to the sword. 

General Washington beheld the awful scene, and wept with 
the feelings of a compassionate AUher. The shock was felt 
with the keenest sensibdity, throughout the American army, 
and general Lee wept with indignation, at the news of the 
merciless butchery, and cursed the unrelenting foe. 

On the 18th, lord Cornwallis moved to the attack of fort 
Lee ; but general Greene drew oif the garrison, abandoned the 
fort, and joined general Washington. On the 22d, general 
Washington crossed North river, and retired to Newark, 
where he found himself almost abandoned by the army, and 
left to the mercy of a victorious, pursuing enemy, with only 
about 3500 men, to accompany him in his flight. On the 28th , 
general Washington retired to Brunswick, and lord Cornwal- 
lis entered Newark, with his victorious armv. His lordship 
pursued to Brunswick, and general Washington retired to 
Princeton, December 1st. Lord Cornwallis halted one whole 
week at Brun-wick, agreeable to orders ; and in the mean 
time, general Washington saw himself abandoned by the .Ter- 
sey and Maryland brigades of militia, whose terms of service 
then expired. 

On the 7th, his lordship pursued to Princeton, and general 
Washington retired to 1 renton. The next day his lordship 
entered Trenton, just at the critical moment that general 
Washington, with his remnant of an army, hnd crossed the 
Oelavvare,t and secured the boats to prevent his passingj — 
December 8th, 1776. 

General Howe had joined lord Cornwallis at Newark, and 
now made a stand at Princeton, and issued the proclamation ol' 

t General Washington could muster only 2200 mon at this time. 
tThe same day, general Presoott, with a stroni^ British force, took 
possession of Newport, (Rhode Island.) 



UNITED STATES. 223 

the king^s commissioners, proffering pardon and peace to aU 
such as should submit in sixty days. 

Such were the distresses of the army and the country, 
when they saw their hberties about to expire under the pres- 
sure of an overwhelming foe, that men of the tirst distinction, 
in great numbers, in that part of the country, embraced the 
overture, and made their submission. 

To add to the distresses of this most trying scene, general 
Lee, who had harassed the rear of the British army, with 
about 3000 men, was now surprised in his quarters, and tak- 
en by the enemy, December 13. The troops of general Lee. 
now under the command of general Sullivan, joined general 
Washington. 

During the delay of general Howe, at Trenton, general 
Washington, with the assistance of general MifHm, collected a 
body of Pennsylvania militia, and resolved to make a stand, 
to recover, if possible, the spirits of the army and nation. 

On the night of the 25th, general Washmgton, undercover 
of a violent snowstorm, recrossed the DeLiware, commenced 
an attack upon the British army, and gained a signal victory ; 
took about 1000 prisoners, including ;m entire regiment ol' 
Germans, with their whole encampment, and secured his po- 
sition at Trenton. 

The enemy soon recovered their shock by large reinforce- 
ments, and general Washington retired to Princeton, by a cir- 
cuitous march ; triumphed over the enomy again, and pursu- 
ed them to Brunswick. Lord Cornwallis collected all his 
forces at Brunswick, and made a stand. General Washington 
took up his position at Alorristown, and watched the motions 
of the enemy. 

During these operations in New-Jersey, the British army 
had thrown up the rein, and given full scope to the brutal 
passions. This roused the indign ition of the people, and re- 
kindled the fire of Lexington, which spread like lightnin^c 
through the country. New-Jersey then exhibited a scene 
which was considered but the miniature of what the nation 
would exhibit, should Britain prevail. Husbands saw the fate 
©f their wives; parents of their daughters ; and the nation be- 
came most seriously alarmed for their safety, and more imme- 
diately alive to the interest of the common cause. New Jer- 
sey felt the wound she had received, and roused to the com- 
bat, to revenge her wrongs u[)on the brutal foe. 

General Washington surprised lord Cerawallis atElizalbetll- 



224 



HISTORY OF THE 



town, and he retired to Amboy, where he was closely invest- 
ed through the winter. In June following, general Howe 
drew off this army to Staten Island, and the Jerseys were 
cleared. 

In April, general Howe detached governor Tryon, with 
[he command of a major-general of provincials, at the head of 
itbout 2000 men, to destroy the American stores at Danbury. 
The general executed this commission, and destroyed 1800 
barrels of beef, 2000 bushels of Wheat, 800 barrels of flour, 
1700 tents, 100 hogsheads of rum, &c. with the loss of about 
400 men, killed, wounded, and taken by the Americans. 



CHAPTER VII. 



UCVOLUTION CONTINUED — EVACUATION OF CANADA FALL Oi 

BURGOYNE CAPTURE OF PHILADELPHIA. 



Upon the fall of general Montgomery, before Quebec, the 
command devolved upon colonel Arnold ; but he was soon re- 
moved to Montreal, with the command of a brigade, and gen- 
eral Thomas was sent on to succeed him. General Thomas 
died soon after, and was succeeded by general Sullivan ; and 
the American army suffered every possible distress from the 
small pox, and other diseases, until they were reduced (o the 
pitiful number of 400 ; then they raised the siege of Quebec, 
and retired towards Montreal, to esca}>e total dcf^truction 
from the enemy, who were reinforced by the arrival of a 
strong armament from England. 

The British army in Canada, were now about 1 3,^^00 
strong ; with this force, general Carieton, supported by gen- 
erals Burgoyne, Frazer, Phillips and Reidesel, advanced in 
divisions, in puisuit of general Sullivan. Genera! Frazer, at 
the head of the advance guard, had taken post at Troies Ri- 
viers, and general SuUiv.m detached general Thompson to 
surprise him in his camp, but failed ; and the troops retired 
with loss, leaving their general a prisoner in the hands of the 
enemy. General Carieton pursued with his whole force ; 
but the Americans secured their retreat, under the most per- 
ilous circumstances, and gained the river Sorel, where they 
were joined by general Arnold from Montreal. Generals 



UNITED STATEIS. 225 

Sullivan and Arnold embarked their troops, .with their can- 
non and baggage, and retired to the isle Au-Noix, and from 
thence to Crown Point, where they made a stand, June 15th, 
1776. 

On the 12th of July, general Sullivan retired from the com- 
mand, and carried with him the affections and gratitude of the 
army. General Gales succeeded to the conunand of this ar- 
my, now diminished more than 6000, exclusive of about 300 
sick, who were removed to fort George. The distresses ol 
this army, arising fn^m the ravages of the small pox, surpass- 
ed all description. 

Sir Guy Carleton exerted himself through the summer, in 
preparing his fleet to nieet the Americans on the lake. Ear- 
ly in October, he embarked his troops, and comn)enced oper- 
ations. The two fleets met near Valicour island ; a sharp ac- 
tion commenced ; both fleets distm^uishcd thcniselves by 
their ardent zeal, and intrepid valor ; but the Americans were 
overpowered, dispersed, taken or destroyed ; and thus an 
opening was made for the enemy to a[»proach fort Ticondc- 
roga, October 11, 1776. 

At this critical moment, sir Guy Carleton abandoned all 
further o[)erations for the season, anrl reliriMJ into Canada- 
General Gates discharged the militia, and the campaign 
closed. 

Th^ humanity of sir Guy Carleton, in clothing the naked 
American prisoners in Canada, and dismissing them with kind- 
ness, as well as with such su[)pliesas were necessary to car 
ry them comfortably to their friends, is deserving of per()et 
ual remembrance, and ought to be recorded to his eternal 
honor. 

In the spring of 1777, general Burgoyne succeeded sir Guy 
Carleton, in the command. lie commenced his operations 
early in the season, at the head of about 10,000 men, consist- 
ing of British and German troops, commanded by generals 
Phillips, Frazer, Povvel and 11 imilt«ui, with the Germ.^n gen- 
erals, baron Reidesel and Spicht 

This might be truly styled a well appointed British army, 
fully supplied with every requisite for a successful cami)aign, 
j)articularly a powerful train of br;jss field artillery ; and the 
(roops were healthy, and in high spirits. To this army were 
attached several tribes of Indians, who were to take the field, 
npon conditions of humanity ; not to scalp the wounded, nor 



226 HISTORY OF THE 

their prisoners ; but to receive a bounty for every captive 
brought in by them, and delivered ahve. 

On the 21st of June, general Burgoyne arrived at Crown 
Point, and on the 29lh, he commenced operations against fort 
Ticonderoga. 

General Schuyler had succeeded general Gates, in the com- 
mand of the northern army, and put this fortress in good or- 
der, to receive the enemy, and given the command to general 
St. Clair. 

On the 2d of July, general Burgoyne approached fort Ti- 
conderoga, with the right wing of the British army, and com- 
menced operations, by taking possession of mount Defiance.} 
Gerieral St. Clair ahanrloned the fort lo save the garrison, and 
retired to Hubbanlston, and from thence to Castleton, about 
thirty miles distance from Ticonderoga, where he made a 
stand, to collect the army from mount lnde|jendence, &c. 

General Frazer. supported by general Reid'^i^el commen- 
ced a pursuit in the morning, with the light troops of the 
British and Germims. and overtook the American rear guard, 
under colonel Warner, at Castleton, and commenced an attack 
on the 7th, which became sharp and bloody The British 
were routed at first, with loss ; but finding that colonel War- 
ner was not supported bj^gen. St.Chiir, they rallied to the com- 
bat, and with the bayonet, charged and dispersed the Ameri- 
can rear, with the loss of about .^00 men ; and colonel War- 
ner retired with the remainder of his troops to fort Ann. 

General Burgoyne, with the main body of the British army, 
sniledfrom Ticonderoga, in pursuitofthe American flret ; de- 
stroyed and dispersed the whole, and landed at Skeensbo- 
rough.j: He there detached lieutenant-colonel Hill, with a 
strong party, to dislodge the Americisns from fort Ann. The 
garrison marched out on the morning of the tUb. and com- 
menced an attack upon the detachment, which was sharply 
supported by both parties, for about two hours, with apparent 
success on the part of ihe Americans ; but a party of Indians 
appeared and joined colonel Hill, and the Americans withdrew 

t This mount lies contiguous to fort Ticonderoga, and ovovlookfe 
the fortress ; but it ha'i never, until this time, been occupied, because 
it liad ever been deemed inaccessible. General Burgoyne took pos- 
.sossion of this eminence by lioisting up hi^' cannon with tackles, upon 
the limbs of trees, until he considered his force sufficient to dislodge 
tlie garrison of fort Ticonderoga. 

:t Now Whilohall. 



UNITED STATES. 22 






Irom the field ; abandoned the fortress, and retired to fort 
F.dvvard, July 12tli. The whole force at this time, at fort 
Edward, (hrl not exceed 5,000 men.t 

t We have often had occasion to record the caprice, as well as sav- 
age acts of the Indians ; but perhapa in no one instance have we wit- 
nessed so strikinoc a display ot' savage treachery and barbarity, as iu 
the following narrative. 

Murder of Miss Jane McCrea. — " 'ho story of this unfortunate young 
lady is well known, nor should I mention it now, but for the fact, that 
the place of her murder was pointed out to us, near fort Edward. 

We saw, and conversed with a person, who was acquainted with 
her, and with her family ; they resided in the villaije of fort Edward. 
It seems she was betrothed to a Mr. Jones, an American refiiffco., 
who was with Burgoyne's army, and being anxious to obtain [>osses- 
sion of his expected bride, he despatched a party of Indians to escort 
her to the Iltiitisli army. Where were his affccli' n and his gallantry, 
that he did not go himself, or at least, that he did not accompany his 
savage emissaries I 

Sorely a<;ainst the wishes and remonstrances of her friends, she com- 
mitted herself to the caie <»f these fiends ; — strange infatuation in her 
lover, to solicit such a confidence — stranger presumption in her, to 
yield to his wishes ; what treatment had she not a right to expect from 
such guardians I 

The party t-et forward, and she on horse back ^ they had proceeded 
not more than a half a mile from fort Edvvard, when they arrived at a 
spring, and halted to drink. The impatient lover had, in the mean 
time, despatehed a second party of Indians, on the same errand; they 
came, at the unfortunate moment, to ihe same spring, and a collision 
immediately ensued, as to the pioposed reward. 

Both parties were now attacked by the whiles, and at the end of 
the conilict, tlie unhappy young woman was found tomahawked, 
scalped, and (as is said) tied fast to a pine tree just by the spring. 
Tradition reports, that the Indians divided the scalp, and that each 
party earned iialf of it to the agonized lover. 

This beautiful spring, which still tlovvs limpid and cool, from a bank 
near the road side, and this fatal tree we saw. The tree, which is a 
large and ancient pine, '• fit for the mast of some tall admiral," is 
wounded, in many places, by the balls of the wiiiles, fired at the In- 
dians ; they have been dug out as far as they could bo reached, but 
others still remain in this ancient tree, which seems a striking emblem 
of wounded innocence, and the trunk, twisted oti' at a considerable 
elevation, by some violent wind, that has left only a few mutilated 
branches, is a happy, although painful memorial of the fate of Jane 
McCrea. 

Her name is inscribed on the tree, with the date 1777, and no trav- 
eller passes the spot, without spending a plaintive moment in contem- 
plating the untimely fate of youth and loveliness. 

The murder of Miss McCrea. (a deed of such atrocity and cruelty 
as scarcely to admit of aggravation) occuring as it did, at the mo- 
ment when general Burgoyne, whose army was then at fort Ann, was 
Iringtng with him to the invasion of the American states, hordes of 



228 HISTORY OF THE 

Both armies now commenced serious operations. General 
Schuyler obstructed the roads, and destroyed the bridges, to 
prevent the approach of general Burgoyne ; and the general 
cleared out roads, and repaired the bridges, that he might ad- 
vance to fort Edward. 

General Burgoyne surmounted all these embarrassments, 
and arrived at fort Edward on the 30th ; but general Shuyler 
had abandoned the fort on the 27th. and retired, with his 
whole force, to Saratoga ; and on the first of August, he re- 
tired to Stillwater, twenty-tive miles above Albany. 

The country saw with regret, this shadow of an army, fly- 
ing before a victorious foe, and laying open the whole north- 
ern frontier, by abandoning those fortresses, which had cost 
the colonies so much blood and treasure, in former wars, 
'['he spirits of the country were as greatly depressed, as when 
general Washington crossed the Delaware the last year, and 
the spirits of the enemy were high. 

At this eventful moment, sir William Howe sailed from 
New York, with his armament, to commence operations in 
Pennsylvania. 

Colonel Barton, on the 1 0th of July, with forty volunteers, 

savages, "those licll-hounds of war," vvliose known and established 
modes of warfare, were tlioso of promiscuous massacre, electrified tlie 
whole contment, and indeed, the civilized world, producing an univer- 
sal burst of liorror and indignation. General Gage did not fail to 
profit by the cucunistancc, and in a severe, but too personal remon- 
strance, which he addressed to general Burgoyne, charged him with 
the guilt of the murder, and with that of many other, sinular atroci- 
ties. His rual guilt, or that of his government, was, in employing the 
savages at all in the war : in other respects he appears to have had no 
concern with the transaction ; in his reply to general Gates, he thus 
vindicates himself: ' [n regard to Miss McCrea, her fall wanted not 
the tragic display you have labored to give it, to make it as sincerely 
lamented and abhorred by me, as it can bo by the tenderest of her 
friends. The fact was no premeditated barbarity. On the contrary, 
two chiefs, who had hrought her oft', for the purpose of security, not of 
violence to her person, disputed wliich should be her guard, and in a 
iit of savage passion, in one of wJiose hands she was snatched, the un- 
happy woman became the victim. Upon the first intelligence of this 
event, I obliged the Indians to deliver the murderer into my hands, and 
though, to have punished him by our laws, or principles of justice, 
would have been perhaps unprecedented, he certainly should liave suf- 
fered an ignomniious death,' had 1 not been convinced, by my circulii- 
stances and observation, beyond the possibility of a doubt, that a par- 
don, under the terms wliich I presented, and they accepted, would be 
more etUcacious, than an execution, to prevent eiuiilar mischief."-— 
Silliman's Tour. 



UNITED STATES. '^229 

passed over to Rhode-Island ; surprised general Prescott in 
his quarters, and brought him off, with one of his aids, which 
gave some spring to the public feelings. 

On the 4th of August, congress appointed general Gates, to 
succeed general Schuyler, in the command of the army of the 
north. 

On the 22d, general Sullivan, with colonel Ogden, crossed 
over to Stat.^n Island, in order to dislodge the British, station- 
ed there ; but by some mismanagement, the attempt failed, 
with the loss of two or three hundred men, killed, wounded, 
and missing. 

On the 3d of August, colonel St. Ledger, (who had been 
detached from Canada by general Burgoyne, into the countr}"^ 
of the Mohawks, to make a diversion in that quarter) com- 
menced his operations against fort Stanwix. General Herki- 
mor marched down, at the head of about 800 militia, to re- 
lieve the fort ; but he fell into an Indian ambush, on the Gth, 
and was killed, in one of the sharpest, and most desperate In- 
dian battles we have noticed. The garrison of the fort, salli- 
ed out at this critical moment ; decided the bloody contest, 
drove off the Indians, and relieved the fort. Colonel St. 
Ledger summoned the fort on the 8th ; but colonel Ganse- 
vort returned a spirited answer ; St. Ledger withdrew with 
precipitation, and returned to the lake. 

During these movements, general Washington detached 
general Lincoln to the northward, to take command of such 
eastern militia, as might join the northern army. General 
Lincoln arrived at Manchester on the 2d of August, where he 
took the command of GOO militia, on the 6th. General Stark 
arrived with 800 more. 

General Stark was a soldier of merit, and had deserved 
well of his country, by his distinguished services in the fa- 
mous battle of Bunker's hill ; but he had felt himself wound- 
ed by the neglect of congress, after the battle, and retire^ 
from service. He engaged at this time, in tho service of his 
country, upon the express condition, that he should not be con- 
stramed to serve under a continental officer ; he accordingly 
resisted the pressmg solicitations of general Schuyler, to join 
him in checking the progress of general Burgoyne. 

Congress interposed in this controversy ; and at this event- 
ful moment, general Burgoyne detached colonel Baum, with 
500 Germans, and 100 Indians, to seize on the American 
stores at Bennington, to enable him to pursue his march to 

20 



230 HISTORY OF THE 

Albany. General Stark was apprised of this movement, and 
sent expresses to collect the neighboring militia, and marched 
to meet the enemy on the 14th, supported by colonels Warner, 
Williams, and Brush. The advance parties of the two armiesf 
met, and commenced a skirmishing, that continued through 
the day. On the 15th, all operations were suspended, by the 
excessive rains that fell ; but on the 16th, general Stark was 
joined by the Berkshire militia, under colonel Symonds, and 
lie detached colonpl Nichols, to take post in the rear of the 
enemy, on the left ; colonel Hendrick to take post in the rear 
of his right ; to be supported by colonels Hubbard, and Stick- 
ley, still further on the right. About 3 o'clock in the after- 
noon, general Stark commenced an attack upon the enemy, 
strongly intrenched, and supported by two tield pieces. The 
attack became general, and was valiantly supported on both 
sides ; the Indians fled ; the Germans were overpowered ; 
forced from their entrenchments, and put to flight. The mi- 
litia, flushed with the successes oi the day, abandoned the pur- 
suit, and gave themselves up to plunder. At this eventful 
moment, lieutenant-colonel Breymcn joined colonel Baum 
with a reinforcement ; they rallied to the charge, and renew 
ed the combat. Colonel Warner led on his regiment of con- 
tinentals, at this critical moment, and su[)i)orted the action, 
until the militia could recover their order, and advance to the 
charge. The action soon became general, and continued 
through the day. The Germans again gave way, and secured 
their retreat, under cover of the night, leaving their artillery, 
baggage, &c. with 200 slain, and 700 prisoners, among whom 
was colonel Baum. This was an miportant action, and prov- 
ed ruinous to general Burgoyne. 

The merits of general Stark were applauded by a special 
resolve of congress, and they honored him with the command 
{. of a brigadier-general in the continental army, October 4th, 
General Gates arrived, at this eventful moment, and took 
the command of the northern army. This was the tirst suc- 
cess that had been obtained in the no^rth ; and it gave fresh 
hopes, and fresh courage to the alTiiy, and inspired the coun- 
try with new zeal, which was displayed in that alacrity, 
with which the militia turned out and joined the army. 

General Lincoln, at this time, supported by colonels 
Brown, Woodbridge, and Johnson, threw himself into the rear 
of general Burgoyne ; and on the 18th, colonel Brown de- 
stroyed the British stores, at the landing at lake George, and 



UNITED STATES. 231 

released the American prisoners. They commenced opera- 
tions i\i the same time with success, against fort Ticonderoga 
and Skeensborough. 

During these movements, general Burgoyne crossed the 
Hudson, and encamped with his whole army, upon the plaine 
of Saratoga. He next moved forward upon the banks of the 
Hudson, and took post upon the heights of Stillwater, within 
three miles of general Gates. 

On the 18th ot September, general Gates detached about 
3000 men to ofler the enemy battle ; but he declined the 
combat. Ontlie I9th, the scouting parties of the two armies 
commenced a skirmishing, that led to a general action, which 
continued through the day, and was supported with great zeal 
and intrepid bravery. Night closed the scene, and the two 
generals drew ot!' their armies to protect their camps,, and 
waited with impatience the returning day. 

The loss ol the British in this action, was estimated at 500, 
killed, wounded and taken ; the loss of the Americans, at 
about 300 ; being about one eighth of the whole number en- 
gaged. 

The army of general Gates was at this time, about 7000 
strong, exchisive of the troops under general Lincoln, who 
were then at Bennington, on their return from the lake. 

The Indians mostly deserted the standard of general Bur- 
goyne, after the action ; and four of the Six Nations, favored 
general Gates, and furnished him with 150 warriors, who join- 
ed him on the 20ih. On the 29tb, general Lincoln joined gen- 
eral Gates, with 2000 men. 

From this time to the 7th of October, the two armies were 
within cannon shot of each other, and witnessed frequent 
skirmishings, both night and day, which harassed the armies 
with serious alarms. 

General Burgovne communicated to sir Henrv Clinton, at 
New-York, his true situation, and requested his mutual co- 
operation. General Gates at the same time, disclosed to gen- 
eral Washington, the privations of the American army, in pro- 
visions, ammunition, &c. 

General Clinton at this time, received a reinforcement of 
2000 men from Europe, and began his operations upon the 
Hudson, to make a diversion in tavor of general Burgoyne ; 
commenced an attack uptn the Highlands,! and carried the 
fortress at the point of the bayonet, October 6th, This en 

t West-Point, sixty miles north of New-York. 

■A 



232 HISTORY OF THE 

ablecl him to clear the obstructions in the river, and open a 
free passage for his shipping ; all which was communicgited to 
general Burgoyne, immediately ; but it was too late. 

On the 7th of October, general Burgoyne detached a strong 
party to open a way for his retreat, and at the same time to 
cover a foraging party, sent out for the relief of the army. 
General Burgoyne made a movement in person, at the head 
of 1500 men, supported by general Frazer, which led to an- 
other action that commenced immediatel}', and was supported 
with great zeal by both parties, through the day. The Amer- 
icans were successful at all points. General Arnold fought 
with desperation, and was wounded in the conllict. The 
British suffered severely, until night closed the scene. Gen- 
eral Frazer and sir James Clark, aid to general Burgoyne. 
were mortally wounded, and the latter taken prisoner.! 

General Burgoyne changed his position in the niglit, and oc- 
cupied the high grounds, to secure his army from immediate 
destruction ; and the Americans were supplied with ammuni- 
tion, in the spoils of the British camp. 

On the 8th, the lirilish army were under arms through the 
day, expecting a momentary attack ; and at sunset, the day 
was closed with the solemnity of a funeral procession, that 
paid the last honors to the remains of the brave general Fra 
zer. The Americans, from their camp, witnessed the scene, 
and sympathy, in obedience to nature, ilropt a tear. ♦ 

On the 9th, general Burgoyne saw himself ^o closely invest- 
ed in his camp, that he resolved to retreat to Saratoga, to save 
his army ; this he etTecterl without loss, excepting his llo^pi- 
tal of sick and wounded, which he was constrained to aban- 
don to the mercy of the Americans. General Gutes did honor 
to his character, by the display of benevolence and humanity, 
which he exhibited upon the occasion. 

The movements of general Gates, shewed to general Bur 
goyne, the next day, thiit all the passes in his rear wen^ 
strongly euarded, and' that all further retreat was impractica- 
ble. ' ^ 

t In the heat of the action, colonel Morgan, (the future hero of the 
battle of the Cowpens) selected several of his sharp shooters, and 
pointing them t« a British officer, who appeared most conspicuously 
active in his d\ity, at the head of his division, mounted upon an iron 
grey charter, thus addressed them : "that gallant officer is general 
Frazer ; 1 admire and respect him, but it is nccessarj/ that he should 
die ; take your station in that wood, and do your duty." It is unne 
cessary to add, that the general soen fell, mortally wounded. 



UNITED STATES. 233 

Stung: with chiiarrin nnd mortificatian, at the forlorn situa- 
tion into which he had precipitated himself, general Bur- 
goyne called a council of war, on the 13lh. Such was thft 
local situation of the two aruiies, that an eighteen pound shot 
crossed the table where the council were deliberating, and 
their result became unanunnus, to make terms with general 
Gates. General Burgoync sent otjt a ilag, to open the treaty, 
and general Gates sent in his j)r()posals, which were rejected, 
and general Burgoyne sL'ut out iiis terms, in his turn, which 
were accepted, on the tbth. 

Duringthis negotiation, tiie news of the ca[>ture of the High- 
lands, as before noticed, I'eached general Burgoyne, which 
caused him to hesitate, and defer sigjiing the treaty, in hopes' 
of the expected succor from sii Henry Clinton. GeBiQ^al 
Gates, alive to the sense oftlelay, at this ci'itical moment, 
drew up his army in onler of hatile, on the morning of the 
17th, and sent in a tlag to general Burgi\yne, demanding his de- 
cision in ten minutes. Buriioyne felt th!> awful responsibili- 
ty, signed the treaty in time, ,ind returned it to general Gates. 

The whole British ai my marched out of th(ur line.-;, depos- 
ited their arms, and became prisoners of war. General Gate^ 
marched in, under the tune of Vankee i3oo(lle, and took quiet 
possession. Gener;d Gates ordered supplies to be issued to 
the British army, who were destitute, and the solemn scene 
was closed. 

Sucfi and so various are the scenes of life, an'l the fates of 
men; such and so (icUle is the fortune of war ; but tlrm and 
unshak(Mi is the providence ol God ; wisdom, and might, and 
strength are His. 

Sir Henry Clinton detiiched sir James W.dlace, and general 
Vaughn, with a dyujg squ.idron, carrying oGOO troops, to pen- 
etrate, if possible, to the camp of Burgoyne, or make a diver- 
sion in his favor ; but learning tl»e situation of general Bur- 
goyne, at Es0[)us, on the 13li), they set fireto the village, and 
consumed it. H id they pi-ocv'eded to Albany, they might 
have destroyed the place, with the American stores, juid Bur- 
goyne might have been relieved. The enquiry has often been 
made, why this urmecessary dely ? But no other answer can 
possibly be' given, than this ; it was the Special providence of 
Qod. 

The army of general Burgoyne was marched directly to 
Boston, where they were detained as prisoners «f war. 



234 HISTORY OF THE 

General Gates marched, with all possible expedition, to 
support general Putnam, at Kingston, and guard the country 
against the ravages of the enemy, who took the alarm, and 
hastened back to New-York. Tranquility was restored in the 
north. 

At the eventfid moment, when general Burgoyne had tri- 
umphed over the Americans upon lake Champlain, and com- 
menced his operations in the state of New- York, general 
Howe embarked about IC 000 troops on board his fleet at 
New- York, (consisting of 260 sail) ;tnd on the 23d of July, 
put to sea, upon a secret expedition, to make a diversion in 
the south, in favor of the hero of the north. 

General Washington made a movement towards the Dela- 
ware, to be in readiness to cover Philadel[)hia ; and at the 
same time, expressed his surpiise, that general Howe should 
thus abandon general Burgoyne. General Howe manceuvred 
upon the coast, for several days ; but when he entered the 
Chesapeake, general VVashinglon penetrated his designs, and 
advanced to meet him. General Howe landed his troops, at 
the ferry of Elk, and the two armies met at Chad's Ford, on 
the Brandy wine ; an action was fought, September 11. The 
British were successful, and the Americans retired to the 
high grounds, to watch the enemy. General Howe made a 
movement, and entered Philadelphia, September 26. 

Upon the landing of general Howe, congress retired to Lan- 
'•ister. 

Pending the tirst movements of general Howe, from New- 
York, the marquis La Fayette arrived in America, fjom 
France, and tendered his services to congress, as a volunteer 
in the American cause. Congress accepted the overture, and 
conferred upon him the commission of a major-general, in the 
army of the United States. The marquis joined the army, 
and served at his own expense ; and became not only a mem- 
ber of the fiimily, but the intiniate companion of the comman- 
der-in-chief. 

On the nth of September, he made the first display of his 
talents as a soldier, at the battle of Chad's Ford, acquitted him- 
self with honor, and was wounded in the leg. 

The count Pulaski, a Polish noblemen, also distinguished 
himself in this action, and was honored with the commission 
of a major-general. 

When general Howe had entered Philadelphia, he ordered 



UxNlTED STATES. 236 

his fleet to move rouml into the Delaware, and thus secured 
his communication with the sea. 

'During the movements of the fleet, general Washington at- 
tempted to cut off the main body of the British army, which 
was encamped at Gcrmantown.t This attack was well con- 
certed, and promptly executed. The Bi itish were complete- 
ly surprised, at break of day, October 4th ; at sunrise the ac- 
tion became warm, and the Americans were successful at all 
points, until they attempted to dislodge a battalion of the Brit- 
ish, who in their flight, had thrown themselves into a stone 
house ; this occasioned a delay, broke the pursuit, and gave 
the enemy time to recover from their surprise, and rally to 
the charge ; the action soon became warm and bloody. A thick 
fog arose, which covered the combatants, and caused some 
confusion ; the enemy took advantage of this, and the Ameri- 
cans retired, and abandoned the victory they had so fairly gain- 
ed. 

The losses of the parties were about equal ; but it proved 
a lesson of caution to general Howe. PJe collected his army 
at Philadelphi;j, where he was closely invested by general 
Washington, through the winter ; which occasioned the re- 
mark of doctor Franklin ; ♦' Philadelphia has taken //oziye." 

The privations of the American army were truly distress- 
ing ; without clothes, shoes, stockings, and even breeches 
and blankets ; more than 2000 were marched through the 
snow, imprinting the roads with their blood stained steps ; 
yet all this was endured with a flrmnf^ss, worthy of those val- 
iant sons of liberty. 



CHAPTER VHI. 

ItEVOLKTION CONTINUED PROCEEDINGS OF C6»N«RESS MILI- 
TARY OPERATIONS, &C. 

President Hancock, by permission, retired from the chaii, 
to visit his friends, r\nd enjo> that repose the state of his health 
required — May, 1777. 

President Hancock took leave of congress, by a dignified 
address, to which congress replied, by the following resolve ; 

" Resolved, That the thanks of congress be presented to 

1 Seven miles n«rth of Philadelphiji. 



236 HISTORY OF THE 

lohn Hancock esq. for the unremitted attention, and steady 
impartiality, which he has manifested, in the discharge of the 
jrarious duties as president, since his election to the chair, on 
the 24th ofMay, 1775." 

Coni^ress elected the honorable Henry Laurens, of South 
Carolina, as his successor. They also appointed general 
Gates, president of the board of war. 

Congress next appointed a special committee, to prepare 
articles of confederation, in due form ; and on the 12lh of July 
following, this committee made their report, which was or- 
dered to be printed, for the information of the members. 

These articles of confeder;ition, as reported by this com- 
mittee, were unanimously adopted by congress ; approved by 
the states, and became the sh< et anchor of the nation, by 
which she rode out the storm of an eight year's war. (See 
appendix, letter B.) This compact formed also, the basis of 
the federal cons' iiution, and thus continues, the palladium of 
the nation, to perpetuate the blessings of liberty and indepen- 
dence, to the latest generation. 

Congress resolved, " that the commissioners at the courts 
of France and Spain, be directed to exert their utmost endeav- 
ors, to obtain a loan of two millions sterling, on the faith of the 
United States." Congress next resolved, " that it be recom.- 
mended to the legislatures of the several states, to appoint 
persons to seize such clothing, as may be necessary for the 
army, wherever it may be found, wilhin their respective 
states ; and when the value of the same has been duly estima- 
ted, that it be applied accordingly." 

I.,!eutc'nant-co!onel Barton, who took general Prescott pris- 
oner, at Rhode-lslr.nd, as before noticed, was now recommend- 
ed to congress, upon which they resolved, *' that he be pro- 
moted to the rank of a colonel, in the service of the United 
States, in consideration of his merits, and that he be recom- 
mended to general Washington, to be employed in such servi- 
ces, as he miy deem best adapted to his genius." 

Congress next resolved, "that one month's extra pay, be 
o-iven to each oflicer and soldier, under the immetliate com- 
mand of his excellency general Washin2;ton, in testimony of 
their approbation, of their patience, fidelity and zeal, in the 
servif^e of their country." 

Congress next proceeded to resolve, " that the embarkation 
of general Burgoyne and his army, agreeable to the conven- 
tion of Saratoga, be delayed, until the same should be properly 



UNITED STATES. 1237 

ratilied,by the court of Great Britain ;" in consequence of an 
tinguarded expression of the general, in one of his letters, in 
vvliich he declared *' the convention to have been broken on 
the part of the Americans." 

General Burgoyne met this resolve by explanations, togeth- 
er with a proposed renewal of the convention of Saratoga, 
and in such a manner, as should be approved by congress ; but 
without effect. ^. 

On the first of December, the ship Alamand arrived from 
France, with 48 pieces of brass artillery, (four pounders) with 
carriages complete ; 19 nine inch mortars — 2500 nine inch 
bombs — 2000 four pound balls — a quantity of intrenching 
tools — :3000 fusees — 1 1 10 for dragoons — 1800 pounds o( pow- 
der, and 6 1 ,000 pounds of brimstone, from the house of Beau- 
marchais, in Paris. 

On the Itithof December, Mr. Gerard, J(French minister) 
delivered the preliminaries of a treaty, to the American com- 
missioners, for the two nations. On the 16th of February, 
1778, the treaty was jygncd, and in 48 hours, it was known in 
London, and produced ];great excitement in tiie councils of 
Britain. 

On the 21st of March, the American commissioners, Messrs- 
Franklin, Dean and Lee, were admitted to a public audionce, 
at the court of Versailles, and were presented to the king, by 
M. De Vergennes, (French jninisler) in character of tb.c min- 
isters plenipotentiary, of the United States of America. 

The French minister at London, announced the signing of 
this treaty to the British minister, and returned to France. 

On the 13th of April, the Toulon fleet, consisting of twelve 
ships of the line, and four frigates, sailed for America, under 
the command of the count De Estaing; bearing Mr. Gerard, 
as minister of France to the United States, accompanied b^^ 
the American minister, Mr. Dean. 

On the same day, general Burgoyn^ arrived in London , 
not as a conqueror, but in such disgrace, as to be refused ad- 
mission into the presence of his majesty. 

On the 5th of .Tune, admiral Byron was despatched to A- 
merica, with a formidable squadron, to take the command on 
that station. 

At this time, the illustrious carl of Chatham was borne a- 
way in the arms of death, no longer to witness the tarnished 
honor of that countrv, which, under God, he had raised to the 



J38 HISTORY OF THE 

iummit of renown. On the 9th, his remains were honorably 
nterred, at the pubhc expense, in Westminster Abbey. 

Well mi^ht old England say, in the bitterness of her soul, 
' that sun is set : O rise some other such, or all is talk of old 
ichievements, and despair of new." 

As soon as the court of Versailles had learnt the destination 
)f admiral Byron, the count De Orvilliers put to sea, with a 
leet of 32 ship^ of the line,4pd a cloud of iVigates, to enforce 
he ordinance of the kmi:;, of the iGth of March, for making; 
•eprisals on the ships )f Britain. 

Great Britain pursued the same measures, and admiral 
Ceppel put to sea, in qur-st of the French fle- t. On the 23d 
)f -July, both fleets appeared to approach each other for ac- 
ion ; but a scene of manoevreing commenced, which display- 
ed the skill of the comman iers, in naval tactics for three days. 
)n the 27lh, a sharp action commenced, ind continued about 
hree hours ; both fleets suffered severely, and hoth claimed 
he victory. The fleets withdrew and returned into port, to 
'epair their damages. 

This opened the war between En:iland and France. 

On the 14th of May, lieutenant-colonel Ethan Allen was re- 
tored to his countij. by an exchange, and congress honored 
lim with a colonel's commission, in the service of the United 
states, as a testimony of their respect, for his zeal and firm- 
less in the service of his country.! 

At this time an expedition was planned against Rhode-Isl- 
md, and general Sullivan was detached, by general Wnshing- 
on, to take the command ; but the vigilance of general Pigot 
lefeated the enterprise, by detaching lieutenant-colonel 
Campbell, with about 5o0 men, to destroy the American gal- 
ies, destined for the service. Lieut, colonel Campbell, exe- 
cuted his commission promjitly, on Ihe nitrhts of the 24th and 
?5th, and destroyed all the flat-bouoraed boats near the town 
)f Warren ; together with the meeting-house, and seven dwel- 
ing-houses, and retired te Bristol, where they burnt 22 hous- 
3s and the church : committed the most licentious depreda- 
ions ; carried off a state galley, and returned to Newport. — 
Shortly after, general Pigot detached another party, to burn 
\nd destroy the town of Tiverton ; but the Americans were 
n force, and the enterprise failed. 

^ +Colonel Allen had been taken at Montreal in 1775, and carried to 
Rngland, as has been noticed. 



UNITED STATES. 239 

At this time a French frigate of 50 guns, with a schooner 
from Rochfort, laden with arms and dry goods, arrrived in 
.Tames river, yirginia,and were joyfully received by the nation. 

General Howe had wintered snugly in Philadelphia, by 
keeping the neighboring country in a slate of perjietual alarm, 
with his fortiging parties, which often conducted with great 
cruelty ; and many innocent, unrosisting inh.jbitants, were 
butchered by ihem in cold blood, while begging for mercy. 

General VVashington tixed his head quarters at Valley Forge, 
14 miles from Philadelphia, where his army experienced 
great privations and suiferings through the winter ; but 
they held the British army in a state of siege, as at Boston, 
in 1775. 

On the 7th of M.iy, general Howe detached a battalion of 
infantry, to destroy the American stores and shipping, at Bor- 
dentown. This expedition was promptly executed ; on the 
8th, four stores were burnt, containing provisions, tobacco, 
military stores, and camp equipage. On the 9th, they destroy- 
ed une frigate of 32 guns, one of 28, nine large ships, three 
privateers of IG guns each, three of 10 guns, twenty-three 
brigs, with several sloops, schooners, &,c. and returned to 
Philadelphia. 

At this eventful moment, sir Henry Clinton arrived-at Phil- 
adelphia, to succeed general Howe, in the command of the 
British army in America. On the 18th, the British officers 
took leave of sir William Howe, by hoaoring him with a most 
magnilicent entertainment, which continued 12 hours, accom- 
panied with a most splendid t^xhibition of fire works, in the 
evening ; and his excellency retired soon after, to England. 

General VVashington letached the marquis La Fayette, from 
his camp at Valley Forge, with a party of 2500 men, to ap- 
proach the city of Philadelphia, and add to this scene of fes- 
tivity and amusement. The marquis promptly obeyed ; cros- 
sed, the Schuylkill, and took post on Barren hill, twelve miles 
in advance of the American army. The British soon learnt 
the situation of the marquis, and on the night of the J 9th, sir 
lienry Clinton, detached general Grant, with about 7000 men, 
with field pieces, to surprise and cut off the marquis. Gen- 
eral Grant marched out upon the Frankfort road, and from 
thence crossed over, through old York and White-marsh 
roads, and entered the road to Barren hill, about two miles 
in the rear of the marquis. Sir Henry at the same time, sent 
put another party, to engage the marquis in front. But the 



"240 HISTORY OF THE 

marquis, having learnt the movements of the enemy, tiled oft' 
his detachment so adroitly, that he gained the Matron ford, 
(distant one mile) and crossed over the Schuylkill, before the 
enemy were prepared to push their attack, and thus saved his 
detachment from total ruin. 

On the 4th of June, the earl of Carlisle, Mr. Eden, and 
governor Johnston, arrived in the Trident from England, as 
commissioners, to restore peace between Britain and America. 
On the 9th, sir Henry Clinton requested of general Wash- 
ington a passport for their secretary, doctor Ferguson, to bear 
their despatches to Congress ; which being refused, they were 
forwarded in the usual form. On the 13th, they were re- 
ceived ; on the 16th they were examined, and on the 17th, 
the president was directed to return the following reply ; 

" 1 have received the letter trom your excellencies, of the 
Gth instant, with the inclosures, and laid them before Con- 
gress. Nothing but the earnest desire, to spare the further 
effusion of human blood, could have induced Congress to read 
a paper, containing expressions so disrespectful to his most 
christain majesty, the good and great ally of these states, or to 
consider propositions, so derogatory to the honor of an inde- 
pendent nation. 

'' The acts of the British parliament, the commission from 
your sovereign, and your letter, suppose the people of these 
states, to be subjects of the crown of Great Britain, and are 
founded upon the ideaof dependence, which is utterly inadmis- 
sible. 1 am further directed to inform your excellencies, that 
Congress are inclined to peace, notwithstanding the urgent 
claims irom which this war originated, and the savage man- 
ner in which it has been conducted. They will therefore be 
ready, to enter upon the consideration of a treaty of peace 
and commerce, not inconsistent with the treaties already sub- 
sisting, when the king of Great Britain shall demonstmte, a 
sincere disposition for that purpose. The only solid proof of 
this disposition, will be, an explicit acknowledgement of the 
independence of these states, or the withdrawing his fleets 
and armies. 

•' I have the honor to be, your excellencies' most obedient, 
humble servant." 

The movements of France, as before noticed, gave alarm 
in England, and caused the minister to send out orders by Mr. 
Eden, for sir Henry Clinton to retire from Philadelphia to 
New York, with the British army, as soon as possible. 



UNITED STATES. 241 

On the 18th of June, 1778, the whole British army evacu- 
ated Philadelphia, agreeable to previous arrangements, cross- 
ed the Delaware, and moved to Haddonfield. 

General Washington, apprised of this movement, detached 
general Maxjvell, with his brigade, to harass the rear of the 
enemy, and impede his march. At the same time, he consult- 
ed his officers, in written questions, upon the plan of opera- 
tions to be adopted, in pursuing the enemy. 

General Lee, who had been exchanged, and joined the ar- 
my, was now present to give his advice in council. General 
Mifflin was not consulted, because he had been long absent, by 
permission, and thereby avoided the duties of the winter's 
campaign. 

The answers to the questions proposed, were almost unan- 
imous, " To harass the enemy at all points ; but avoid the 
hazard of a general action." 

General Washington crossed the Delaware, the next day, 
* with his arm}' ; moved on in pursuit of the enemy, and at the 
f^ame time, he detached colonel Morgan with 600 riflemen, to 
support general Maxwell. 

The weather was extremely warm, and the armies moved 
slowly. On the 24th, general Washington reached Princeton., 
where he made the following statement, to the officers of his 
armv : 

** The army of the enemy, is between nine and ten thou- 
sand, rank and file. The American army is 10,684, rank and 
file, besides the advance brigade under general Maxwell, 
(about 1200) and about 1200 militia." 

The general then proposed the following question : " Will 
it be advisable to hazard a general action ?'* The answer 
was, ** Not advisable." But a detachment of 1500, to be im- 
mediately sent, to act as occasion may require, on the enemy's 
left flank and rear, in conjunction with tlie other continental 
troops and militia, already hanging about them, and the mai« 
t)ody to preserve a situation to act, as circumstances may re- 
i|uire. Signed, Lee, Sterling, Greene, Fayette, Steuben, 
Poor, Patterson, Woodward, Scott, Portail and Knox. Gen- 
eral Scott was detached accordingly. 

General Gates had arrived at Fishkill, with the northern 
army, about the middle of May, and was now ready to co-ope- 
rate with general Washington, if required. General Wash- 
ington considered the pass through tke Highlands, as an object 
of the first imDortance^ and directed drafts from the ueigli- 

21 



^42 HISTORY OF THE 

boring militia, to be marched to the swpiport of general Gates, 
and guard that point. General Gates at the same time, mov- 
ed forward his army to White Plains, to give an alarm in New 
York, and thus made a diversion on that side ; which was 
highly approved. 

On the 21st, general Washington marched to Kingston, and 
there learning that sir Henry Clinton had marched towards 
Monmouth, he resolved to attack his rear, and force him to an 
action. Accordingly, his excellency detached brigadier-gen- 
eral Wiiyne, with 1000 chosen troops, to reinforce general 
Maxwell, and selected the marquis de La Fayette, to advance 
and take the command of the whole ; general Lee having de- 
clined tlie command. 

On the night of the 25th, general Washington moved for- 
ward his army from Kiingslon, and arrived at Cranbury, early 
the next morning, where they were detained by storms, 
through the 26th ; oi course the marquis was ordered to check, 
his pursuit, and file off to the left, towards Englishtown, which 
he accomplished on the 27th. This movement of the Ameri- 
can commander, led the British general to anticipate his views, 
and change his order of march, by posting the grenadiers, light 
infantry, and chasseurs, as his rear guard. At the same time, 
he disposed of his baggage, so as to be covered by the advance 
column, under the command of general Kniphausen ; this, 
when collected, formed a procession of about twelve miles in 
extent. This movement led general Washington to augment 
his advance guard. 

General Lee began to feel the mortification, which he had 
brought upon himself, by refusing the command of the advance 
guard, and now solicited the appointment ; to which general 
Washington objected, but detached him with two brigades, to 
join the marquis, which gave him the command of course ; 
general Washington moved forward at the same time, to sup- 
port the whole. The right of the enemy was harassed by 
general Morgan's corps, and the left by general Dickinson's 
Jersey militia ; but the main army, under sir Henry Clinton, 
Tras strongly posted near Monmouth meeting-house, on the 
!S7th. 

General Washington saw the favorable moment that now 
•ffered, to bring sir Henry to immediate action, before he 
should have gained the heights of Middletown, (twelve mile» 
in advance) and ordered general Lee to be in readiness to Q^m- 
SRfeftce the attaek, upon the shortest notice. 



UNITED STATES. 24o 

On the morning of the 28th, general Knipbausen, at break 
of day, moved forward the advance column ofthe British ar- 
my, 'vith the bagg tge, &:c. and at eight o'clock. ?ir Henry fol- 
lowed with the mam body ; the flower of the army, being 
posted in the rear. 

General V>'"ashington wrote to generul Lee, at one in the 
morning, with general directions, for commencing the attack. 
General Washington put his whole army in motion, at the 
Siime time ; having learnt from general Dickinson thut the 
front of the enemy had commenced their march. He sent 
orders to gener d Lee, at the same tiase, to advance and com- g 
rnence the attack, '■'■ wiless there should be powerful reasons to 
the cont/ary ;" and assured hmi that the army were advancing 
without their packs, to suppoi t him, June 28th, 1778. 

The limits of this work, will not permit me to give the par- 
ticulars of this memorable action, in detail ; suffice it to say, 
^the doubtful movements of general Lee, deranged the plans of 
the commander-m-chjef ; caused the failure of the general 
actidll', and (Hfeated the operations of the day. They caused 
a(st), acourt-m/artial upon general Lee, which deprived him of 
his command. 

The American troops lay on their arms through the night, 
impatient for the attack the next morning ; but sir Henry took 
the alarm, withdrew his troops in the night, and thus made 
his escape, to the inexpressible disappointment of general 
Washington. 

Sir Henry Clinton lost in the affair at Monmouth, about 
500 men, kdled, wounded and missing, together with lieuten- 
ant-colonel Moncton, a brave officer, whose death was greatly 
lamented. 

General Washington lost about half that number, together 
with lieutenant-colonel Bonner, and major D-.r.kinson, two 
brave officers, whose loss was severely felt by the American 
army. 

The extreme heat of the wevither was inexpressibly dis- 
tressing to both armies, through the day, and rendered a pur- 
suit, by forced marches, through a deep sandy country, im- 
practicable ; general Washington, therefore detached a strong 
party of light troops, to watch the motions of the enemy ; and 
drew oif his main army to the North river. 

Sir Henry retired by forced marches, to Sandy-Hook, 
where he was met by lord Howe with his fleet, on the 5th of 
July, and embarked his army for New York. 



^44 HISTORY OF THE 

On the 8th of Ju]y , count De Estaing entered the capes oi 
the Delaware, with the Toulon fleet, after a passage of eigh- 
ty-seven days ; lord Howe had been gone only eleven days, 
and sir Henry Clinton had evacuated Philadelphia only one 
month before, and was now embarking his army at Sandy- 
Hook, for New-York. The French fleet was about double 
the force of the English, both in the number of ships and 
weight of metal. 

Count De Estaing landed Mr. Gerard, French minister to 
the United States, who was most cordially received by con- 
egress, and on the 9th, set sail for Sandy Hook, where he ar- 
rived on the 1 1th, and blockaded the English squadron in the 
harbor. 

The count made all possible efforts to attack the English 
fleet in the harbor ; but found it impracticable to cross the 
bar with his heavy ships, and on the 22d, ngreeable to advice 
from general Washington, he set sail for Newport, to co-ope- 
rate in the destruction of the British fleet and army, at Rhode- 
Island. 

Admiral Byron's squadron arrived at Sandy Hook, a few 
days after the departure of the French fleet, in a very brok- 
en, sickly, dismasted, distressed situation. The provision 
ship from Cork, arrived also, and entered the harbor of New- 
York, in safety, to the inexpressible joy of the British army, 
who were in great want of supplies. 

Count De Estaing arrived off" Point Judith, on the 29th of 
July, and such was the joy upon the occasion, that it diffused 
the fire and zeal of 1776 and 6, throughout New England. 
Volunteers by thousands, flocked to the standard of their 
country, to join general Sullivan, and co-operate with their 
illustrious allies, in the reduction of Rhode-Island. 

General Washington had detached the marquis La Fayette 
and general Greene, with 2000 men, to join the general enter- 
prise. The American force was now about 10,b00strong. 

Sir Robert Pigot, who commanded at Newport, had been 
reinforced with five battalions, which rendered his force 
about 6000 strong. Thus balanced the parties commenced 
their operations. 

The count De Estaing entered the harbor at Newport, on 
the 18th of August, without opposition ; general Pigot having 
destroyed the English shipping,! on the 6th, to prevent theiv 
falling into the hands of the French. 

+ Four frigates, with several smaller vessels.. 



UNITED STATES. 245 

On the 9th, at eight in the morning, general SulUvan began 
to cross over with histirmy, from Tiverton ; the enemy hav- 
ins: iibandoned their works at the north end of the islartd. At 
two in the morning, lord Howe appeared off Point Judith, with 
a fleet of twenty-tive sail of the line, where he anchored for 
tiie nighi. 

On the 10th, count De Estaing, eager to meet the British 
fleet, took advantage of the wind and put to sea. The two 
fleets manceuvrsd through the day, without coming to action. 
On the lltn, a violent gaie sprang up, and continued through 
the 12th and 13th, which parted tiic fleets, dismasted the 
French admiral's ship, destroyed her rudder, and greatly dam- 
aged several others. 

On the 14th, the gale abated, and close and severe actions 
commenced, between several single ships, of the two fleets, 
but nothing decisive. The count, having collected six of his 
ships, covered his disabled fleet, and stood in for Newport, 
and came to anchor. 

General Greene and the marquis La Fayette, went on board 
the admiral's ship, and pressed him to enter the harbor of 
Newport, and complete the enterprise ; but the fleet was so 
shattered by the storm, and the oflicers were**generally so 
averse, that the count concluiJed to sail for Boston. 

The troops under general Sullivan had gained the north end 
of the island, and marched down upon the enemy's lines, 
ready to co-operate with the French fleet, and commence the 
attack ; but their sufl'e rings in the stor.m were so severe, that 
the troops were in a deplorable state. 

On the 1 4th, they lay exposed to au attack from the ene- 
my, v^'hich must have proved ruinous, had he known their 
true situation. 

On the 15th, the American army had recovered from their 
misfortunes, and were again prepared for action Ip this«it- 
uation, they continued anxiously waiting the movements of 
the French fleet, tojoininthe general attack ; but to their 
grief and astonishment, they saw them weigh and staml off for 
Boston, on the 24th. The mortification of general Sullivan, 
was greater than the pride of an American soldier could sus- 
tain, and he expressed himself unguardedly, in his general or- 
ders upon the occasion. 

On. the 28th, count De Estaing wrote to congress from Bos- 
ton, and explained his niovements, to the satisfaction ©f that 
honorable body. 

21* 



246 HISTORY OF THE 

General Sullivan soon saw himself abandoned by most o! 
the volunteers, which reduced his army to a standard belo>\ 
that of the enemy, and he hastened to secure his retreat. 

On the 25th, general Sullivan sent off his heavy cannon, 
and on the 29th, he retired to the north end of the island. 
General Pigot pursued with his whole force, to intercept his 
retreat. The advance guard of the enemy was soon eui^aged 
with the rear guard of the Americans, and a severe action en- 
sued, that continued through the day. The next day, gener- 
al Sullivan learnt that lord Howe was again at sea, and that 
the French fleet was not expected to return to Newport, and 
he hastened to evacuate the island. 

General Sullivan, with the advice and assistance of general 
Greene, and the marquis La Fayette, conducted his retreat in 
the presence of a superior foe, whose sentries were not more 
than 400 yards distant from the American sentries ; and on 
the morning of the 1st of September, 1778, the retreat was 
accomplished, without the loss of a man, or any part of the ar- 
tillery or baggage. 

The same day, sir Henry Clinton arrived off Newport, on 
board of the fleet under lord Howe, with 40 iO troops, to cut 
off the American retreat ; but learning the departure of the 
French for Boston, and the retreat of the Americans, he set 
sail for Boston, in pursuit of the French. On the morning of 
the 3d, he discovered the French fleet in the harbor of Bos- 
ton, strongly posted, and returned to New-York. On the 
5th, lord liowe commenced an attack u^on the American ship- 
ping in Bedford harbor, and destroyed about seventy sail, be- 
sides small craft, stores, dwelling houses, and vessels on the 
stocks, together with the magazine, to the amount of£20,00t> 
sterling. 

His lordship next commenced an attack upon Martha's 
Vineyard ; destroyed all the vessels, and carried of the arms 
of the militia, the public money, 300 oxen, and 10,000 sheep, 
and returned to New- York. 

The tbllowing extract of a letter from general Washington, 
shall close the chapter : 

" It is not a little pleasing, nor less wonderful, to contem- 
plate, that after two years manoeuvreing, and undergoing the 
strangest vicissitudes, that perhaps ever attended any one con- 
test since the creation, both armies are brought back *p the 
very point they set out from, and the offending party, in the 
beginning, is reduced to the spade and pick-axe ftr defence . 



UNITED STATES. 24T 

The hand of providence has been so conspicuous in all this, 
that he must be worse than an inftdel, that lacks faith, and 
more than wicked, that has not gratitude enough to acknowl- 
edge his obligations." 



CHAPTER IX. 

GENERAL OPERATIONS OF THE REVOLUTION, CONTINUED. 

During these proceedings, George Johnston esq. one of the 
British commissioners, attempted to bribe a Mr. Reed and 
others, members of congress, to ciTect a negotiation and re- 
conciliation, between Britain muI America ; to which Mr. Reed 
replied, *' / am not worth buying, but such as I am, the king of 
England is not rich enough to do it.^^ 

Mr. Reed disclosed the tacUs to congress, and they by their 
resolve, ordered all letters addressed to members of congress, 
from British commissioners or agents, or any subjects of the 
king of Great Britain, ot a public nature, to be laid before con- 
gress. They next proceeded to interdict all further inter- 
course with the said George Johnston esq. as incompatible 



with the honor of congress. This resolve brought out of New 
York, a warm and spirited rej»ly, from the proscribed John- 
ston, with a total disavowal of the facts, on the part of sii 
Henry Clinton, lord Carlisle, and Mr. Eden. They, at the 
same time, tendered to congress, a ratification of the conven- 
tion of Saratoga, that the troops of general Burgoyne might 
be embarked ibr England ; but congress declined all ratihca- 
tion, unless by the British government, and the troops were 
withheld. 

The commissioners next directed their appeal to the Ame- 
rican people, and issued their publications accordingly. Con- 
gress favored this appeal, and it h.ul full scope ; the country 
had good sense enough, rightly to appreciate the procedure, 
and virtue enough to frown upon it with contempt, and it end- 
ed in disgrace and mortification to the commissioners. 

Stung with chagrin and indignation, at the failure of their 
base and insidious measure, the commissioners next proceed- 
ed, to denounce the American government, in a valedictory 
■lanifejeto^ and threatened the American people with rett- 



48 HISTORY OF THE 

eance and destruction, it^they [)ersevered in their rebellion, 
[id adhered to their ailiance with France. 

Congress met this manifesto, with a declaration, that de- 
ounced that savage mode ot^ vvartare, which the British had 
r«rried on in America ; and particularly their barbarity to- 
•ards the American prisoners, as well as the meanness of the 
ommissioners, in atteinpting to seduce the members of con- 
ress and others, by bribery and corruption. They thus con- 
luded : 

" If our enemies presume to execute their threats, or per- 
ist in their present career of barb, a'ity, we will take such ex- 
mplary vengeance, as shall detet others from a like comhict. 
V'e appeal to thnt God, who is tlie searcher of hearts, for the 
ectitude of our intentions, and in his holy presence declare, 
[vat as we are not moved by any light or h;\sty suggestions of 
nger or revenge, so through every possible change of for- 
jne, we vvdl adhere to this our determination." (See appen- 
ix, letter D.) 

The marqU'S La Fayette felt the indignity offered to his 
lation, by some expressions in tlie manifesto of the commis- 
ioners, and challenged the earl of Carlisle to answer t'or these 
etlections, at single combat ; but his challenge was not accept- 
id. . " 

On the 6th of August, the honorable Sieur Gerard, deliver- 
id his credentials in -flue form, and had his tirst audience of 
;ongress. 

Doctor Franklin, (then at Paris, in character of American 
;ommissioner) was appointed at the same time, minister plen- 
potentiary to th ^ court of Versailles, with instrurtions to ne- 
jociate for an expedition against C:inada, in vv'hich France and 
\merica were to co operate, in conformity with the views of 
he marquis La F syette. The doctor was also instructed to 
ay before the French court, a general view of ihe finances oi' 
;he United States, for the jjurpose of opening the way for such 
oans, as the exigencies of their aflfidrs might require. 

The marquis La Fayette, at this tiine, requested leave to 
I'eturn to France ; to which congress readily consented, and 
lirected the president to express to him by letter, ihe thanks 
3f congress, for that disinterested zeal, thatled him to Ameri-^ 
2a, as well as those services he had rendered the U. States, 
by the exertions of his courage and abilities, on many signal 
occasions. They also dire<:ted doctor Franklin, to cause an 
elegant sword to be made, with proper devices, and presefitei^ 



UNITED STATES. 249 

to the marquis, in the name of the United States. Congress 
at the same time, addressed a letter to the king of France, ex- 
pressive of the high sense they entertained of the talents and 
services of the marquis. He took his leave of congress, by 
letter ; repaired to Boston, and embarked for France. 

Pending these movements, the Indians, in concert with the 
tories, began their ravages upon the Susquehannah ; entered 
the settlements, in a body of about 1600 ; defeated colonel 
Butler, at the head of about 400 men, and cut off his party, 
with a terrible slaughter. They took one small fort at Kings- 
ton, and then carried fort Wilkcsbarre ; butchered the garri- 
son, and burnt the women and children in the barracks.- — 
They next proceeded to lay waste the settlements, with fire 
and sword, and destroyed the cattle, in the most wanton and 
barbarous manner ; but spared the persons and property of 
the tories. 

The followins; extract from Mr. Gordon's-- revolutionary 
war, may serve as a specimen of the distresses of Wyoming : 

"The following are a lew ot the more singular ciuelties, 
practised in the attack upon Wyoming, (\iptain Braddoc, 
who had been taken prisoner, had his body stuck full of splin- 
ters and pine knots, and then aheap of pine knots piled round 
him ; the whole was then set on tire, and his two companions, 
captains Kamsom and Durgee, thrown into the flames, and held 
down with pitchforks, 'i'he tories were the most distinguish- 
ed for their cruelties ; in this, they resembled the British for- 
ces. One of those Wyoming tories, whose mother had mar- 
ried a second husband, butchered with his own hands, both his 
father in-law, his own sisters, and their infant children. An- 
other, who during; his absence, had sent home several threats 
against the life of his father, now, not only executed them in 
person, but was, with his own hands, the exterminator of his 
family, mother, brothers and sisters, and mingled their blood 
indiscriminately, with that of the husband and father." 

1 forbear to pursue that part of the narrative, which re- 
counts the distresses of those, who fled from the blaze of their 
dwellings, and took shelter in the woods, where they roamed 
at hazard, as chance or tear directed, until they either perish- 
ed with famine or the murderous hatchet, or reached some 
friendly settlements, where they found christian hospitality. 
These are too black to be pursued, and are to be ranked 
among the many that occurred, to evince the total depravit} 
of the human heart. 



•oO 



HISTORY OF THE 



Such was the general alarm, which these savages occasioned, 
md such the spirit of Virginia, tliattm expedition was sent in- 
o the Indian country, under colonel Clark, against the French 
ettlements upon the u[)per Mississippi, in the country of the 
llinois. It had now become weli understood, that the gov* 
irnor of these settlements, had been the instigator of these 
•avages. 

-Colonel Clark traversed the desert Avith his party, about 
125)0 miles, and reached Kiskitskias, at the hour of midnight, 
n a desperate situation, and destitute of provisions ; but be- 
ng undiscovered, he resojved to strike the fatal blow. He 
entered the town isnmediatei^', and secured the whole, con- 
sisting of about 250 hou^^es, with the fort, the governor, and 
iH the inhabitants, without even an alarm,, and sent the govt^r- 
lor to Virginia, with all his written in^trtictionslTomQ^uebec, 
Montreal, Detroit and Michi'lmakinar, for exciting tiie Indi- 
ans to war, and offering a bounty on scalps. Colonel Clark 
Hiministered the oath of allegiance to ihis village, and sent 
letachments to surprise the oilier viHaij;cs ; which was done, 
n rei^ular succession, and the oath of allegiance administered, 
jutil the whole were subdued, to <h^ a?!e^iance of the United 
Stales. 

This expedition tamed the spirits of tb.ose sons of the forest, 
md rendered them quiet, for the future. 

A scene of the same st-amp of that at Wyoming, but from a 
rcry different quarter, is now before us. 

Lord Cornwallis detached general Gray, with hi? light in- 
fjintrj', to surprise, and cut off the American f -rces, on North 
river, in conjunction with a detachment from general Kniphau- 
T/dw''!^ corps ; but the expedition was defeatefi by some desert- 
ers, who gave timely notice to general Wayne, and he eluded 
the attack. General Gray however, conducted his movements 
with such despatch, as to sur|>rise colonel Baylor's troop of 
horse, asleep and naked in tlieir quarters (September 27) ; 
no quarter was the crder of the day, and the whole were giv- 
en up to indiscriminate butchery, :uid bayoneted in cold blood, 
while begging for mercy. j 

Sir Henry Clinton detached captain Ferguson, with-^ibont 
300 men, upon an expedition to Little Egg-harbor, under a 
strong c«mvoy, to destroy the American shipping and priva- 
teers ; but these being removed, captain Ferguson proceeded 



/*• 



t Gordon's revolution, page 106, 






UNITED STATES. 251 

up to Chesnut neck, where he destroyed such vessels as were 
there, together with the whole village, and laid waste the ad- 
jacent country, and rejoined the squadron — October oth. 

On the 15th, the convoy with the troops, moved round to 
another landing place, not far distant, and landed 250 men, un- 
der the command of captain Ferguson, who advanced into the 
country, m the silence of night, and surprised count Pulaski's 
light infantry ; killed the baron De Base, and lieutenant De la 
Broderic, with 50 privates. Those were mostly butchered in 
cold blood, begging for mercy, under the orders of no qur,r- 
ters^ as before : but count Pulaski closed this horrid scene, 
by a sudden charge of his cavaliy, that put to flight the mur- 
derous foe, and thui saved the remnant <^f his infantry. Cap- 
tain Ferguson made a hasty retreat, embarked his party, and 
returned to New York. 

Admiral Graves ai lived at New York, on the 16th of Octo- 
ber, in a most shattered condition, by a violent storm, which 
detain.^d him the remainder of the month, to repair the fleet. 
About the tirst of November, he put to sea, and appeared ofi' 
the harbor of Boston, on a visit to the count De Estaing ; but 
a violent storm here overtotik him, scattered his fleet, de- 
stroyed the Somerset of G4 guns, on the shores of Cape Cod, 
and forced the re>t into Rhode bland, for shelter. 

Count £e Estaing having now repaired and victualled his 
fleet, and returned the numerous civiities he had received, 
from the citizens of Boston, took leave of his friends, on the 
;3d, and set sail tor the West Indies. 

Lord Howe on the some day, detached commodore Ho- 
tham, with a part of the British fleet at New York, with trans- 
ports, carrying 5u00 men, to act against the count in the West- 
Indies. 

On the 1st of October, colonel William Butler, at the head 
•f a Pennsylvania regiment, covered by riflemen, commenced 
an ex!»fdition from Schoharie, and carried the war afresh into 
the Susquehannah country ; destroyed the Indian villages and 
castles, with the other settlements, and after enduring incred- 
ible fatigues and perils, returned on the 16th, in safety. 

Colonel John Butler put himself at the head of a strong par- 
ty, and revenged this excursion, by entering the state of New 
7ork, and surprising colonel Alden, at Cherry Valley ; an ac- 
tion commenced, which lasted three hours. Colonel Alden 
was killed ; the greatest cruelties were committed ; fifty or. 
sixty men, women and children, besides soldiers, were killed 



252 HISTORY OF THE -^ 

or carried into captivity ; and even the dead were made the 
monuments oJ the most savage barbarities. The party with- 
drew, and returned to their homes. 

Sir Henry CHnton abandoned all further designs, of carry- 
ing on his operations in the north ; and turned his attention to 
the south. He concerted, with genera! Prescott, who com- 
manded in East Florida, a plan of operations against Georgia. 
Pending the preparations for this enterprise, two parties, con- 
sisting of regulars and refugees, entered Georgia from Flori- 
da ; the one by water, and the other by land. The first ad- 
Tanced to Sunbury, and summoned the place ; but lindmg a 
spirited officer, colonel Mackintosh, who was strongly posted, 
they abandoned the attempt 

The other moved on towards Savannah ; but being strongly 
opposed by general Screven, and colonel Elbert, they were 
constrained to abandon the enterprise and returned ; after 
laying waste the country with fire and sword, destroying and 
carrying off the negroes, cattle, &c. and committing the most 
shocking barbarities. General Screven fell, in the defence of 
his country. 

Colonel Campbell embarked at Sandy Hook, (November 
27th, 1778) with the 7Ist regiment of foot, two battalions, 
four of tories, and a detachment of royal artillery ; total, about 
2500, under convoy of sir Hyde Park<^r's squadron, and ar- 
rived off the mouth of the Savannah, December 29th, and in 
six days, he land ?d his troops. 

General Robert Howe was posted here, with about 800 reg- 
ulars and militia ; but they were io worn down with the fa- 
tigues of a fruitless expedition into Florida, that they made but 
a feeble res'stance. Although general Howe had chosen a 
judicious position, to cover the town of Savannah, yet he found 
himself out-generaled ; was surprised in his camp, and routed, 
with the loss of more than half of his army ; 48 pieces of can- 
non, 23 mortars, the fort, with all its contents ; the shipping 
in the river ; a large quantity of provisions, together with the 
capital of Georgia ; even the defenceless inhabitants of Savan- 
nah, were bayoneted in the streets, by the murderous foe : 
and the remnant of the American army fled into South Caro- 
lina. 

General Prescott entered the south of Georgia, about the 
time general Campbell sailed from New York ; and after en- 
•iuring incredible hardships and privations, arrived before Sun- 
bury, and took it, about the time of the fall of Savannah. Gen- 



UNITED STATES. 253 

era! Prescott next marched to Savannah, and took command 
of the royal army in Georgia ; issued his proclamation, invit- 
ing the inhabitants " to lay down their arms, and submit to the 
royal authority, or with their arms support the royal cause. '^ 

Congress, at the request of the southern delegation, had 
appointed general Lincoln, to the command of the army of the 
south, on the 25th of September ; but he did not arrive at 
Charleston, before the 4th of December. Generals Ashe and 
Rutherford joined general Lincoln, at Charleston, with about 
♦20U0 North Carolina militia, to act with the troops of South 
Carolina, and their regulars, in repelling the expected attack 
from the enemy. 

On tinding that Georgia was the object of destination, gen- 
eral Lincoln assembled about 950 men, and marched for Geor- 
gia, where he joined the remnant of the army of colonel El- 
bert, and on the 3d of January, 1779, established his head 
quarters, at Purysburg. 

General Lincoln here found himself at the head of only 1 400 
men, instead of a force of 7000 regulars, besides the mditiaof 
South Carolina and Georgia, which he had been promised ; 
and even this small force, was destitute of cannon, arms, tents, 
camp utensils, powder and lead, except in very small quanti- 
ties. The militia of South Carolina were in the habit of going 
and coming as they pleased, with impunity ; being subject by 
the laws of the state, to no other punishment, than simply a fine. 
On the 24th of January, 1779, they had mostly returned to 
their homes, and their places were supplied by about lIOO 
North Carolina militia, under colonel Ashe, which augmented 
the army of general Lincoln, to the number of 2400 men. 

At this time, general Prescott moved his whole army into 
South Carolina, and took possession of Port Royal island. — 
General Moultrie put himself at the head of the Charleston 
militia ; commenced an attack upon the island ; dislodged the 
enemy, and drove them back into Georgia, with great loss — 
February 3d. 

Colonel Campbell took post at Augusta, with about 2000 
regulars and tories, where he fomented divisions and insurrec- 
tions, in South Carolina, antong the tories, which greatly dis- 
tressed that state. 

Col. Pickins assembled a party from the district of Nine- 
tj-Six ; pursued these banditti ; overtook, engaged, killed, 
routed, and destroyed or dispersed their whole party ; their 
leadtr, colonel Boyd, was slain, and the remnant threw tieai- 

22 



\.l JllSTOKY OF TIU: 

selves upon the inert v of the stjile. Seventy of the robelV 
weie tried, eouvielod, ;n»(l stMitenced to death ; hut lucrey iu- 
terpo^e<l, mui only tive of the juincipaK^ were cxeeuted ; the 
remaijultM* were panloiu'd. 

(lOiieral Lmeohi onh'red goin^ral WiUiatnson to take a strong 
position opposite to Augusta, ami uateh tl»e niotions ofthe on- 
omy » JUul general Ashe was(hMaeheti into tlie uppor eouiitrA , 
witii 1MH» to JlHH^ men. to support general \N dluunst>u. Feh- 
vuarv 13. 

Cv>louel C'uuphell, upon iutolligence of this junetion, niatie 
a hasty UM>venuMvt Iho same night, and retiied «lown theri\ei 
ahout 1-4 nules. This m(»vement led general Lineoln to order'' 
general Ashe, to pursue with his detaehnnni. and u hen he had 
gained a certiun position, to leave his troops, and meet him at 
a eerlain t'.me and plaee, to eoiu'ort ; res lc>r thrir future 

operations. General Ashe oheyed, aiiu lae eommanders met 
acei>rdinglv. 

At this time, geticrals Rrian and Klhert, took a strong posi 
tion uj>on iM'iun croeU. ami the tie\t day, gmeral Ashe retur- 
ned to his pt>st. On the same day, (he British general nvMMv 
uoitered his eamp Vfry elosely, and the noxt liav, ]\ ii 

colonel Trevosl gaVuiil the rear of the AnuM-iean eamp, by a 
cTteuilous march of ahout ^0 nules, and eominenced a furious 
attaek. (»enoral Klhert. with his hmdful of regulars, advanc- 
ed to the charge, to cheek the enemy, until the militia could 
recover their >urprise, and come into action; hut their sur- 
prise was rous.'d into tear, and fear into tlight ; the regulai> xn\- 
der general l.lhert, werfc cut to pieces, and general .Ashe. witU 
his militia, tied to their honu^s, »j<*r«T l« /»d f*fcorf>Y(/. The 
Americans lost loi^ killed. 1- Capturod ; the >vounded were 
not numbered, and the remainder, ahout loO, joined general 
T/mcoln. 

This di'Cisive vuMor\ , i>poiK\i i.ie whole si itc ol <.»«u>rgia 
to the victors. te':,f^ther with a liv^' cvMumunication with the 
torii^s of South Crolina". 

Alarmed iov their safety, the state of Carolina chose Johu 
Kutlodge e>4. their governor, and tlc^legaled to him and his 
council, tvdl powers, *' todwevt^i'v thing that appeaivil to him 
and them, necessary lor the piW>lic good." They at enco as- 
semhled a large body of militia, at Orangeburg, near the cen- 
tre of the state, to act as oceavion might m)uire. Th«' gover 
nor no\t or lercd general Williamson to send parties into («eor-^ 
;;ii> and distic<>i the enemy, by l.iymg waste th<^ e»i:"trv, anH 



UNlTKn ST.VTKS. Sir.:. 

tlrivmir oiV or iloslrov«"sx ;«ll tl»*' liorsos, rattle, provisions, car- 
riniios, <Scc. tlioy rould tind. 

GoiuM-al Liiwoln took tho IjbiMMv ot roinaj kinix to thr cjov- 
(Muor, uitli soino sovoritv. upon tlio onltM-. as .liVrrtiny; alike* 
tho innocent and tho i;nilty, tlio ai:;otl anil inlirin, wonuMx and 
< hildi'on, and tillini; (Ijo founlrv with distress. 

(iiMioral Lincoln now beins^ reinforced, at his cann> at lUack- 
swanip. (U'terniined, hy the atlvi("e o^' a c.onncil ot'war, to ml- 
vunce into (loorj^ia.with aM his torco, exceptifjj»; a stronp; jvnard, 
to be left at Ptuvshnrii-. ntider jiiieniM'al MonltHfe ; and take 
<ionie strong position, that he nno;ht cij^^cwT^scrn^e t!»e linuts ot 
the enemy, and prevent his conununicalion with the savaj^es ol 
tlie back conntr^'. 

Cieueral Trcseott suU'i red ihe American jj;enoral to ndvnncc! 
150 mHes into tht^ country, and titen availed hiinself of the tu- 
vorablo moment, and make a movement, to snrprise j;t>nera1 
IMoultri*', in his camp nl Klack swamp. The i^tMUMal tduded 
this attack, by havinj.;; chanucd his position three honrs before ; 
and bein«j; joined by colomd IM ickintosh, witii his party from 
INiryHburir, he ti»ok post at rnlhlintjy bridi!;i\ to intercept the 
march ot the British t«> CharU'sto i. 

On the first of May, ii;eneral Lincoln, inivini;- learnt the. 
movements of ij;eneral Prcsc»Ut, (h^tached .'UK) continentals, 
with ordervS to makt^ a rapid marcli, and snpjiort ii;eneral Monl- 
tric ; at the same time, ho moveil his army into the heart of 
(ireor{i;ia. 

Amidst these movements, nnd the execution of the orders of 
^ j2;overnor Kiitledii;e, the inhabitants were so distressed, as to 
tlirow tluMnselvi's intotiio arms of the British,' for succour and 
support. This led «i;ener;d Linroln to chan«!;e his ojieralions, 
and move by forced marcbt^s, to support i»;eneral IMonltrie, and 
cover Cfiarleston. 

Governor Kutledii;e took the alarm, at the movements oi' 
general Prescolt, and burnt all the houses in the suburbs, to 
c;uard against the approach of the enemy, lie next calknl in 
the neighborinii' militia, and general IMonltrie joiaedhis troops 
in the d(>fence of Charleston. 

(Jeneral Prescott pushe<l his )Hirsuit, and on the 1 llh.cros 
sed over the ferry and appeared betor*> Charleston. ^)n the 
.same day, count Tulaski arrived w'th his legioi\ary corps, and 
entered with spirit, into the defence of the city. 

General I'rescolt pushed his operations, with such vigor, 
to carry the town before general Lincoln couUl arrive for its 



156 HISTORY OF THE 

lefeiicc, that the civil authority sent out the following propo 
iition : ^ 

" South Carolina will remain in a state of neutrality, till the 
;lose of the war, and then follow the fate of her neighbors, on 
:onditionthe royal army will withdraw.'' To which general 
Prescott replied : " The garrison are in arms, and they shall 
iurrendcF prisoners of war." 

General Lincoln appeared with his army, before general 
Prescott could nwUe any serious impression. The enemy 
vithdrew to Beaufort, and from thence back to Georgia, ann 
Charleston was felievgd. 

General Prescott induTged his army, in the most abandoned 
system of plunder and devastation, and the sufleriogs of Caro- 
lina were such, as would have marked thti ravages of gin In 
Han invasion. More than 3000 slaves vWIre carried oil % the 
enemy, and sold generally, in the West-India markets. 

Sir Henry Clinton made a diversion in favor of general Pres- 
cott, by sending 2000 men from New- York, into Virginia, at 
this time, under sir George Collier and general Matthews, 
who took possession of Portsmouth and the remains of Nor 
folk, about the 10th tff May, 1779. 

General Matthews sent forward a detachment the same day, 
to Suftblk, where they destroyed a magazine of provisions, 
with such vessels and naval stores as were found there, and 
laid the town in ashes, together with all the gentlemen's seats 
on the plantations, wherever they went. The ileet committed 
the same ravages upon the coast ; and within the space of one 
fortnight, about 130 vessels were captured or destroyed, to- 
gether with 300 hogsheads of tobacco ; anti the brave gener- 
al embarked his troops, with his booty, and returned safe to 
New -York. 

General Matthews joined sir Henry Clinton, in a successful 
expedition against Stony-Point, and Verp!ank,| and then sir 
Henry moved on towards the Highlands. | 

Previous to these movements, lieutenant-governor Hamil- 
ton, of Detroit, had concerted a plan for layii g waste the back 
settlements of Virginia, by bringing into action the Cherokees, 
Chickasaws, and the Indian tribes about Detroit, Michilimak- 
inac, &:c. 

This plan was deeply laid, and the whole interior of Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee, &c. doomed to destruction. To expc- 

t Forty miles north of New York. 
I Sixty niiles north of No\v-Yoik. 



UNITED STxVTES. 25T 

ilite the plan, governor Hamilton took up his quarters at Vin- 
cennes, that he might act the more promptly and ciTectually, 
December 15t*, 1778. 

When the knowledge of this expedition reached Virginia, 
colonel Clark assembled ISOmen, and took the desperate res- 
olution ofsurprising governor Hamilton, at Vincennes, and by 
■ one bold stroke, putting an end to the plan. Colonel Clark, 
after induring incredible hardships, traversed the desert six- 
teen days, and readied Vincennes on the 23d of February, 
1779 ; carried the town by assault, and the next day general 
Hamilton surrendered the fort, with a garrison of seventy- 
* nine men, as prisoners of war. Colonel Clark next detached 
sixty men, to intercept a convoy of provisions from Detroit, to 
carry on the war, which was ail taken to the amount of 
i;;)10,(ipO, in goods, |)rovisions, &lc. together with a guard of 
ibrty men. 'fhus, by this bold stroke, the expedition was 
defeated ; Hamilton with his coadjutors, were safely conveyed 
into Virginia, and comniitted to clo^e prison, and in irons, 
there to remain for further orders. 

Previous to these operations, sir Henry Clinton had concer- 
ted rai^asures with the tories andBritistjjiiinder his command, 
to assume a general system of predatory war in America, and 
submitted his plans to ihe British ministry, who expressed 
their approbation. This plan soon reaclied the American 
commission at Paris, and was communicated to governor 
Trumbuil, of Connecticut, on the 6th of April,. 1779. 

Sir Henry Clinton detached general Tryon, (late governor 

#of New York) with 2600 land forces, protected by a squadron 
under sir George Collier, and supported by general Garth, to 
begin their depredations in Connecticut. On th.e 4th of .July, 
the armament moved into the sound, and the commanders is- 
sued their proclamation to the citizens of Connecticut, offer- 
ing pardon and protection, to all such as would return to theii- 
allegiance ; but threatening ruin and destruction, to all vrho 
should reject this overture. On the morning of the 6th, gen- 
eral Tryon landed his division at East-Haven ; general Gath 
landed at the same time, at West-Haven, and proceeded di- 
rectly to New-Haven, and gave up the town to promiscuous 
pillage. The militia collected so fast on (he next day, that the 
enemy abandoned the town in haste ; burnt several stores on 
long wharf, and embarked their troops. 

General Tryon proceeded to plunrler, and lay waste the 

town of East-Haven ; destroyed the cattle, &c. and then es- 

oo* 



oS HISTORY OF THE 

apctl on board his fleet, and sailed for Friirficld. General 
fryon sent a Hag to colonel Whiting, and summoned the town 
surrender, within one hour ; to which the colonel sent the 
bllovving- reply : " The fliunes have now preceded oi.r rep]\ 
your tlag, and we shall opjjji^se to the utmost, that powei , 
h;;t is exerted against injiircd innocence.'" On the sv.tac. 
light, the town was given up to pillage and conll igration. 
vhich extended to Green's farms ; and on the next day, the 
;nemy made a hasty retreat on board their fleet, and left th(? 
own of Fail tield, smokmg in rtfms. This hero of pillage and,, 
■onflagration, j)roceeded to Norwalk, and laid the village in 
ishes ; then returned to Is c\\ -Y ork^ covered wifh disgrace an(^ * 
nfamy. 

General Washington at this time, concerted a plan of oper;:- 
ions ;. gainst Stony-Foint, which checkecj^jdi furtTicr do pred;i- 
ions ol" general Ti-yon, and occasioned his hasty recall to 
Sew- York. 

General Wayne commenced his movements against Stony 
Point, on the 15th, at noon ; and ai'ter having crossed the 
nountains, through dangerous and iliflicult detiles, he aji- 
[iroached the fort, al^it eight of the same evening. Having 
■econnoitered the position of the enemy, the general, after 
orming bis detachment into two divisions, put himself at the 
lead of his brave troops, and at twenty minutes past twelve, 
irecisely, on the night of the IGth. entered the fort with 
icrewe(f bayoaets, amidst a most tremendous tire of musket 
ind grape, and carried the fortress without firing a gun. 
Lieutenant-colonel Fleurv entered the fort with his division, 
jpon the opposite side at the same time, and both parties met 
la the centre ; but the garrison was spared, and made prison- 
ers of war, to the number of 543. General Wayne dismant- 
led the fort, and brought ofl'the cannon, stores, &c. agreeable 
to orders. 

CoDgress p;;3sed a veto of thanks to g<Micral Washington, 
i5cner;d Wayne, vv\i\ tlie cllicers and soldiers under their com- 
mand, for tlie masterly exploit, in the capture of Stony Point, 
vbout this time, general Sullivan, at the head of 50C0 men. 
marched iigainst the Six Nations, by the way of the river Sus- 
(juehannah, to chastise them for tlieir ravages and depreda- 
J ions ; burnt and destroyed their villages, corn, &c. and re- 
duced them to terms of submission.! 

The following memorable naval combat deserves attention 
Forty villages, and 16,000 IhisIipIs of corn were destroyed 



UNITED STATES. 259 

Aboat the last of July, the American captain, John Paul Jones, 
sailed iVom port L'Orient, in France, on a cruise, on board 
ihe French ship,, Le Bon Homme Richard, of forty guns, and 
w5 men ; accompanied by frigates Alliance, of thirty-six guns, 
I Tia Pallas, thirty-two guns, and La Vengeance, an armed brig, 
of twelve guns, ancJ a cutter. Commodore Jones cruised ufi" 
"^the coast of Scotland, with his little squadron, until he fell in 
^vith the homward bound Baltic fleet, under the convoy of 
the Serapis, captain Pierson, and Countess of Scarborough, 
captain Pearcy. Wlien captain Pierson discovered commo- 
dore Jones, he made sail to cover the convoy, and gave signal 
at the same, for tlie Countess of Scar'oorough to join liim, 
wiiich Wiis immediately done, Septeniber 23. 

Commodore Jones immediately laid l)is ship alongside of 
the Ser,apis, and commenced an action, which soon became 
desperate ; but the Sera{)is appeared to reap advantage frem 
lier suj)erior management. To obviate this, commodore 
Jones laid his ship across the bow of the Serapis, and the 
ships grr.ppled, yard arm and yard arm, ami the muzzles of 
their guns were nearly in contact. In this position they lay, 
vomiting forth death, .and strewing the decks with carnage, 
and destruction, about two hours. Boih ships were frequent- 
ly on fire, but the Serapis not less than ten or twelve times. 
The Alliance attensptcd to co-operate in the action, and with 
some good effcict, until the darkness of the evening rendered 
it impossii)le to distinguish correctly, when she killed eleven 
men, and >vounded several others, on board the Bon Ilomme 
Richard. At this critical moment, the Serapis struck, and 
'closed the sanguinary scene. The Bon Homme Richard, at 
the close of the act;on, v.-as so much of a wreck, as to have 
seven feet of water in her hold, which rendered it necessary 
to remove the crew on board the Serapis, and the wounded on. 
board the Paliar. On ihe 24th, her pumps wereclosely pli- 
ed ; but on the 25th she went down : fortunatelv no lives 
were lost. 

The Pallas engaged and took the Countesis of Scarborough, 
at the same time, and commodore Jones sailed with his prizes, 
ibr the coast of Holland, and anchored oif the Texel. 

This memorable action gave areiil e-.lat to Ihe naval prow- 
ess of America. 



260 HISIORY OF THE 

CHAPTER X. 

GENERAL OPERATIONS OF THE REVOLUTIOX, CONTINUED. 

I pass over the expedition of major Lee, against the for- 
tress at Paalus' Hook ; also the appointment oi'the hon. John 
Jay, president of congress, as minister plenipotentiary to the 
court of Madrid, and that of the honorable Samuel Huntington, 
of Connecticut, as his successor in the presidency ; also the 
appointment of the hon. John Adams, as minister plenipoten- 
tiary to the court of St. James, to negotiate a peace, that I may 
continue the southern war. 

General Lincoln did not attempt to pursue general Prcs- 
cott, in his flight into Georgia ; but devoted his whole strength, 
to render Charleston secure against alj[^future invasioji Irom 
the enemy. : 

Durins; these operations, he le;trnt the successes of the 
French fleet in the West-Indies, under the count De Estainsr, 
and that after the conquest of Grenada, he had retired to cape 
Francois. Governor Rutledge, general Lincoln, and the 
French consul at Charleston, wrote the count, pressingly, to 
come to the coast of Georgia, and co-operate with the Ameri- 
can army, in the reduction of Sav;mnah. ' 

The count accepted the invitation, as being agreeable to his 
instructions ; and on the flr-^t of Se{)tembcr, he arrived ofl 
Charleston, with a fleet of twenty sail of the line, two of fift}' 
guns, and eleven frigates. A British nmn-of-war, of eighty 
guns., and three frigates, were surprised and taken. 

General Lincoln, upon the arrival of the count, marched 
with his whole force, for Savannah ; the fleet sailed to join 
him ; the French troops svere landed in ten or twelve days, 
and count De Estaing summoned the town to surrender, to the 
arms of tiie king of France. General Lincoln remonstrated 
against this, as the Americans were acting in concert. The 
count persisted, arid general P.rescdtt demanded a cessation of 
hostilities for twenty-four hours, to deliberate, which was 
granted. During this time, seven or eight hundred troops ar* 
rived from Beaufort, and general Prescott determined to de- 
iend the town to the last extremity. The count saw his error, 
jmd consulted general Lincoln, and they united their efforts to 
carry the town by a regular siege. On the 23d of September, 
the allies broke ground, and commenced their operations. 
0)n the 4th of October, they opened their batteries, and began 



UNITED STATES 261 

to play upon the town with nine mortars, and tift}' four pieces 
of cannon, which continued four or five days, without intermis- 
sion, but without any apparent efi'ect. On the morning of the 
0th, the enemy sallied out and attempted to set fire to the abat- 
tis ; but the materials were gre<^n, the weather moist, and the 
attempt failed. General F^rescott next requested, that the wo- 
men and children might be removed ; but this was refused, 
and the allies resolved to carry the town by storm. The 
morning of the 9th was the time agreed upon, and the assault 
commenced. The attack was wpU concerted and bravely ex- 
ecuted by the allies ; yet the fire of the enemy was so de- 
structive, that the troops gave way, after having planted the 
French and American standards upon the British redoubts. 
At this eventful moment, the brave count Fulaski fell, mortal- 
ly wounded, at the head of iiis legion, when charging: the cne- 
m\' in their rear, in the full career of victory. The allies 
supported ^this desperate conflict fifty-five minutes, under a 
deadly fire from the enemy's batteries, and then made good 
their retreat, with the loss of 637 French, and 234 continen- 
tals, killed and wounded. 

General Prescott conducted this defence like an able gen- 
eral, and deserved well of his country. 

Count De Estaing embarked his troops, cannon, baggage, 
k,\:, in ten days, and was imme<iiacely dispersed by a storm. 
Although seven ships had been ordered to the Chesapeake, 
yet one solitary ship o;dy, gained that station ; the othei:s 
stood off for the West-Indies. 

Congress resolved, tliat a monument be erected to the mem- 
ory of count Pulaski, who ihe(] in October, of the wounds re- 
ceived in the attack on Savannah, on the 9th. Thus fell Pu- 
laski, who services did honor to his nation, and the American 
cause. 

During these operations, a colonel John White, of the Geor- 
gia militia, with six men, including his servant, surprised a 
battallion of Delancey's corps of royal refugees, near the riv- 
or Ogeechee, consisting of 100 men, besides forty regulars, 
and b}'^ a masterly stratagem, secured the whole, and conduc- 
ted them safely through the country, twenty-five miles, to an 
American post.j 

On the 25th of October, agreeable to ©rders, general Pigot 
evacuated Rhode Island, in great good order, and repaired ta 

t Doctor Ramsey's history, vol. II. page 35 — 43, 



'262 HISTORY OF THE 

New-York, to support sir Henry Clinton against an expected 
visit from the French fleet. 

On the 26th of December, sir Henry, finding the coast 
clear, embarked 75U0 troops, and sailecf for South Carolina, 
under convoy of admiral Arbuthnot. 

Sir Henry api)eared oft' Charleston, about the lasi of Janu- 
ary, 1780 ; but such was the condition of the fleet and troops, 
that he was not prepared to land until the llth ot February; 
he then eff"ected a landing on the south side of John's island, 
distant about thirty miles from Charleston.! 

To meet this expected invasion, congress had ordered on to 
Charleston, three of the continental frig.ites ; and general 
Lincoln had despatched a trusty officer, to the Havanna, to 
solicit the assistance of the Span";^•h governor, in ships and 
troops, for the defence of Charleston ; {tromising at the same 
time to furnish a force of 20U0 men, to co-operate with the 
Spaniards, in the rerluction of St Augustine. 

General Lincoln engaged in the defence of Charleston, with 
only 1400 regulars, and 1000 North Carolina militia ; yet he 
hoped to preserve the town against the regular approach of 
sir Henry, with an army ot 7 or 8,000 tn-n. 

Admiral Arbuthnot entered the harbor with such ships%as 
could be floated over the bar, and the American trigMtes retir- 
ed up to the town, landed their crews, guns, &;c. and prepar- 
ed for the defence. 

On the 10th of April, sir Henry had so far completed his 
approaches, that he summoned the town ; but the garrison, 
with their brave general at their head, were firm. General 
Woodtbrd, from Virginia, with a detachment of 700 regulars, 
had marched £00 miles in twenty-eight days, and reached 
Charleston about this time ; but the garrison were not aug- 
mented by this Ibrce, for about the same number of North 
Carolina militia, whose term of service had expired, marched 
for their homes. 

Admiral Arbuthnot passed fort Moultrie, ^with a strong 
breeze, under a severe and galling cannonade, and anchored 
under the batteries of the town. 

On the 12th, sir Henry opened his b Uteries upon the town ; 
the fire was firmly received and returned by the besieged, 
and continued eight days. On the 18th, sir Henry recerved 

•t One ordnance ship was wr«3cked and lost on her passage, together 
with several transports; and others were taken by the American cruis« 
or?. 



UNITED STATES. 263 

a reinforcement from New York, of 3000 men, and on the 
2()th, he hud carried iorvvard his approaches, to the distance 
of .SOO yards from the American lines. 

Genera! Lincoln now called a council of vvar, to determine 
on the exigencies of the case, and the result was as follows : 

"A retreat would be attended with m.my distressing incon- 
veniences, if not altogether impracticable, for the undermen- 
tioned causes. 

1. The authority is averse to it, and would counteract the 
measure. 

2. It must be performed in the face of a superior enemy, 
across a river thiee miles wide, fee. 

3. The passes are occupied by the eneni}', which must be 
forced. 

4. All these obstacles b^in-^ overcome, the Santee must be 
crossed without boats in the fice ot a. pursuing enemy, &c. 
We iherelore advise to make immediate terms with the ene- 
m3^" 

These terms were immediately rejected by one party, 
and strongly advocated by the other ; and on the 2:3d sir 
Henry pushed the siege. The garrison resisted by their sor- 
ties. 

On the 26th, gen^r.l Lincoln again summoned another 
council of war, ami at the eventful momen* , th« flag of the 
enemy was seen to w ivp on the walls of tort Moultrie. Sul- 
livan's island fell into the hands of the enemy, on the 6th of 
May. 

Sir Henry Clinton pushed his approaches, and on the 8th, 
he opened a corresponvience with general Lincoln ; ri^newed 
his summons, offered terms. &r;. and threatened to ren/w hos- 
tilities at 8 o'clock. The eventful hour arrived ; an awful, 
solemn silence rnsU'^d ; neither party fiied a gun ; all was 
anxious suspense for an hour, neither pariy mf)ved a pr' po- 
sition. At 9, the besieged opened a tir.et, upon the enenty, 
who in their turn, op.^ned their batteries; upon the town, 
which threatened to bury it in ruins. The town was repeat- 
edly on tire, and m (uy houses were burnt ; at the same time, 
sir Henry advanced his last parallel to thv distance of twenty 
yards, and prepir-^d for a gener .' dt, by sea and land. 

The critical monent had now . d ; the people, by their 
leaders, called on general Lincoln to r;mew the conference, 
and make terms with the enemy. The lieutenant governor 



264 UNITED STATES. 

and council enforced the request. The mihtia threw down 
their arms, and till was submission. 

General Lincoln renewed the conference with sir Henry, 
and accepted his terms Sir Henry complied, and the next 
day the garrison, :vith all such as had borne arms, marched 
out and became prisoners of war. May 12th. 

The French consul, and the subjects of France and Spain, 
were, with their houses and effects, to be protected ; but 
they themselves were to be considered prisoners of war. 

At this time, colonel Buford was advancing through the up- 
per countr-y, with a painty of .300 Virginians, to the relief oi' 
Charleston. When colonel T iriron learnt the position of 
this party, he adr meed with about 7uO cavalry and mounted 
infcintry, by a forched march of 105 miles, in fifty-four hourS; 
and surprised them at the Waxhaws, and summoned the colo- 
nel to surrender. A parley ensued ; and during the confer- 
ence, colonel Tarlton sur; ounded the party, and cut them to 
pieces, while begging ^or mercy. Thirty-seven only, were 
made prisoners, anrl the remainder were either killed or 
wounded in the butchery. Lord Cornwallis highly applaudeti 
the act, and recommended colonel Tarlton specially, to the 
favor of his sovereign. With this blow, the state of South 
Carolina was subdued, and a regular British government was 
organized. ^. 

General Gai^, then in Virginiji, was appointed to succeed 
general Lincoln, in the southern command. 

Georgia and South Carolina were now wholly subdued, 
and the enemy saw his way clear to advance into North Car- 
olina. 

To counteract these movements of Tarlton, and keep up 
the spirits of the people, generals Marion and Sumpter, at 
the head of their flying partie-*, kept up a system of predato- 
ry warfare, that greatly harassed and annoyed the enemy. 
So sharp and d^'sperate were there attacks, that in one instance 
general Sumpter reduced the prince of Wales' regiment, from 
ihe number of 278 to 9. 

On the 6th of June, generals Kniphausen, Robertson, Try- 
on, and Sterling, crossed over from Staten Island into New- 
Jersey, at the head of 5000 regulars. On the 7th, they ad- 
vanced to Connecticut farms, distant about tive miles, in quest 
of the Rev. James Cadwell, whose patriotic zeal had render- 
ed him peculiarly obnoxious ; wantonly shot iiis wife in her 
•wn house ; then burnt the house and meeting-house, with 



UNITED STATES. 265 

ibout a dozen other dwelling houses. The royal army nevt 
attempted to advance to Springtield ; but were checked by 
colonel Dayton, supported by general Maxwell, and they fled 
in disorder. 

General Washington considered this movement as a feint in 
sir Henry Clinton, to open the way for an attack upon West- 
Point ; he accordingly detached general Greene, at the head 
of a strong party, to watch the motions of the enemy. Gcfi- 
eral Washington, learning from general Greene, that Spring- 
field was their object of destination, sent forward a detachment 
to support general Greene. 

The enemy advanced upon Springfield, at five in the morn- 
ing of the 23d of June. General Greene disputed every pass 
valiantly ; but obstinate bravery was constrained to yield to 
superior numbers ; general Greene retired to the high 
grounds, and the enemy gained the town. Here the ravages 
of the Farms were renewed ; Britannia played the savage 
again, and Springfield smoked in ruins. 

Fired with the spirit of revenge, at this wanton repetition 
of savage war, the militia rallied in force, and the royal army 
fled with precipitation, and returned to Staten Island. 

The operations of general Greene, and his officers and 
troops, merited, and received the thanks of the commander- 
in-chief. 

About this time, the marquis La Fayette returned from 
France, and arrived at head quarters. T,he marquis had ne- 
gotiated for America, at the French court, and obtained sup- 
plies adapted to her wants, and now announced to general 
Washington and to congress, that an armament would soon 
follow him from France. 

Congress immediately resolved, " that bills to the amount, 
©f j£25,000, be drawn on doctor Franklin, minister to the 
court of France, and that bills to the same amount, be drawa 
on Mr. Jay, minister to the court of Spain, and the money ap- 
plied to the immediate use of the armies." 

Sir Henry Clinton had committed the southern war to the 
charge of lord Cornvvallis, with 4000 troops, and returned 
with the remainder of the army to New-York. 
' Paper money had now become so alarming in its effects, 
arising from depreciation, that congress resolved to call in by 
taxes, the sum of 200 millions of dollars, and redeem it by a 
«ew emission of one dollar for twenty. This plan succeeded 
for the prescRt time ; but thousands of the best patriots in the 

23 



266 HISTORY OF THE 

nation, were ruined by the depreciation of that currency, they 
had sacriticed their estates to support at par, i. e. equal to 
gold and silver. f 

At this time, Mr. John Adams left the court of London, 
(where he had been sent in 177G, to negotiate a treaty oi 
peace) and was ordered by congress, to repair to Holland, to 
bring to a close, the plans of alliance and commerce, which 
had been two years in agitation. 

On the 10th of July, the armament from France, promised 
by the marquis La Fayette, arrived at Newport, (Rhode-Isl- 
and) consisting of two ships of eighty guns, one of sevt^nt}'- 
four, four of sixty-four, two frigates of forty, a culter oftwen- 
\y, an hospital ship, pierced for sixty-four, one bomb ship, 
and thiity-tvvo transports^ under the command of the cheva- 
lier de Terney. Also lour old regiments of land forces, to- 
gether with the legion of d Lavvzern, and a battalion of ar- 
tillery ; in the whole, about GOOO, uuder the command of 
lieut. general count de Rochambeau. 

General Heath received the count at his Lmding, and put 
him and his troops in possession of the Island, where they 
were handsomely accommodated. The general assembly, 
then in session at Newport, by their specia.l committee, pre- 
sented the count with a comphmcntar}' address ; to which the 
count replied, with assurances, that a much greater force 
would soon follow him, and that his whole powers would be 
aievoted to the service of the United States. 

*' The French troops," added the count, " are under the 
strictest discipline, and acting under the orders of general 
Washington, will live with the Americans as brethren. I am 
highly sensible of the marks of respect shewn me by the as- 
sembly, and beg leave to assure them, that as brethren, not 
•nly my life, but the lives of the troops under my command, 
are devoted to their service." 

The marquis La Fayette, also met the French officers, and 

t The scale of depreciation stands Ikus: — Near the cloee of the ytar 
1777, o for 1 ; in 1778, 5 or 6 for 1 ; in l';79, U) to 30 for 1 ; in 1780. 
iO t« to for I ; and soon after 150 for 1, and finally 2 to 300 for 1. 

Such was the depreciation, *■' that four months pay •fa private sol- 
dier woulel not buy a bushel of wheat for his family, ajid the pay of a 
colonel would not purchase oats for hisboree ; yet sucli was the wis- 
dom of thocommaBder-in-chief, and his officers, and such the patriot- 
ism of his soldiers, as well as of the nation, that all this was borne with 
patience, fortitude, and resignati«ji, as a necessary sseiifce to th« 
caws« ofliVsrl^.*' 



UNITED STATES. 267 

witnessed the respectful attention, as well us the general hilar- 
ity ol' the occasion. 

General Washington recommended to the ofticers of the 
Ani.;rican army, in general orders, to wear hlack and white 
cockades, as a compliment to their iiln^trious allies. 

The arrival otUiiis ileet gave a shock to admiral Arbuthnot, 
at New-York, whose fleet amounted to only four ships of the 
line ; but he was joined by admiral Gr.jves, on the ^Oth, with 
six ships of the line, and felt himself secure. 

With Ibis remforcement, sir Henry Clinton meditated an 
attack upon tlie French at Newport; embarked immediately, 
0000 troops, and moved with the whole fleet to Huntington 
bay. Long Island. 

Massachusetts and Connecticut took the alarm, and detach- 
ed a strong body of mditiato supi)ort their illustrious allies. 

General Washington 'Hide a diversion, and moved his whole 
force down to Kingsbridge ; determined to act oflensively 
agunst New-York. This changed the views of sir Henry, 
and he returned hastily, to protect his strong hold, August 1. 
Lord Cornwaliis, having settled a sy-^tem of government in 
South Carolina, prepared to penetrate into North Carolina. 

General Gates, with his shadow of an arm}^ moved across 
Deep river, on the 27th of July, to watcii the motions of the 
enemy. Oti the 6th of August, he was joined l)y general Cas- 
well, at the head of a fine body of North Carolina militia, who 
were in good spirits, but under bad discipline ; and he en- 
camped at the Cross^ Roails, on his way to Camden. On the 
13th, he moved forw.ird his army to Clermont, where he was 
joined by briii;adier-general Stevens, with about 700 Virginia 
militia. An express <dso arrived, informing him, that colonel 
Sumpter would join him at Camden, witli a detachment of 
South Carolina militia, and that an escort of clothing, ammu- 
nition imd sloi-es, was on its way from C'larleston to Camden, 
for the use of the garrison posted tliere. 

General Gates immediately detached lieutenant-colonel 
Woodford, at the head of the Miiryland line, consisting of 100 
infantry, a cornpany of artillery, with two brass field-pieces, 
and about .300 North Carolina militia, to join colonel Sum|»ter, 
reduce the forts, and intercept tlie convoy. General Gates 
pre[)ared to support colonel Sumpter with his whole force ; 
total about 4000. . 

Lord Cornwaliis, unknown to general Gates, had entered 
Camden the day before, and meditated an attack upon general 



2G8 HISTORY OF THE 

Gates, iu his camp at Clermont. Both generals put their ar- 
mies in motion, early in the evening ofthe 15th, and their ad- 
vance parties met in the woods, ahout 2 o'clock in the morn- 
ing of the 16th ; a conflict ensued, the Americans gave way 
in some disorder ; but they soon recovered, and a skirmishing 
t:onl.inued through the night. When morning appeared, both 
generals made their dispositions to contest the field. An ac- 
tion commenced ; the regular troops were tirm, but the mili- 
tia, being overpowered by the British bayonets, gave way, 
and dispersed as they fled. The victory was complete, and 
the general and his regulars were abandoned to their fate. 
Several parties of militia, who were advancing to join the ar- 
my, turned their arms against the fugitives, and thus complet- 
ed the overthrow. The pursuit continued lor more than 
twenty miles, and the road was strewed with the tVagments of 
this routed army, together with the wounded, the dead and 
the dying. A party ot horse, supported by 200 infantry, at 
the distance of more than eighty miles from the scene ©fac- 
tion, upon the first intelligence, abandoned their ground, and 
sought safety by flight. 

The losses of his lordship, his want of supplies, and the 
sicklv season, all constramed him to abandon the pursuit, and 
return to Camden. 

In this bloody action, fell the brave baron de Kalb, who was 
second in command, at the head of the Maryland troops. 
The baron was a German, who had served with distinction in 
the wars of Europe, and sacrificed his life in America, in de- 
fence of those just principles of liberty, he delighted to cher- 
ish. 

Congress resolved, " that a monument be erected to his 
memory at Annapolis." 

Colonel Tarlton continued to ravage the country ; and gen- 
eral Gates at the same time, exerted all his elVorls to collect 
an army at Hillsborough. ; but he was not successtlil, and he 
removed to Charlotte. 

Early in December, general Greene, (vvho had been de- 
tached to this service soon after the action of Springfield) ar- 
rived and took the command. The whole force at this time- 
did not exceed 2300 men, and these were without clothes, 
magazines or discipline ; subsisting on daily collections, in the 
heart of a disaffected country, and in the iiace of a victorious 
enemv. 



UNITED STATES. 2G9 

Lord Cornwallis was reinforced with 1500 troops, ami re- 
commenced iiiri operations. 

Colonel Tarlton vv<is detached at the head of his cavalry, to 
dislodge general Morgan iVoni his petition atl Cowpens. He 
conmienced hirf operation;! with his usual iQij)etuosity ; trav- 
ersed the Country for >everal days, laying waste every thing 
ill his course, until ho arrived at Morgan's position, ami com- 
menced an action with the same imp;-tuosity ; the Americans 
were disloJtred witii some disorder, but llu'v rallieil to the 
charge, and were victorious in their tun irlton was de- 

leated, his army routed, his artillery ami b.iggage taken, and 
he, with the mounted fugitives, fled to lord C ornwallis, Janu- 
ary 7, 1781. 

This defeat roused his lordship ; he coauiu i.o.mI a pursui(, 
and the Americans relirrd. General Greene had the vuldresS 
to harass his lordship, and yet avoid a general action, until he 
arrived at GuilJbrd, near the contines of Virginia, where he 
made a stand , and gave him battle. General Greene, with his 
little army, had hopes of success against his lordship's pursu- 
ing forces, though greatly superior. The movements were 
well concerted, and well executed, and the coidlict was sharp 
and bloody ; but the militia gave way, I he reguhirs were over- 
pow* red, and general Greene drew oif his troops in good or- 
der, and took a strong position. 

The severity of the action occasioned his lords^Iiip to make 
a retrograde movement, to recover his losses. 

At this time, sir Henry Clinton detached a fleet from New- 
Y^ork, with 1500 troops on board, to make a diveri-ion in Vir- 
ginia, and prepare to co-operate with lord Cornvvallis. This 
fleet entered the Chesapeake bj.'y, landed the troops, and 
commenced the most serious and alarming depredations. 
Several eflbrts were made to dislodge them, but to no eifect. 

At this critical moment, general Greene made a movement 
to return to South Carolina, and carry the war into what had 
now become the enemy's country, ife boldly advanced to- 
wards Camden, and gave battle to lord Ravvdon, then stytion- 
ed in that vicinity, Aipril, 1781. A desperate conflict ensu- 
ed ; victory for a long time held a doubtful balance ; both 
parties withdrew from the combat, and left the field covered 
with their dead. Lord Rawdon retired to Camden, and took 
post as a permanent position. 

General Greene advanced, and by a desperate assault, was 
•n the point of carrying tiie strong f©rtres>s of Ninety-Six, the 

«3» 



270 HISTORY OF THL* 

reduction of which wouhl liave recovered all South Carolina, 
except Charleston. 

At this critical moment, lord Ravvdon retired in person to 
Charleston ; put himself at the head of 1700 fresh troops, 
then arrived from Ireland, and h}' forced marches, advanced 
to the relief of Ninety-Six. The approach of his lordship, 
compelled general Greene to ahandon the assault, when en- 
gaged hand to hand with the enemy, and when victory was 
ready to decide in his favor. The general drew off his army 
towards Camden, in good order, and his lordship pursued ; but 
general Greene eluded his lordship, by filing oft* towards 
Charleston, and taking a strong position upon the high hills of 
Santee. Lord Ravvdon retired to Charleston. 

The war, during these operations in, the south, raged in 
Virginia, under the comm;mil of general Philips, through the 
month oi' April, and the ravages of the enemy exceeded all 
description. At Petersburg they destroyed all the shi})ping. 
■,md about 400 hossheads of tobacco. At Osboin's Mills, thev 
took two ships and ten smaller vessels, laden with cordage, 
Hour, &:c. Four ships and a number of smaller vessels were 
hurnt or sunk, besides many others destroyed by the Ameri- 
cans, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enen)y ; to- 
gether with about 3000 hogsheads of tobacco, April "il. On 
ilie 30th, they penetrated to Manchester, ami destroyed 1200 
hogsheads more ; from thence they procectled to Warwick, 
aiul laid waste the shipping, both in the river and on the 
stocks, also extensive rope-walk^, tanneries, warehouses, and 
magazines of tlour, mills, &c. in one general conflagration, and 
then embarked on board their shipping. 

The baron Steuben was opposed to this party of marauders ; 
hut he could not collect a force sufiicient lo check their ca- 
• '>er. 

General Washington d^t.^ched the marquis La Fayette, with 

i body of troops to join the baron ; but ^vhc\\ he arrived at 

'Jaltimore, such was the state of his troops, his military che?t, 

ind the public credit, that he was constrained to borrow 2000 

guineas, upon the strength of his own credit, April ITtk^to en- 

l)le him to proceed. Upon the strength of this, he advanced 

) Richmond, (200 miles) where he was joined by the baj-on 

hceuben, on the 29th, with the Virginia militia ; and they cov- 

rod the city of Richmond. 

The marquis La Fayette watched the movements of the en- 
^my, with great zeal and activity : but his torce was not sufli- 



UNITED STATES. 271 

ctent to check all their operations; and general Philips en- 
tered Petersburg on the 9th of May, where he died on the 
1 3th. 

General Greene, in his letter to the marquis La Fayette, 
dated May 1st, thus expressed himself; 

'* You may tlepend upon it, that nothing can equal the suf- 
ferings of our little army, but their merits. Let not the love 
of fame get the better of your prudence, and plunge you into a 
misfortune, in too eager a pursuit after glory. This is the 
voice of a friend, not of a general." 

Pendmg these movements, lord Cornwallis had advanced 
from Guilford to Wilmington, and left general Greene to pur- 
sue his southern expedition. From Wilmington he advanced 
on the 25th, by ibrced marches, to join general Philips, and 
arrived at Petersburg, on the 30th. PInlips was dead ; but 
his lordship found a force of 1800 regulars, which was attach- 
ed to his command. 

Thus reinforced, his lordship advanced towards Richmond, 
to dislodge the marquis La Fayette, who was now destined, 
with about 3000 men only, to enter the lists with the renown- 
ed hero of the south. 

Flushed with his triumphs, his lordship in his letter to sir 
Henry Clinton, thus expressed himself: " T/je hoy cannot 
escape me^V The marquis eluded the movemcntof his lord- 
ship, and evacuated Richmond, on the 27ll».. 

Lord Cornwallis made a movement to prevent the junction 
of general U ayne with the marquis ; but the general joined 
the marquis with 800 Pennsylvania militia, on the 7th of June. 

Lord Corn wa! lis commenced a system of predatory war, 
destroyed more than 2000 hogsheaois of tobacco, &c. in his 
march from Richmond to Williamsburg. On the 4th of July, 
he retired tovvards Portsmouth. 

General Wayne, supposing the main British army to have 
crossed James river, commenced a sudden attack with his 800 
militia, upon what he supposed to be their rf ar guard ; but to 
his surprise, he discovered hts lordship at the head of the main 
army, ready to receive him. General Wayne saw but one 
alternative ; he advanced to the charge at the head of his col- 
umn, consisting of about 800 men, and the conllict was sharp ; 
he then availed himself of this first impression, and hastily 
withdrew, leaving his lordship in as much surprise as he found 
him. No pursuit followed, from a cautious fear, lest this feint 
(as was sujjposed) might draw him into an ambuscade. 



ITU HISTORY OF THE 

His lordshif) retired in the night, and eff.^cted his march to 
'ortsmouth, and left the iiiaiqui:j to indulge in a few days re- 
pose. 



— *- 



GH AFTER XI. 

REVOLUTION, CONTINUED * 

immediately after the departure of sir Henry Ciinton from 
N^ew-York, the hard winter of 177;^ — GO, increased in its 
severities. The North and East rivers were frozen so hard 
IS to have permitted an army, with its heavy cannon, to pass 
md re-pass ; but the privations and distresses of the Ameri- 
:an army, under the immediate cosnmand of gener.d Washing- 
:on, were so severe as to prevent him from avaihiig himself of 
Lhi« unexpected event.f 

Immediately after the lali of Charleston, in May, sir Henry 
Clinton returned to New York, io commence the operations 
of the season. 

About the middle of September, 1700, general Washington 
retired from head quarters, (near New-York) with his suit, 
L;;eneral Knox and the marquis La FayeUe, to meet admiral 
Ternev and coi*>f RochamOe;m, at Hartford, (Connecticut) 
a2:reeable to appointment ; and about the 2 1st, the parties met 
accordingly. The avowed object of this conference was to 
concert measures for the reduction of New- York. 

In the midst of this conference, an express arrived from 
West Point, on the Hud.-^a, announcing the traitorous design-- 
of creneral ArnoL!. The council was imme<liatelv closed ; the 
parties retired, and generul Washingtor. flew to the relief of 

t Tiii^ winter known to this day by the appellation of the hard win- 
ter^ was so distressing to the army under the immediats command ci' 
o-eneral Wasliington, at Morristown, that ho often tiiought it impossi- 
ble to keep his encampment iiom breaking up, and his army from dis- 
banding. Tlie distresses of this army continued even to the month of 
May, when congress sent a special committee to inquire into their suf- 
ferings, and report to that body. 

The amount of their report was " that the sufferings of the army 
weie great, almost without a parallel, and that they were almost en- 
tirely destitute of all the necessaries, conveniences, and comforts of an 
army, particularly in the hospital department; and that nothing but 
patriotism, and goodi. discipline e«wld have supported th«m under tkei"!: 
sutferings.. 



UNITED STATES. 273 

W est Point. On his arrival, he found the fortress dismantled, 
the cannon dismounted, and that Arnold had fled and taken 
refuge on board the British sloop of war Vulture, then laying 
in the river. 

Whilst his excellency was employed in repairing the for- 
tress, a prisoner was announced, who proved to be the un- 
fortunate major Andre, who had volunteered his services to 
sir Henry Clinton, to negociate the treacherous design. His 
character was that of spy ; his fate was death ! Let us pa>s 
over this distressing scene. This righteous sacrifice greatly 
interested the feelings, and touched the sympathy of every 
American breast. t 

tThe whole transaction between Arnold and Andre, was found in 
Andre'*s boot, in tbe hand writing- of Arnold. This contained a plan 
of the works at West Point, and the manner of delivery, Sic. Andre 
was executed on the 2d of October. 1780. 

Letter from major Andre to general Washington, previous to his trial, 
dated Salem, 24th September, 1770. 

" Sir — What I have as yet said, concerning myself, was in the jus- 
tifiable attempt to be extricated ; I am too little accustomed to dupli- 
city to have succeeded. 

" I beg your excellency will be persuaded, that no alteration in the 
temper of my^mind, or apprehension for my safety, induces me to take 
the step of addressing you, but that it is to secure myself from an im- 
putation of having assumed a mean character, for treacherous purpo- 
ses, or self interest — a conduct incompatible with the principles that 
actuated me, as well as with my condition in life. 

" It is to vindicate my fame, that I speak, and not to solicit security. 

" The person in your possession, is major John Andre, adjutant-gen- 
eral to the British army. 

" The influence of one commander in the army of his adversary, is an 
advantage taken in war. I agreed to meet on ground, not within the 
posts of either army, a person who was to give me intelligence ; I 
came up in the Vulture, man-of-war, for this effect, an i v/as fetched 
by a boat from the shore, to the beach ; being tkere, I was told that the 
approach of day would prevent my return, and that I must be conceal- 
ed to the next night. I was in my regimentals, and had fairly risked 
my person. 

" Against my stipulation, my intention, and without my knowledge 
beforehand, I was conducted within one of your posts. Your excel' 
lency may conceive ray sensation on thisioecasion, and will imagine 
how much moie I must have been affected by a refusal to re-conduct 
me back the next night, as I had been brought. Thus become a pris- 
oner, I had to concert my escape. I quitted my uniform, and was pas- 
sed another way in the night, without the American posts, to neutral 
ground, and informed, I was beyond all armed parties, and left to press 
for New York. I was taken at Tarrytown, by some volunteers. 

" Thus, as I have had the honor to relate, was I betrayed into the 
vile condition of an enemy in disguise, within your posts. 



211 HISTOUY OF THE 

The feelings of genernl Washinglon upon this eventful oc- 
casion, may be seen in the following extract from his private 
correspondence, of October 1 3th : 

*' In no instance since the commencement of the war, has 
the interposition of Divine Providence, appeared more re- 
markably conspicuous, than in the rescue of the fort and gar- 
rison at West Point. Andre has met his fate, and with that 
fortitude that was to have been expected from an accomplished 
man, and a gali;int officer ; but I am mistaken ij Arnold is not 
undergoing at this time, the torments of a mental hell.'''] 

"■Having- avovvcd myself a British officer, I have nothing to reveal, 
but wljat relates to myself, which is true, on the Jionor of an officer and 
u gentleman. 

'• The reijuest I have to make of your excellency, and I am conscious 
J address myself well, is, that in any rigor which policy may dictate,;! 
decenc}' of conduct towards me, may evince, that though unfortunate, 
I am branded with nothing di.^-honorable, as no motive could be mine, 
but the service of my king, and as I was involuntarily an impostor. 

'' Another request is, that 1 may be permitted to write an open let- 
ter to sir Henry Clinton, and another to a friend for clothes and linen. 

"■ T take the liberty to mention the condition of some gentlemen at 
Charleston, who, being either on parole or under protection, were en- 
gaged in a conspiracy against us. Though their situation is not sim- 
ilar, they are objects wJio may be set in exchange for me, or are per- 
sons whom the treatment I receive might aifect. 

"■It is no less, sir, m a confidence in the generosity of your mind, 
than on account of your superior station, tliat I have chosen t« im- 
portune you with tills letter. I have the honor to be, sir, with great 
respect, your excellency's most obedient and humble servant. 

John Andre, x\djutant- General. 

''His Excellency Gen. Washington, &c. &c." 

t Having matured the plan of atteinjtting to take Arnold in New- 
York and bringing him to justice, that he might spare Andre, general 
Washington sent to major l.ee, to repair to head quarters, (at Tappan, 
on the Hudson) where, upon his arrival, he thus addressed him : 

" I have sent for you in tiie expectation, that you have some one in 
your corps, who is willing to undertake a delicate and hazardous pro- 
ject. Wlioever comes forward, will confer great obligations upon me, 
personally ; and in behalf of the United States, I will reward him am- 
ply. No time is to be lost; he must proceed, if possible, this night. — 
I intend to seize Arnold, and save Andie." 

Major Lee named a sergeant major of his corps, by the name of 
Champe, a native of Virgijiia ; a man full of bone and muscle, with a 
countenance grave, thoughtful and taciturn — of tried courage, and in- 
flexible perseverance. 

Champe was sent for by major Lee, and the plan proposed, which 
was to desert and escape to New York ; appear friendly to the enemy ; 
watch Arnold, and by the assistance of such trusty friends as he could 
procure, seize Arnold and convey him to seme private place upon the 



UNITED STATE?. 275 

On the third of November, congress, highly impressed 
with a sense of the merits of the three distinguished patriots 

river, to be agreed upon, where boats should be in waiting to convoy 
him away. 

Champe listened to the plan attentively.; but with the spirit of a 
soldier of honor and integrity, replied, '' It is not danger nor difficulty 
that deters me from immediately accepting the proposal, but the igno- 
miny ofdoscrtion, and the hypocrisy ot' enlisting witii the enemy." 

To which majcfr Lee replied, "• that although he would appear to de- 
sert, yet as he obeyed the call of his comm;inder-in-cljief, his departure 
could not be considered as criminal, an! if he suffered in his reputa- 
tion for a time, the matter snouli! one day be explained to his credit."" 
It was further urged, '^ that to bring such a villain as Arnold to jus- 
tice, loaded with guilt as he was, and to save Andre, so young, so 
brave, so accomplished, and so beloved : and to achieve so much good, 
in the cause of his country, was more than sufficient to coun'.erbalance 
all his objections." 

Champo felt the force of this reasoning, and accepted the service. 
It was eleven o'clock at night ; but he hastily returned to camp, with 
his instructions in his pocket, and taking his cloak and valice, &:c. drew 
his horse from the picket, mounted and pushed forward with full speed 
for New -York. 

Within the space of half an hour, captain Games, the officer of the 
night, waited upon major Lee, and informed him, that one of the pa- 
troles had discovered a dragoon, who, being challenged, put spurs t« 
his horse, and made his escape. 

Major Lee, who was in vain attempting to rest, complained of fa- 
tigue, and coolly replied, ••' that the patrole, most probably, had mista- 
ken a countryman for a dragoon," and thus attempted to elude the 
complaint, and save a pursuit. But captain Carnes was aljve to hie 
duty, and retired in haste, to assemble his corps. On calling the roll, 
it was found that CJiampe was missing. Carnes returned hastily and 
informed Lee of the fact, adding, " I have detached a part}' to pursue 
the deserter, as soon as you will furnish the written orders." 

Major Lee roused from his broken slumbers, proceeded to draw his 
orders with as much deliberation as possible, without exciting suspi- 
cion, and thus concluded ; " Bring him alive, that he may suffer in the 
presence of the army ; but kill him if he resists, or escapes after he is 
taken." 

A shower of rain fell soon after Champe's departure, which enabletl 
the pursuers to take the trail of his horse, his shoes being made in a 
peculiar form, (as was common to those of the army) with a private 
mark upon each, which was seen in the path. 

Middleton, the leader of the pursuing party, left camp a few minutes 
past 12 o'clock, which gave Ch;unpe the start about half an hour ; a 
period much shorter than had been contemplated. 

During the night, the dragoons were often delayed in examining the 
road, to keep a track of the fugitive ; but upon the approach of morn- 
ing, the impression of the horse's shoe were bo apparent, that the}' 
pressed on with more rapidity. Several miles above Bergen, (a vil- 
Itkgc throe miles above New-York, on the opposite side of the tludson"') 



276 HISTORy OF THE y 

who arrested major Andre, on his return to New-York, and 
delivered him a captive at West-Point, passed the following 
resolve : 

on ascending- a hill, they descried Champe, not more than half a mile 
ahead, and Champe at the same time descried his pursuers, and know- 
ing their object, put spurs to his horse to secure his escape. 

By taking a different road, Champe eluded his pursuers for a few 
moments, but on approaching the river, he was again descried. Aware 
©f his danger, he lashed his valice, which contained his clothes and 
•rderly book, to his shoulders, and prepared to plunge into the river. 

Swift was liis flight, and swift the pursuit. Middleton and his party 
gained upon the fugitive, and would soon have overtaken him ; but 
he threw himself from his horse; plunged into the river, and called 
loudly for help, to some British galliesthat lay off in the stream. They 
despatched a boat instantly, to rescue Champe, and commenced a 
brisk fire upon his pursuers. When they had taken him on board the 
Soat, they carried hini to New-York, with a letter from the captain of 
the galley, stating minutel}', the whole affair, as it had passed under 
his viev/. 

Middleton took Champe's horse and cloak, and returned to camp, 
where he arrived about three o'clock the next morning. When the 
soldiers saw Champe's horse, they made the air resound with their ac- 
clamations, that the scoundrel was killed. 

The agony of major Lee was indescribable, at sight of the horse ; 
l»ut his fears were soon relieved when he learnt, that his faithful 
Champe had effected his escape, and he repaired instantly to head- 
quarters, to bear the joyful tidings to VV'ashington. 

Soon after Champe arrived in New -York, he was carried before ge- 
neral Clinton, who received iiim kindly ; but examined him closely for 
more than an hour ; many •f his questions were so close, that it re- 
quired all the art Champe was master of, to answer them, without ex- 
oiting some suspicion. He succeeded, however, and sir Henry gave 
him a couple of guineas, and recommended him to general Arnold, wh© 
was aesirous of gaining American recruits. 

Arnold received him kindly, and proposed to him to join his legion : 
^ut Champe declined and expressed a desire to retire from the scenes 
of war ; assuring the general, at the same time, that should he chang<» 
feis mind he would enlist. 

Champe soon found means to acquaint major Lee with his adven- 
tures; but unfortunately, he could not succeed in taking Arnold, be- 
fore the execution of Andre. 

Ten days before Champe brought his measures to a conclusion, Lee 
received from him his final communication, appointing the third sub- 
sequent night, for a party of dragoons to meet him at Hoboken, (op- 
|iosite to New York) where he hoped to deliver Arnold to the officers. 

Champe had enlisted into Arnold's legion, from which time, he had 
every opportunity he could wish, to attend to the habits of the gener- 
al. He soon discovered that it was his custom to return home about 
twelve every night, and that previous to going to bed he always Tiff- 
jted the garden. During this visit, the conspirators were to seize and 
jag him. Champe had taken cff several «f the paleings tf the fence. 



UNITED STATES. '^77 

*' Resolved, That congress have a high sense of the virtu- 
ous and patriotic conduct ot" John Paulding, David Williams, 

near the house, and replaced them in such a manner that they could 
be again removed without noise, which would open a passage into an 
adjoining alley. In this alley he intended to convey Arnold, with the 
aid of his companion, who was an associate that had been introduced 
to liim, by the friend to whom Champe had been originally made 
known, by letter, from the commander-in-chief, and with whose aid 
and counsel, he had so far conducted the enterprise. His other asso- 
ciate was with the boat, ready at one of the wharves on the Hudson 
river, to receive the party. '.nl 

Champe and his friend, mtended each to have placed themselves 
under the shoulders of Arnold, and thus have borne him along, througli 
the most unfrequented alleys and streets, to the boat ; and incase they 
should be questioned, they were prepared to say, that they were con- 
veying a drunken soldier to the guard-house. 

When arrived at the boat, all difficulties would have been surmoun- 
ted, and they could have easily ciossed over to the Jersey shore.— 
When the plan was made known to major Lee, he communicated the 
same to the commander in-chief, who was Idghly gratified with the in- 
telligence. He desired major Lee to meet Champe, and to take care 
that Arnold should not be hurt. 

The day arrived, and Lee with a party of accoutred h©rse, repaired 
to the place of rendezvous, in high expectation of meeting Champe. 
with his prisoner. 1 he party reached Hoboken about midnight, where 
I hey lay concealed in an adjoining wood ; but major Lee, with three 
dragoons, took their station near the river. Hour after hour passed 
away, but no boat appeared, until day dawned, and major L«e found 
it necessary to withdraw his party and return to camp. He repaired 
directly to head-quarters, to acquaint the general with their mysteri- 
ous disappointment. General Washington felt the disappointment, 
the more sensibly, because he was fully convinced that the plan would 
succeed, and Arnold the traitor, bo brought to justice, in presence of 
the whole army. He felt sensibly, at the same time, for his faithful 
Champe, lest he should have been detected in the execution of his 
plan, and had fallen a victim to his fidelity. 

In a few days, maj. Lee received an anonymous letter from ChampeV 
patron and friend, informing him, that on the day precedin|^ the nigiii 
fixed for the execution of the plot, Arnold had removed his quarters to 
another part of the city, to superintend the embarkation of troops for 
a secret expedition, and that the Amorican legion, consisting chi^tlv 
of deserters, had been removed from their barracks to one of their 
transports, to guard against their desertion, before the troops could 
sail. 

Thus it happened, that John Champe, instead of crossing the Hud- 
son, was safely lodged on board of one of their transports, from whicli 
he never departed, until he landed with Arnold, in Virginia. iS'^r wa.s 
he able to escape from the British army, until after the junction witji 
lord Cornwallis, at Petersburg, when he deserted. Proceeding!;.:' 
up into Virginia, he passed into North Carolina, near the Saura To v. 

24 



278 HISTORY OF THE 

and Isaac Van Vert ; in testimony whereof, ordered, thateacli 
of them receive annually, two hundred dollars in specie, or 
an equivalent in the current money of these states, during 
life ; and that the board of war, be directed to procure for 
each of them, a silver medal, on one side of which shall be a 
shield, w^ith this inscription, *' Fidelity ;" and on the other, 
the following motto ; " Viucit amor patriae,'' and tbrward them 
to the commander-in-chief, w ho is requested to present the 
same, with a copy of this resolution, and the thanks of con- 
e;ress, for their fidelity, and the eminent service they have 
rendered their country." 

In the month of October, 1780, sir Henry Clinton detached 
general Arnold on a marauding expedition, into Virginia, with 
about 1600 men, and a number of armed vessels ; he laid 
waste the country upon James river, in several predatory ex- 
cursions, until his progress was arrested by the appearance 
of the French squadron from Newport. This fleet put an 
end to the ravages ot Arnold by capturing and destroying a 
very considerable part of his t^eet ; am! would have caused 
the destruction of the traitor, had not a British tieet appeared 
from New York, for the relief ol Arnold, and by a naval en- 
gagement ofi'lhe capes of Virginia, with the French fleet, af- 

Aud keeping in the friendly districts of that state, safely joined the ar- 
my, after it had passed the Congaree, in ])ursuit of lord Rawdon. 

His approach excited extreme surprise amon^ ]»is former compan- 
ions, which was not a litt'e increased, when they saw the -cordial re- 
ception he met with from tiie iolc major. now lieulonant colonel Leo. 
^ His whole story was soou known to the corps, which reproduced th» 
love and respect of otticer and soldier, hcretoibre invariably entertain- 
ed for the sergeant, heiglitent'd by universal admirution of Jiis lute dar- 
ing and liazardous attempt. 

Clianipo was introduced to general Gieene, who very cheerfully 
complied with the promise made by the commundei-in-cluef, so far a?: 
was in his power ; and having provided the sergeant with a good lioi-se, 
,tnd money for his journey, sent him to general "Washington, who mu- 
nificently rewarded him, agieeable to his wishes, and presented liini 
Tf ith a discharge from further service ; lest he might, in the vicissi- 
tudes ol'war, fall into the hands of the; enemy, where he was sure io 
die upon a gibbet. 

We shall only add, respociing the alter life ef thiki adventurer, tlia' 
when general Washington was called by president Adams, in 1789, to 
the conunand of the army prepared to defend the country against the 
French, he sent to lieutenant-colonel Lee. to inquire for Champe ; in 
Lending to bring him into the field, at th« head of a cempany of infan- 
try. Lee sent to Loudon county, Virginia where Champe had settled 
after lie was discharged ; but learnt that he had iemoved to Keutuck} . 
•where h© soon after died." — Lee's MomQirs. 



UNITED STATES. 278 

foivleil him an opportunity to escape to New-York. The 
French returned to Nevvoort. 

All further military operations were suspended for the sea- 
son, and the war ra,2;ed in the VV^est-Indies, between the Brit- 
ish and the combined French and Spanish fleets ; but the lim- 
its of this work will not permit me to enter into the details 
of foreign war. 

On the 18th of D.^cember, died at Newport, (Rhode-Isl- 
and) his excellency Ch nde-: Louis de Terne^', knight of St. 
•Tohn of Jerusalem, late governor of the isles of France and 
Bourbon, and chief comm >nder of the Fronch squadron in.ihe 
American seas. He was interred in Trinity church-yard, the 
next day, with military honors. 

The frequent changt^s in the army of gen. Washington, ow- 
ing to short enlisttnent^', the w mt of pay, cloihing, provisions, 
k.c. h id repeatedly distressed the army, and were at last ac- 
companied with the revolt of the vvho'e Pennsylvania line, 
excepting three regiments. In dehince of all the efforts of 
gen. Wayne, and all the other otftcers, they seized on s'x tield- 
pieces, and took up th'>ir march for Pnnceton, January, 1781. 
Sir Henry Clinton, upon the first intelligence, made some 
important move n.^nts from Staten-Island, and sent spies at the 
same time, to 'ouati^nance and encouri;j;e the revolters. A 
committee from coiv;;ress, visited the mutineers at Princeton, 
with liberal assur m 'es, to persuade them to return to their 
duty ; but general VVishington sent a strong force and com- 
pelled them to return. A general arrmgement was soon 
made to supply the armies, both with foreign and domestic 
aid and resources. 

About the tirst of May, 1781, Mr. Rivington, (printer in N. 
York) published an intercepted correspondence betvveen gen- 
eral Washington and governor Han.'ock, in which the gener- 
al represents the unparalled suff;;rmgs and distresses of the 
American army an 1 its dependencies, and thus concludes : 

''* Distressed beyond expression, at the present situation and 
future prospects of the army, with re<:;ard to provisions, &c. 
From the posts at Saratoga to that of Dobb's ferry, inclusive, I 
believe there is not, (by the returns I have received) at this 
moment on hand, one day's supply of meat for the army." 

On the 14th of May, general Washington received the pain- 
ful tidings, that colonel Greene, with his whole detachment, 
had been cut jff near Croton river, by a party of Delancy 's 
corps, consisting of about three hundred infantry and dra- 



.'^80 HISTORY OF THE 

goons. Colonel Greene was wounded and taken prisoner, 
and afterwards nniurdered in cold blood. Major Flagg was kil- 
led in his quarters. 

On the 6th of May, monsieur de Barras arrived at Boston^ 
In the Concord frigate, to succeed the chevalier de Terney, 
in the command of the French squadron at Newport. 

When the count de Rochambeau had announced to general 
Washington the despatches he had received from France, the 
general with bis suit, generals Knox and Du Portail, repaired 
immediately to Wethersfield, (Connecticut) where they were 
met by the French officers, the count de Rochambeau and 
thenchevalierChastellux, on the 21st. The ostensible object 
of this interview, was to concert measures for the reduction of 
New-York. * 

This conference continued about one week, with the great- 
est harmony and cordiality, when these illustrious characters 
returned to their posts. General Washington next communi- 
cated by letter, the following regulations to the governors of 
the several northern states : 

*' On the calculations I have been able to form, in concert 
with the most experienced French and American officers, the 
operations in view wi'l require, in addition to the French ar- 
my, all the continental battalions, from New Hampshire to N. 
Jersey, to be completed." He afterwards added, " As we 
cannot count upon their being full, and as a body of militia will 
also be necessary, I have called upon the several states to hold 
certain numbers in readiness, to move within one week of the 
time I may require them." 

These despatches of g-'neral Washington, among others. 
were intercepted by one James Moody, who was employed 
by the British adjutant-general, and conveyed to New York. 
These gave the alarm to sir Henry Clinton, and he renewed 
his exertions to prepare for his defence. 

At this eventful moment, a reinforcement of 1500 French 
troops arrived in Boston. These, together with the French 
troops at Newport, moved on to join general Washington, be- 
fore New-York. On the 14th of June, the junction was for- 
med complete. 

On the 21st, general Washington wrote to the French ad- 
miral at Newport, as follows : " 1 hope there will be no oc- 
casion for a movement to the southward, for the want of force 
to act against New York, as I flattered myself that the glor\ 
of destroying the British squadron at New-York, is reserved 



UNITED STATES. 281 

for the kind's fleet under your command, and that of the land 
forces at the sa ne place, for the aiiied armies." 

On the evening of the 18th, precisely at eight o'clock, the 
allied armies cominenced a grand mov ,'mont, and marched from 
their encamp'iients, down to New- York, and at four the next 
morning, they were drawn up in order of battle, while gener- 
al Washington and count Rochambeiu, with all the general of- 
ficers and engineers, reconnoitered the enemy's works 
throughout their whole line. The next day they renewed 
their reconnoitering, and in the afternoon, drew off their 
troops and returned lo their encampments. il^ 

These movements, together with tho removal of the^ heavy- 
cannon and mortar*, left at Boston in 1776, across the country 
to North river, and down to the army before New York ; as 
well as the intercepted correspondence, confirmed sir Henry 
Clinton in his fears, and led him to withdraw a very consider- 
able force from lord Cornwallis, for the defence of N. York. 

At this eventful moment, count deGrasse announced his ar- 
rival in the Cheuapaake bay, with a fi^^et of twenty-four ships 
of the line, frigates, &c. The aiiied commanders forwarded 
assurances that they would put their troops in immediate mo- 
tion, to co-operate with him. 

Count de Grasse landed 3300 troops, under the command 
of the marquis de St. Simon, to reinforce the marquis La Fay- 
ette. 

Monsieur de Barras, at the s-me time, sailed from Newport 
with the French squadron, to join count de Grasse. 

General Washington committed the command of the forces 
before New York, to general Heath, and put himself at the 
head of the allied armies, and by a rapid movement, marched 
to Philadelphia ; and from thence to the head of the rivet 
Elk. 

Sir Henry Clinton, in the mean time, despatched admiral 
Graves in quest of count de Grasse. On the 5th of Septem- 
ber, he discovered the French fleet in Lynnhaven bay. At 
sight of the English fleet, count de Grasse slipped his cables 
and put to sea, and at 4 o'clock an action commenced. The 
French were victorious, and regained the bay ; but the Eng- 
lish retired to New-York, to repair. 

At this eventful moment, de Barras entered the bay and 
joined de Grasse, who sent up their transports to convey the 
allied armies down the bay. The alHed commanders, at the 

24* 



282 HISTORY OF THE 

same time, held an interview with the count de Grasse, ou 
board the Ville de Paris, to settle the plan of operations. 

On the 25th, the whole of the allied armies joined the mar- 
quis La Fayette, at Williamsburg ; amounting to 12,000 men. 

Pending these movements, lord Cornwallis had removed to 
York-l'own, and proceeded to fortify his position. 

Governor Nelson called into service the militia of Virginia.- 
and took the field in person. 

On the 27th of September, general Washington issued the 
following orders. " If the enemy should be tempted to meet 
the^army on its march, the general particularly enjoins it upon 
the troops to place their principal reliance upon the bayonet, 
that they may prove the vanity of that boast, which the Brit- 
ish make of their peculiar prowess, in deciding battles wiili 
that weapon." 

The next morning, the whole army moved forward to the 
distance of two miles from York-Town ; encamped about sun- 
set, and lav on their arms throuorh the nio:ht. 

Count de Grasse, at the earnest and pressing solicitations oi 
genera! Washington, by letter, and (he personal address of the 
marquis La Fayette, who was the bearer, moved his whole 
fleet up to the mouth of York river, and his lordship wa^ 
closely invested in York-Town. 

On the 6th of October, the trenches of the allies were open- 
ed upon his lordship, at the distance of GOO yards. On the 
9th, the American line began to play upon York-Town, with 
twenty-four, eighteen, and ten inch mortars, which continued 
through the night. The next morning the French opened a 
destructive fire from their batteries, without intermission, foi 
about eight hours ; and on the succeeding night a terrible fire 
was kept up from the whole line, without intermission, until 
morning. The horrors of this scene were greatly heightened 
by the conflagration of two British ships, set on five by the 
shells of the allies, and consumed in the night. The next, 
morning, October 1 1th, the allies opened their second paral- 
lel, at the distance of 200 yards, and another British ship wsm 
consumed by their shells. 

On the 14th, general Washington ordered two battalions to 
advance to the second parallel, and begin a large battery in the 
centre, and in advance. The enemy met this movemeet witli 
an incessant fire from two redoubts, in advance of their works, 
as well as from their whole line, that continued through th<' 
might. 



UNITED STATES. 283 

General Washington detached the marquis de La Fav- 
ette, at the head of the American hght infantry, supported 
by the baron Viomenil, from the line of the French> to ad- 
vance and storm these redoubts, which had so annoyed them 
through the night. Lieutenant-colonel Hamilton commanded 
the van of the corps of the marquis La Fayette. The redoubt 
was promptly carried by La Fayette, at the point of the bay- 
onet ; but the captives were spared. The marquis sent his 
aid, major Barbour, through the whole line of the enemy's fire, 
to notify the baron Viomenil of his success, and enquire 
where he was ; to which the baron replied, "• I am not in my 
redoubt, but shall be in five minutes ;" in five minutes his re- 
doubt was carried. 

General Washington was highly gratified with the success 
of this exploit, and commended the officers and soldiers enga- 
ged in it, in the highest terms, in the following general orders : 

" The marquis La Fayette's division will mount the trench- 
es to-morrow. The commander-in-chief congratulates the 
allied army on the success of the enterprise, last evenin'^ 
against the two important redoubts on the left of the enemy's 
works. He requests the baron Viomenil, who commanded 
the French grenadiers, and the marquis La Fayette, who com- 
manded the American light infantry, to accept his warmest 
acknowledgements for the excellence of their dispositions and 
for their own gallant conduct on thp occasion. And he begs 
them to present his thanks to every individual officer, and lo 
the men of their respective commands, for the spirit and ra- 
pidity with which they advanced to the points of attack assign- 
ed them, and for the admirable firmness with which they sup- 
ported them, under the fire of the enemy, without returninf- a 
shot. The general reflects, with the highest pleasure, on the 
confidence, which the troops of the two nations must hereafter 
have in each other : assured of mutual support, he is convin- 
ced there is no danger, which they will not cheerfully encoun- 
ter ; no difficulty which they will not bravely overcome.' 

On the morning of the IGtli, his lordship detached lieuten- 
ant-colonel Ahercrombie at the head of 400 men, upon a sor- 
tie, to destroy two batteries, the allies had erected in the 
night ; the enterprise succeeded, and he spiked the cannon. 
The French suffered severely in the defence of these works ; 
but the British gained no permanent advantage. On the af- 
ternoon of the same day, the allies opened their batteries, cov- 
ered with about 100 pieces of heavy cannon, and such was 



284 HISTORY OF THE 

their destructive fire, that the British iines were soon demol- 
ished, and sileaced. Alirmcr^d for hiSs liyty, his loniship now 
begun to prop ire to retire ; his boats were collected, and a 
part of his army was embarked across to Gloucester Point ;1 
but a violent slorm su tdenl}' .trose, whi<'h deleate('. the plan, 
and It was with the greatest diffir.ulty that his lordship coukl 
recover his boats, and restore the division. 

His lordship, now seeing that all hope of succour or escape 
was vain, and ih-it there was no alternative, to avoid the tre- 
mendous tire of the allies, but subaiissiou, requestiid a parley 
on, the 18th. for twenty-four hours ; and thr«t commissioners 
miajht be aj>poiute(l to arr.mj^* artirles of cjipitul.ttion. Gen- 
eral Washington canseateil, and commissioners were a|)pomt- 
cd accordingly.]; On the I9th, the articles were signed, and 
his lordship, with the whole Bntisli army, marched out pris- 
oners o'war. The siiips were the coequest of France. I'he 
same terms were prescribed by the commissioners to lord 
Cornvvallis, th it h id been prescrib-d to gi'uera! Lincoln at 
Charleston, just eighteen months before ; he was refused the 
honors of war, and general Lincoln was deputed to receive 
tUe sword of his lor.iship. Thus the mission of the marquis 
La Favette to Fr mce, in the winter of 1779 — 80, was consum- 
mated by the full of the hero of the south, at York Town. 

The noble generosity of the Frencli oflTr!e>s to th»se of the 
British, after the c-ipitulation, c died forth the ibliowing ac- 
knov/ledgement of his lordship : 

*' The deliber-ite sensibility of the officers of his most 
christian mujesty towirtls our situ-ition ; their generous and 
pressing otters of money » both public and private, to any 
amount, has really gone"beyond what 1 can possibly describe." 

Lord Cornw illis pressed hard (t permission to embark the 
British and German troops to Europe, under suitable engage- 
ments, not to serve during the war : also ;hat the tories tnight 
be pi'otected ; but both were refused. His lordship was, 
however, induli^ed with the permission, that the Bonetta sloop 
of war, might pass unsearched ; and many of the most obnox- 

t Gloucester Point is opposite to York Town, projecting far into the 
river, and then under the command of 'ieuteniint-colonel Tarlton. 

:|: The commis:sioners on the part of the allies were the Vicount do 
Noailes. and lieutenant-colonel Laurens, whose father had been sent 
out by congress, as minister to the court of Versailles, and who was 
captured on his passage, by the British, and confined in the tewer of 
London, where lie then remained in close confinement. 



UNITED STATES. 2Bo 

ious tories escaped from the rage of their injured and insulted 
countrymen. 

Seven thou«an<l troops, under the command of earl Corn- 
wijlhs, with 1500 seamen, were the subjects of this conven- 
tion ; together with one frigate of twenty-four guns, besides 
transports, (twenty of which liad been sunk or otherwise de- 
stroyed) seventy-five brass, and sixty-nine iron ordnance, 
howitzers and mortars. Also a niiHtary chost, containing 
j£2,l 13, 6s. sterling, which, tritlmg as it was, could not fail to 
be acceptable to the army. 

Five d.tys after the surrender of his lordslup, admiral 
Graves again arrived off the capes of Virginia, with about 7000 
troops from New-York, for the relief of lord Cornwallis ; but 
it was too late, the allies were triumphant ; and the armament, 
returned to New-York. 

His excellency general Washington, closed this glorious 
-^ceue at York Town, by publishing to the army, both o/Ticers 
and soldiers, m general ord^ors, the grateful effusions of his 
heart, and ordered the wh de to be assembled in divisions and 
brigades, to attend to divine service, and render thanks to that 
God who had s:i'ven them the victorii. 

Congress received the letter of general Washington, ou 
the ^4th, announcing the capture of the British army, with 
the most cordial satisfaction, and immediately resolved to 
move in procession, at 2 o'clock, to the Lutheran church, and 
return thanks to Almighty God, for crowning v/ith success, 
the allied arms of America and France, Congress next re- 
solved, that a proclamation be issued for the religious observ- 
ance o< the 13th of December, then next, as a day of public 
thanksgiving and pr;iyer, throughout the United States. 

Thus, joy, gratitude, and praise to God, were united, and 
became universal, and swelled with transports, every patriot- 
ic breast, throughout United America. 

Congress resolved, onthe,29th, " That thanks be present- 
ed to general Washington, count de Rochambeau, count de 
Grasse, and the oflicers of the different corps, imd the men un- 
der their command, for their services, in the reduction of 
lord Cornwallis." 

They next resolved, " That a marble column be erected at 
York-Town, adorned with emblems, commemorative of the 
alliance, between the United States and his most christian ma- 
jesty, and inscribed with a s'lccinct account of the surrendi\ 
of the British armv.-" 



2g6 HISTORY OF THE 

Congress next resolved, " That two stands of colors be 
presented to general Washington, and two pieces of o-rdnance 
be by him presented to count de Rochunbeau, as trophies of 
their illnstrious victory ; and that ihe chevalier de Le Lu- 
zerne, be reqtiestefl to inform his most christian majesty, that 
it was the wish of Congress, that count de Grasse might be 
permitted to accept the same testimonials, with the count de 
Rochambeau. 

General Rochambeau, with his arm3s took up their winter 
quarters m Virginia ; but the troops under the command of 
the marquis de St. Simon, were embarked for the West In- 
dies, and the American troops returned to their former sta- 
tions, pxcc[)iing such cavalry ;md infmtrv iis were necessar}' 
to the serv ice of general Greene ; these were sent forward 
in November, under the command of general St. Clair, to co- 
operate in the southern war. 

The French fleet, under the count de Grasse, sailed at the 
same time, for the West- Indies, and the operations of the sea- 
son were generally closed. 

His excellency general Washington, retired to Philadel- 
phia, to give repose to his mind, as well as to confer with 
congress upon the f^iture exigencies of the nation. 

One universal expression of gratitude and applause, burst 
forth from all parts of the country, to the allieil heroes, who 
fought under Washington, and triumphed over Britain. Min- 
isters at the alt?jr, of all denommalions, caught the sacred 
flame, and the temples of Almighty God, resounded with 
gratitude and praise to His great name, throughout United 
America. 

On the 4th of November, congress honored the chevalier 
de La Luzerne with their attendance it the Roman catholic 
chapel, where the following address was delivered by mon- 
sieur de Bandole, chaplain lo the French legation : 

" Gentlemen — A numerous people, assembled to render 
thanks to Almighty God for his mercies, is one of the most 
affecting objects, and worthy ihe attention of the Supreme 
Being. While camps resound with triumphal actions, whole 
nations rejoice in victory ani' glory the nost honorable office 
the minister of the altar can fill, is, to be the organ by which 
public gratitude is conveyed to the Omnipotent. Those mir- 
acles which he once wrought for his chosen people, are re- 
newed in our favor ; and it would be equdly ungrateful and 
impious, not'to acknowledge, that the event which lately con- 



UNITED STATES. 287 

founded our enemies, and frustrated their designs, was the 
Wonderful work of that God, who guards our hberties. And 
who but He could so combine the events that led to such suc- 
cess ? We have seen our enemies push forward amidst perils 
almost innumerable, amiHst objects almost insurmountable, to 
the spot which was designed to witness their disgrace ; yet 
they eagerly sought it as the theatre of their triumph I Blind 
as they were, they bore hunger, thirst and inclement skies ; 
poured out their blood in battle against brave republicans, 
and crossed immense regions to confine themselves in another 
Jerico ; whose walis were fated to fall down before another 
Joshua. It is He whose voice commands the winds, the seas, 
and the seasons ; who formed a junction on the same day, 
aod the same hour, between a formidable tleet from the south, 
and an army rushing from the north like an impetuous torrent. 
Who but He, in whose hands are the hearts of men, could 
have inspired the. allied troops with the friendship, the con- 
fidence, the tenderness of brothers! How is it that two na- 
tions, once divided, jealous, inimical, and nursed in recipro- 
cal prejudices, are now become so er rdially united as to form 
but one ! Worldlings would say it is the wisdom, the virtue, 
and moderation of our chiefs ; it is a great national interest 
that has performed this prodigy. They will say, that to the 
skill of the generals, to the courage of the troops, to the ac- 
tivity of the whole army, we must attribute this splendid suc- 
cess ! Ah I they are ignorant that the combining of" so many 
fortunate circumstances, is an emanation from the All-perlect 
Mind ; that courage, that skill, that activity, bear the sacred 
impressions of Him who is divine. For how Oitiny favors 
have we not to thank Him during the present year ? 

" Your union, which was at tirst supported by justice alone, 
has been consolidated by 3'our courage, and the knot which 
ties you has become indissoluble, by the accession of all the 
stvites, and the unanimous voice of all the confecierates. You 
present to the universe the noble sight of a society, which, 
founded in equality and justice, secuios to the individuals who 
compose it, the utmost happiness that can be derived from 
human institutions. This advantage, which so many other 
nations have been unable to procure, even after ages of effort, 
and misery, is granted by Divine Providence to the United 
States ; and His adorable decrees have marked the present 
moment for the completion of that jjoemorable happy revolu- 
tion, which ha? taken place in this e.Nteosive continent. 



288 ^ HISTORY OF THE 

These large states are at once wrested from the foe. The 
rapacious soldier has been compelled to take refuge behind 
his ramparts, and oppression has vanished like those phan- 
toms which are dispelled by the morning ray. On this solemn 
occasion we might renew our thanks to the God of battles., 
for the success he has granted to your allies, and your friends, 
by land and sea, through the other parts of the globe. But 
let us not recall those events which too dearly prove how 
much the hearts of our enemies have been obdurated. Let us 
prostrate ourselves at the altar, and implore the God of mer- 
cy to suspend his vengeance, to spare them in his wrath, to 
inspire them with sentiments of justice and moderation, to 
terminate their obstinacy and error, and to ordain that your 
victories be followed with peace and tranquility. Let us en- 
treat Him to continue to shed on the councils of the king, 
your ally, that spirit of wisdom, of justice, and of courage, 
which has rendered his reign so glorious. Let us beseech 
Him to maintain in each of the states, that intelligence by 
which the L^nited States are inspired. Let us return Him 
thanks that a faction, whose rebellion he has corrected, and 
now deprived of support, is annihilated. Let us offer Him 
pure hearts, unsullied by private hatred, or public dissen- 
sion ; and let us with one voice, pour forth to the Lord that 
-■'hymn of praise, by which Christians celebrate their gratitude, 
«nd His glory.*' 



CHAPTER XIL 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED. 

i passed over the operations of the southern war, in their 
':hronological order, that the great and interesting subject of 
^ he last chapter, might be continued unbroken. Also the ope- 
ations of the traitor Arnold, at New London, k,c. because 1 
would not foul such splendid events with so infamous a name, 
nor tarnish the glorious achieivments of the allies, with such 
inf^imous deeds. We will now notice the base exploits of Ar- 
nold, and then carry forward the southern war. 

In the month of September, sir Henry Clinton detached 
general Arnold, with a strong party, to renew the marauding 
system, ^in Connprtlcn* Arnold proceeded to New London, 



UNITED STATES. > 1289 

landed his troops ; carried forts Griswold and Trumbull, af- 
ter a brave resistance^ put many of the garrison to the sword, 
after their surrendry, and reduced the town to ashes, j 

The officer who entered fort Griswold, peremptorily de- 
manded,' '* Who commands this fort?" To which colonel 
Ledyard replied, " 1 did, but yon do now ;" an i presented 
him his sword ; which he took and plunged it into the colonel's 
breast. A scene of butchery ensued, too cruel to be related. 

Arnold with his myrmidons fled on board their ships, and 
returned to New-York. 

The southern war now claims our attention. 

We noticed in a former chapter, the strong position gener- 
al Greene had taken among the high hills of Santee, in June, 
1781. We will now notice a few extracts of letters from gen- 
eral Greene to his friends, which will disclose clearly, the 
character of the southern war. 

While before Ninety-Six, gen. Greene wrote thus to col, 
Davies, May 23d : — " The animosity between the whigs and 
tories of this state, renders their situation truly deplorable. 
There is not a day that passes, but there are more or less that 
fall asacritice to this savage disposition. The whigs seem de- 
termined to extirpate the tories, and the tories the whigs. 
Some thousands have fallen in this way, in this quarter ; and 
the evil rages with more violence than ever. If a stop can- 
not be put to these massacres, the country will be depopula- 
ted, as neither whig nor tory can live." dt 

General Greene wrote to colonel Pickins, on the 5th of 
June : — " The inhabitants near Parker's Ford, on the Saluda, 
are in great distress, from the savage conduct of a p'arty of 
men, belonging to colonel Hammond's regiment ; this party 
plunders without mercy, and murders ihe defenceless people, 
just as pique, private prejudice, or personal resentment dic- 
tate. Principles of humanity, as well as policy, require, that 
proper measures be taken to restrain these abuses, heal dif- 
ferences, and unite the people as much as possible." 

In June, a general exchange of prisoners took place in the 
south, and the American prisoners were sent into Virginia 
and Pennsylvania. Soon after, the families of all surh pris- 
oners as resided at Charleston, were ordered to remove out 
of the province, by colonel Balfour, the British commander 
at Charleston. 

Near the close of the month, governor Rutledge resumed 

?■ Sixty dwelling-houses, and forty-eight stores wero burnt. 

25 



^90 HISTORY OF THE 

the government of South Carolina, and retaliated the conduct 
of colonel Balfour, upon the royalists, by driving them and 
their families also, within the British lines at Charleston. 

On the 7th of September, general Greene made a sudden 
movement, and attacked colonel Stewart, at the Eutaw springs, 
sixty miles north of Charleston. Both armies were about 
2000 strong ; the conflict was sharp and bloody, until general 
Greene ordered colonel VVillinms, to advance to the charge 
with trailed arms. The order was promptly obeyed, amidj^t 
a most terrible cannonade, and shower of musketry, and they 
carried all before them ; the enemy wei e routed and put to 
flight, and the victory was complete. More than 500 prison- 
ers, with 70 wounded, together with about 1000 stand of 
arms, fell mto the hands of the victors. 

Genera! Greene lost more than one third of his whole force, 
in this desperate conflict ; yet the enemy abandoned their 
strong hold, betook their.selves to the defence of Charleston, 
find carried on a system of predatory war. 

Congress voted their thanks- to geneial Greene, and the 
diff'erent corps under his command, with their commanders, 
on the 24th ; and directed, that he be presented with a Brit- 
ish standard, and a gold medal. 

A mutiny, serious and alarming, broke out at this time, in 
the army ofgeneral Greene, which he quelled , by bringing his 
troops into immedi;ite action, by a sudden movement upon a 
British post at Dorchester. So sharp r.as this rencounter, 
rand such the disposition of general Greene, after the action, 
that the enemy abandoned their post, and retired to the quar- 
ter house, on Charleston Neck, and the state was cleared of 
the enemy, except Charleston. 

On the l'4th of December, general Greene disclosed to the 
• ecretary of war, that he w:is destitute of ammunition, camj) 
utensils, &c. and that he could not command one single quir<i 
f paper. ^ 

On the '4th oY January, 1782, he was joined by geTieral St. 
Clair, with the troops detached from the conquest of York- 
Town ; and general Greene advanced, and took his position 
uear to Charleston. 

On the 18th, governor Rutledge convened the assembly of 
South Carolina, at Jacksonsborough, and they confiscated the 
eJBtates of all the refugees. 

General Greene, in his communication to the secretary of 
war, thus expressed himself : — '* I haie been seven months in 



UNITED STATES. 291 

ike/ield, without taking off' my doihes. Our difliculties are nu- 
~merou=i, and our wants so [)ressing, that I have not a moment's 
relief from the most painful anxieties." 

March 1 1th. — " A great part of our troops are in a deplora- 
ble situa^tion for want of clothing ; we have 300 men without 
arms, and more thin lOOJ.i^reso naked, that they can only bo. 
put on duty, in cases of rt desperate nature. I feel much for 
this department ; no part of Saxony, during the last war, I 
believe, ever felt the rav iglng hand of war, with greater se- 
verity, than it has been felt hcre.t" 

April 22. — '' Discontent is tlaily increasing, and the spirit 
of mutiny very prevalent. I have been able to prove thefact 
'?pon but one' m in. and he a sergeant of the Pennsylvania 
line» whom I ordered to be shot this day. I hope this exam- 
ple will deter others from executing the conspiracy, of be- 
traying the army into the hands of the cnemy^ which we have 
dreaded every night." 

1^ General Gmme detached colonel Posey, with 300 men, to 

.jd'm getierd VVayn? m Georgia. The British commander at 

Savannah, laid waste the courrtry, by burning ami destroying 

ail the crops and provisions, extensively, upon the borders ol 

tiic river. 

% At this lime, the state "of the army under general Washing- 
ton, may ba seen by th » following letter of the baron de Steu- 
ben, dated Fishkill, May 28,'- 1782.—'' Yesterday was the 
third day our army has been without provisions. Every de- 
partment is without money and credit. The army could not 
make a march of one day. for the want of the necessary sup- 
T^lies. Officers and s'ddiers are exceedingly discontented. 
You doubtless have heard of the premeditated revolt of the 
Connecticut lin8,.happily discovered the day previous to that 
on whi<:h it was to have been put in execution. The ringlead- 
er was punished with death. Wherever I go, I hear com- 
plaints, which m dee me dread ^he most fatal consequence's. 

' The distresses of our army, have arrived to the greatest pos- 
sible height. Steuben." 

Quotations of similar purport, might be multiplied to a great 
extent ; but these may sulYice to shew the wretched state of 
the armies, as well as the deranged state of the finances. 

Who that views with attention these Aicts, can fiiii to see 
and acknowledge, the special agency of Divine Providence, in 

t Fourteen hundred widows were made in the single district of 
Ninety-Six. 



nn 



HISTORY OF THE 



crowning with success, the American arms, and thus opening 
the way for peace, at this eventful crisis, when the resources 
of the countr;^ were exhausted, and the hearts of <^he soldiers 
ready to sink under the accumulated weight of their sufferings. 
Let those of us who witnessed these eventful scenes, eye the 
hand of that God, who ruled the destinies of America, and 
adore that wisdom, power and goodness, that rescued her 
from the all-devouring grasp of her enemies, and crowned her 
with national happiness and glory. 

On the 4th of March, the house of commons resolved, 
" That the house will consider as enemies to his majesty and 
the country, all those who shall advise, or attempt the further 
prosecution of the war in North America." 

On the 2d of August, sir Guy Carleton and admiral Digby, 
announced by letter to general Washington, that negotiation? 
for a general peace, were opened at Paris, and that transports 
had been prepared in England, to convey the American pris- 
oners in England, toAmerica, to be exchanged. 

Two ships soon after arrived, with. 583 American prison- 
ers, at Marblehead. 

On the 11th of June, the town ef Savannah was evacuated 
by the British, in good order. 

Congress pursued tJie plan of loans from France and Hol- 
land ; and through their ministers, liberal supplies were ob- 
tained. All furlher operations in South Carolina ceased^ and 
Charleston was evacuated, on the 14th of December, 1782, in 
the most perfect order ; and in two days, the regular police 
of the city, and government of the state, were restored. 

The French troops, rendered so illustrious at the siege" of 
'< York-Town, under the command of general Rochambeau, 
commenced their march for Boston, and embarked lor France, 
in the spring of 1783. 

The subject of peace now became general, in Europe and 
America. Negotiations had been opened at Paris, as early as 
lune, under doctor Franklin and Mr. Jay, on the part of 
America ; the count de Vergennes, on the part of France : 
with Mr. Fitzberbert and Mr. Oswald, on the part of Great 
Britain ; and the count de Aranda, on the part of Spain. 

Many [joints labored ; the negotiation spun out. The 
British ministers could not be prevailed on to take the start- 
ing point, and acknowledge the independence of x\mcrica, un- 
til they had received positive instructions from their court. 
The fisheries next laboured with England ; and France did 



United states. 293 

not favor the! views of America, upon that point. During the 
struggle in this council, Mr. Arlnms left Holland, at the request 
of Mr. Jay, and repaired lo Pari^f.,^ Upon consultation, they 
agreed to negotiate separately, with liie British ministers, if 
the count de Veni;ennesi(lutnot vield the claim^ofthe United 
States, on the tisherie*, &c. TIfis movement succeeded, and 
brou<i;ht the neiroti-itions to a close. 

Duxing these ne':oiiations, a new scene opened upon the 
comrnander-in-chi of the American armies. The troops 
before New-York. ■ -iz.nn'. mfected with* a general mutiny, 
founded, upon a; ck !i md for Si'^earages of p.sy, with sufficient 
guarantee before y should be diirt)an<ied. His excellency 
general Washingt la^,, i)y his masterly aadress, quelled this mu- 
tiny. He then \ -d ihe whof t aif lir before congies.s, by let- 
ter, in vvliich he ii»';L3d his desirvs in the strongest terms, that 
the army might be .;ritided. '.Conj;ref.« met the wislie.^ of the 
general, anfl his br ive companions m arms, promptly, and 
voted, " that the oOi crs should receive to the amount of five 
years full pay, in mooey ot securities, at siA per cent interest, 
per.anniim, instead ofjiajf pay for life." This was satisficto- 

i-"Ihthe midst of the*perturbed state of affiiirs in camp, and whilo 
the day of final separation was supposed to be nfear at iiand, the follow- 
ing anonymous lotter, calculated to exasperate the passions of the mo- 
ment, was privately circulated :" .j; 

To the ojfic^i^ of the army. 

'' Gentlemen, — A fellow soldier, whose interest and^ affections bind 
him strongly to you, whose past sufferings have been as great, and 
vrhose futvirs fortune m;iy be as desperate as yours, would beg leave to 
allldress you. 

''Age has its claims, and rank is not without its pretensions to ad- 
vis? ; but, though un upported by both, he flatters Iiimself, that the 
plan language of sincerity and expehence, Will neither be unheard nor 
unregarded. 

" Like many of you he loved private life, and left it with regret. He 
left it, determined to retire fruia tlia field, with the necessity that call- 
ed him to it, and not tiii then-;;-hot till the enemies of his country, the 
slaves of power, and the hireirngs of injustice, were compelled to aban- 
don their schemes, and acknowledge America as terrible in arms, agv 
she had been humble injjetMonstrunce. With this object in view, he- 
has long shared in your toil?, and mingled in your dangers.; He ha 
felt the CO id hand of poverty, v/ithout a murmur, and has seen the in- 
solence of wealth, without a sigh. But, too much under the direetjorj, . 
of his wishes, and sometimes weak enough to mistake desire for opiri- 
ion, he has till lately — very lately, believed in the justice of his coun- 
try. He hoped, that ub .lie clouds of adversity scattered and as the 
sunshine of peace and better fortune broke in upon us, the coldness and 

?5*, 



?94 HISTORY OF THE 

On the 24th of March, it was announced in congress by a 
letter from the marquis La Fayette, bearing date February 

* 

.severity of government would relax, and that more than justice, that 
oratitude would blaze forth, on those hands which had upheld her, in 
the darkest stages of hex passage, from impending servitude to ac- 
knowledged independence. But faith has its limits, as well as temper, 
and thsre are points, beyond which neither can be stretched, without 
sinking into cowardice, or plunging into credulity. This, my friends. 
I conceive to be your situation, — hurried to the very edge of both, an- 
other step would ruin you forever. To be tame and unprovoked, when 
injuries press hard upon you, is more than weakness ; but to look up 
for kin4<cr usage, without one manly effort of your own, 'would fix your 
character, and shov\r tlie w.orld how richly you aeserve those chains 
you broke. To guard against this evil, let us take a review of the 
ground on which we now stand, and thence carry our thoughts forward 
for a moment, into th^ unexplored field of experiment. 

"Aftt r a pursuit of seven long years, the object for which we get out 
is at length brought within our reacli — yes, my friends, that suffering- 
courage of yours wasactive once, — it has conducted the United States 
of America, tlnough a doubtful and bloody war. It has placed her iri 
the chair of independency, and peace returns again to bless— who .' A 
country willing to redress your wrongs, cherish your worth, and reward 
your services i* A country courting your return to private life, with 
tears ef gratitude, and smiles of admiration, longing to divide with you.^ 
that independence which your gallantry has given, and those riches, 
which your wounds have preserved .'' Is this the case.'' or is it rather a. 
country, that tramples oruyour rights, disdains your cries, and insults 
vour distresses ? Have you not more than once suggested your wish- 
es, and made known your wants to congress? wants and wishes, which 
gratitude and policy should have anticipated, rather than evaded ; and 
have you not lately, in tlie meek language of entreating memorials, 
begged from their justice, what you conlri no longer expect from their 
ftivor .'' How Ijave you been answered : Let the letter you are called 
to. consider to-moiiow rep^ 

*' If tluR then'be j^our treatment, while the swords you v/ear are ne- 
cessary for the defence of America, what have you to expect from 
peace, when your voice shall smk, and your strength dissipate by divis- 
ion ? when those very swords, the instruments and companions of your 
glory, shall be token from your sides, and no remaining inaik of mili- 
tary distii^ction be left but your wants, infirmities and scars.-* Can you 
then consent to "be the only suftere'rs by this revolution, and retiring 
from the field, grow old in poverty, wretchedness and contempt ? Can 
you consent to wade through the vile mire of dependency, and owe 
the miserable renmant of that life to charity, which has hitherto been 
spent in honor ? If you can — go — and Carry with you the jest of tories; 
and the scorn of- whigs — the ridicule, and wiiat is worse, the pity of 
the world. Go, starve, and be forgotten I But if your spirit should re- 
volt at this ; if you have sense enough to discover, and spirit enougli 
to oppose tyranny under whatever garb it may assume ; uhetiier it be 
the plain coat of republicanism, or the splendid robe of royalty ; if you 
J^avo not yot learnt to discriminate between a people and a cause, be 



UNITED STATES. S52 

5tb, " That the preliminaries of a general peace, had been 
signed at Paris, on the 20lh of January, 1783." 

On the 4th of April, 1783, a confirmation of the signing of 
the treaty on the 20th of Januiiry, arrived at Salem, in the ship 
Astrea, capt. John Derby,! in twenty-two nays from Nantz. 
Also, that the two sovereigns of France and England, had rati- 
fied, and their mini.^ters exchanged the same, on the 3d of 
February ; from which day, all hostilities were to cease. 

On the 10th ot April, the treaty was published in the United 
States. On the I9th, his excellency general Washington pro- 
claimed it in general orders, to the American army. This 
day completed the- eigth year of the revolutionary war. 

tween men and principles — awake ; attend to your situation, and re- 
dress yourselves. If the present momont be lost, every future effort is 
in vain; and your threats then, will be as empty, as your entreaties 
are now. 

"I would advise you, therefore, to como to some final opinion on 
what you can bear, and what you can sutfer. If your determination 
be in any proportion to your wronos, carry your appeal from the jus- 
tice, to the fears of government. (. hange the milk and water stylo of 
your last memorial ; assume a bolder tone — decent, but lively, spirited 
and determined, and. suspect the man, wiio would advise to more mod- 
oration, and longer forbearance. Lei'two or tlwee men, who can feel 
as well as write, be; appointed to draw up your last remonstrance ; for 
I would no longer give it the suing, soft, unsuccessful epithet ot'mc- 
jnorial,' Let it be represented m language, that will neither dishonor 
you by its rudeness, nor betray you by its fears — what has been prom- 
ised by congress, and what has been performed— how long and how pa- 
tiently you have suffered — how little you have asked, and how much 
of that little has been denied. Tell them, that, though you were the 
►first, and would wish to be the last, to encounter danger ; though des- 
pair itself can never drive yuu into dishonor, it may drive you from tlie 
held ; that the wound often irritated, and never healed, may at length 
.become incurable ; and that th6 slightest mark of indignity from con- 
gress now, must operate like the grave, tnd part you forever ; that in 
any political event, the array has its alternative. If peace, that noth- 
ing shall separate you from your arms but death ; if vvar, that courting 
the auspices, and inviting the directions of your illustrious leader, you 
■will letire to some unsettled country, smile in your turn, and "mock 
when their fear cometh." But let it represent also, that should they 
comply witli the request of your late memorial, it would make you 
more happy, and them more respectauie. That while war should con- 
tinue, you would follow their standard iiiTOthe field, and when it came 
to an end, you would v/ithdraw into llie shade of private life, and cive 
the world another subj'ect of wonder arid applause ; an army vicrori- 
•us over its enemies — victorious over itseltV 

March 10th, ITHS. 

tThe same captain that carried out to Europe, the news ef thebe.x ■ 
ington battle, 1775. 




ogQ HISTORY OF THE 

m 

On the 13th of May, the officers of the American army, 
formed themselves into a society, and entered into the fol- 
lowing compact : 

*' The officers of the army, do hereby in the most solemn 
manner, associate, constitute and combine themselves into a 
society ol' tViends, t«» endure so long as they shall endure, or 
iiny of their eldest mate posterity ; and m failure thereof, the 
collateral branches, who may be judgeil worthy of becoming 
its supporters andjuembers.". This •-ociely, thus formed^ wasi 
denominiUed the society of Cincinniti ; in honor of that illus- 
trious Roman chief, Q,mntus Ci^cinnatus, whose virtuous val- 
or,'saved hi^ country. . - ' 

On or about„the middle of June, the notes of the financier 
;Hvere received, agreeable to a resolve of congress, and a gen- 
eral settlement so far effected with the army, that they- were 
honorabl}' discharged, anu returned quietly to their several 
liotnes. - ^* 

On the 18th, his excellency general Washington, addressed 

circular letter (oyt'he governors md presKienis of the several 

tes, in which' he impressively iir^ed the necessity of the 
iuiiowing it^nportmt points : ^^ 

'•1. An indissoluble union of all the states, undt. . , ffJeraJ 
head ^ 

2. A Sac]fed regard to pjiblic justice. 

3. The adf/pli^^n of a proper peace'establishmr;! i. 

4. The previjilence of that pacilic and friendly interconrsi 
among the peopievt)f»the United St^ite||«vhichwiHtnducethem 
to forget their |pc;d prejudices i\nt^ pohticsi; to make those 
^utual concessi^s, whicli are requisite lo the general j)ros- 
perity ; and in ^iRjJtt instances, td'^'ssacrilice their ihciividuSl ad- 
vantages, to the interest ef the community. T'liese are the 
pillars on which the glorious fabric of ouf independence an( 
national character, must be supported. It remainl'then, to be 
my final and only r •quest, 'that your excellency vvillR commu- 
nicate these sentiments to your legislature, at their iiext meet- 
ing ; and that they may be ;iered as the legacy of one, 

• who has ardently wishejJ^|uDOii ail occasions, to be useful to 

his country, and vvho~ d?^IM9ftHlie siiades of retifemer' " '!! 

not fail to implore the divine benediction upon it." 

The honorable Peter John Van Berekel, uiipister plenipo- 
^ lentiary, from theij h ^ ^ .es-es, tiie states-general of 

the United Netherlands, was admitted to an audience by con- 

sress, October 31. 



UNITED STATES. 297 

On the 2d of November, his excellency general Washing- 
ton, issued his farewell orders to the armies of the United 
States, in the following style : 

" It only remains for the commander-in-chief to address 
himself once more, and that for tlie last time, to the armies of 
the United States, (however widely dispersed the individuals 
who composed them may be) and bid them an affectionate — a 
long farewell," &.c. 

Sir Guy Carleton had been intrusted with the command of 
the royal army in North America, in May. In August, he 
received the final orders of the British court, to evacuate the 
city of New York : and on the 25th of November, his orders 
were obeyed, and the city was evacuated. 

His excelienc)'- general Washington, with his principal offi- 
cers, the governor of the state of New-York, &-c. moved in 
procession, attended by a vast concourse of citizens. The 
ceremony was conducted with great solemnity, and did honor 
to the occasion. 

When the festivity and hilarity of this interesting scene 
were closed, his excellency general Washington, took an af- 
fectionate leave of the officers, who had been his brave com- 
panions in arms ; ihen calling for a glass of wine, he thus ad- 
dressed them : 

" With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave 
of you ; I most devoutly wish, that your latter days may be as 
prosperous and happy, as your former ones have been glori- 
ous and honorable." He then stretched forth his hand, and 
each one in succession, approached him and bade a silent 
adieu. His excellency withdrew and retired to Philadelphia, 
and exhibited his accounts to the comptroller, in his own hand 
writing. He next retired to Annajolis, where congress were 
then sitting, by adjournment ; and on the 2t>th of December, 
1783, resigned his commission of commander-in-chief. 

Agreeable to appointment, and by notice from the president, 
his excellency rose from his seat, in the midst of a numerous 
and brilliant assembly, and with the dignity of himself address- 
ed both houses of congress in an appropriate speech. The 
following were his closing remarks : 

'• I consider it an indispensable duty, to close the last so- 
lemn act of my official life, by commending the interests of 
our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and 
those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy 
keeping. < 



'•208 



HISTORY OF THE 



" Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire froni 
the great theatre of action : an I bid iing an affectionate fare- 
well to this august body, under whose orders I have long ac- 
ted, I here offer my commission, and take my leave of all the 
cmph)yments of public life." 

The president rose from his seat, and addressed his excel- 
lency in an affectionate and dignified reply. President ,M^if- 
ilin concluded as follows : /* ' 

" We join you in commending the interests of our dearest 
country to the protection of Almiy;hly God, beseeching Him to 
dispose the hearts and mmds of its citizens to improve the op- 
portunity afforded them of becoming a happy and respectable 
n;Uion.| And for you, wr address to him our earnest prayers, 
that a life so beloved, m;iy be fo-ter^d with, all his cnre : that 
3^our d.:iys m:iy be as happy as they h ive t)een illustrioiis, and 
that he will finally givej^ou that reward which this world can- 
not give." 

His excellency withdrew. Language can no more express 
the emotion* of his soul, than it can paint the true worth and 
greatness of his character. The affections of congress and 
of the audience, did hom jge to his virtues, by their tears of 
gratitude, which flow>^d spontaneously, upon this solemn, this 
most interestin": occasion. 

The liberties of America were now sealed by the resigna- 
tion of that- ilhjfsiriou-i chief, who had been the instrument, 
under God, of obtaining and securing all her blessings, and on 
whose sword, hnuiij the destinies of Auienca. 

The father of his country, retire 1 to his seat in Virginia, 
there to enjoy in the bosom of repose, the prayers and ben- 
edictions of a free and grateful people. 

The definitive treatv between Great-Britain and the United 
States, (accompanied with thejomt letter of the American 
commissioners, beariu'^; date P.issy*September lOth) was laid 
before congress, on the KSth of December, and referred to a 
special com nittee, who marie their report on the 14tb of Jan- 
uary, 1784, to the acceptance of the nine states then present. 
1 bus the tre^jty was ratified, and thus closed the greatest rev- 
olution ever known, and with a rlri^ree of success uncontem- 
plated by the most san^j^uine frifends of liberty, accompanied 
with privations and sufferings almost unparalleled — all which 
were ondured with heroic fortitude and patience. Such a 
'^inmph, with such feeble means, and over so great and pow- 



UNITED STATES. 2!dii 

erful an* enemy, could not have been accomplished, short ol" 
the special aid of an Omnipotent power. 



GENERAL REMARKS ON PART III. 

Manners and Customs.— At the commencement of the revo- 
lution, a general simplicity ami purity of manners and customs 
prevailed throughout the colonies, such as was to have been 
expected from a people, who managed their own affairs in 
their own way, unrler the purest system of liberty and equal- 
ity then ever known, and under the mildest system of laws, 
that were, or could be posssible for the protection of life and 
property, and the just rights of the citizen. But these man- 
ners anil custom- Wf^re not the same at the close ot the revolu- 
tion. The licentiousness and corruptions of the armies both 
British and American, sowed the seerls of dissipation ; the 
French army sowed the seeds of intidelity, and the fluctuating 
state of the paper money sowed the seeds of speculation and 
fraud ; all which coml)ined, greatly lessened the force of mor- 
al virtue, and weakened the moral character ot the nation. 

Religion. — In the two former periods we have seen, at full 
Tiew, the religious characters of the colonies, and have noti- 
ced particularly the puritanism of New -En2,land. The revo- 
lution greatly weakened the strength and character of the re- 
ligion of New-England, by the demoralising (effects common to 
all wars, but more p jrtic«il irly by the subtle arts of intidelity, 
which were industriously diffused among the people ; but their 
effects in New-England, great as they were, bore no compar- 
ison to those of the middle and southern colonies, were reli- 
gion had never been founded, or enjoyed, u,'on so extensive 
and permanent a basis. In«these colonies inlidelity generally 
prevailed, and reiigipn became merely nominal. The pres- 
byterian, and congregational clergy were so zealously engaged 
in the support of the revolution, as to reader themselves pe- 
culiarly obnoxious to the British army. In all their ravages 
they vented their malice and revenge against these christians 
by bitter persecutions, and by burning, and destroying their 
meeting houses ; but the episcopalians and quakers, says Di\ 
Ramsy, were among the opposers of the revolution, and were 
•f course, exempt from such persecutions from the enemy. 



300 HISTORY OF THE 

Trade and Commerce, — We have noticed in the tvTo I'ormei 
parts the rise nnd progress of American commerce, the mon- 
opoly of the m()lher country by her restrictive acts and her 
oppressive system of taxation, which commenced the third 
part, as among; the causes that led to the revolution. To re- 
taliate upon Great Britain for her oppressive acts, the colo- 
nies entered into a generiil system ot noii-intercouise, that al- 
most destroyed their trade with the mother country ; and the 
privateering system of Britain, almost swept the Ameican 
commerce from the ocean. The Americans pursued the 
same measure and made many valuable captures ; but these 
.bore so small a proportion to regular trade, and the necessa- 
ry supplies of the country, that domestic manufactures were 
soon introduced, as a substitute for foreign goods ; and the in- 
dustry and enterprizr of the people, furnished a comfortable 
supply. These articles had not that sightly tinish, common 
to foreign goods ; but what they lacked in the ornamental 
was supplied by their firmness of texture and durability, and 
the fashion of comnron consent, which necessity enforced. 

Jgriculture. — In the two former parts we have noticed, that 
agriculture fbrnu'd the basis of the American republics, ami 
that the people, as a body, were husbandmen. In the revo- 
lution, we have seen how severely this body of people suffer- 
ed. Commerce, the handmaid of agriculture, was destroyed, 
the labors of the field were often interrupted, by the ravages 
of the enemy, by the absence of the young men in the armies, 
the military services of the militia, the depreciation of paper 
money, and the general depression of public feeling. But 
under all these embarrassments, the productions of the field 
were in all instances, suflicient for the support of the armies, 
and the people, and there was no pinchmg scarcity through 
the whole periofl of the revolution. 

Arts and Manufactures. — These were common to the colo- 
nies, from their earliest settlements, particularl}' in New-Eng- 
land; but the restrictive acts of the British government, kept 
them down, in order to encourage her own. As soon as the 
non-intercourse of the revolution shut out British manufac- 
tures from the United States, their restrictive system was re- 
moved, the arts and manufactures of the colonies began to 
flourish, and soon furnished a supply of the necessaries and 
conveniences, and in some instances, of the luxuries of life. 
Arms, of all description, naval and military stores, clothing of 
all kinds, hard ware and cutlery, of most kinds, necessary for 



UNITED STATES. 301 

common use, in short," the whole tield of arts and manufar.- 
tures, then common to Europe, was soon opened, and im- 
proved in America, and the texture of the several fabrics was 
sutlicient for all the purposes of common use. 

Population. — At this period, no census of the United States 
liad ever been taken, and the exact amount of population 
could not be known ; hence the reason why it has been so 
variously stated. The population was generally estimated at 
about three millions, which was doubtless very nearly correct. 

Education. — Those colonies that had early attended to a 
regular system of education, sutfered in this department, in 
common with agriculture, commerce, &c. The laws sub- 
jected the young men to military duty, at sixteen years of age. 
and they were often called into actual service, which diverted 
their attention from a regular course of instruction ; the bus- 
tle and confusion of nulitary operations, the invasion and rav- 
ages of the enemy, and the general state of the public nnnd, 
oiten interrupted the progress of the schools, and many times 
broke up the colleges, and dispersed the youth. But when 
the prospects of the nation began to brighten, towards the 
close of the war, education began to arrest the pul)lic atten- 
tion, literature began to revive, and several new colleges were 
founded. 

Wars. — The wars of America commenced in their earlv 
settlements, with the natives, and next with the French and 
Indians from Canada and Nova Scotia, or the Spaniards and In- 
dians from Florida. When Canada was wrested from the 
French, the northern colonies flattered themselves with the 
belief, that all Indian wars, with them, were at an end ; but 
when Great Britain commenced the war of the revolution with 
her colonies, she reuinved the old system of French and In- 
dian war, and actually employed in her service, more than 
12,000 of those hell-hounds of war, against the children of 
her own bosom, and again laid open their defenceless iVontiers 
to the torch, the tomahawk, and the scalping kmt'e of the 
blood thirsty savage. The people of the colonies felt the 
wound ; frowned indignantly upon the measure, and manfully 
repelled it. 

From the remarks on the two first parts of this work, it may 
be seen, hotv the first colonies laid the foundations of the 
American republics, and with what industry, patience, mag- 
nanimity and valor, they carried torward their labors, and 
jiiaintained their just rights. The same magnauimily of char- 

26 



302 HISTORY OF THE 

acter led them to resist the overbeyring encroachments ot 
Great Britain, and draw the !?word in defence of their viohi- 
ted hberties. At the commencement o( the war of the revolu- 
tion, we have seen the heroes ol" the old French war, stand 
forth in the front ranks of their country's rights and lienor, and 
nerve their arms against the foe. We have seen the hardy 
yeomanry of the country, electrified by such bright exam- 
ples, as well as by a due sense of their country's wrongs, join 
the standard of liberty and brave the war. We have seen a 
full display of these feehngs at Bunker hill, and upon ahnost 
every other contested tield, through the ever memorable rev- 
olution. 

The revolution in Holland, in the 1 6th century, had for lU 
object, the promotion of civil and religious liberly, and al- 
though it succeeded in an entire emancipation from the shive- 
ry of the Spanish yoke, and in 'establishing a permanent mde- 
pendence,yet for the ;vant ofa regular system of education, .md 
a tixed system of morals, they soon lost their liberties, and lell 
under the dominion of the house of Oiange. 

The revolution in England, in the 17th century, that sub- 
verted the monarchy and hieraichy, and established the com- 
monwealth, arose out of thos*^ pure principles of civil and re- 
ligious liberty, that commenced in the 14th century, under 
.lohn Wickliffe ; but. from the same causes that operated in 
Holland, the revolution failed, and the nation tirst fell under 
the dominion of Oliver Cromwell, and next under the domin- 
ion of Charles U. with the restoration of the monarchy and 
hierarcliy. 

Although this was to them better than a military despotism 
under Cromwell, which arose trom the licentiousness of lib- 
erty, yet this was not the choice of the nation, but the etfecta 
of necessity, because they did not possess intelligence and 
virtue sulTicient to maintain a moje rational system of liberty. 
The same remarks will apply also, to the revolution in France, 
in the 18th century. 

But with regard to the revolution in America, it will not 
apply, because our forefathers founded their American re- 
publics, upon the permanent basis of ifltelligence and virtue, 
and when they had gained their independence, their strength 
of character enabled them to unite in their grand federal re- 
publican compact, which has been thus far the palladium of 
the nation, and will continue to be, so long as they maintain 
their national intelligence and virtue. 



UNITED STATES. 

PART IV. 

CHAPTER I. 

' aijSes that led to a change in the government of the 

united states. 

At the close of the American revolution, the floocl-gntes of 
commerce were thrown open to the world. Great Britain, 
France, and Holland, throui^h their own agents, crowded their 
manufactures into th<? American m;trket, which not only in- 
fringed upon the rights of the American merchants, but 
brought on collisions between the merchants and the govern- 
ment. To obviate the evils, and promote the public revenue, 
congress attempted to lay a national impost, which failed. 
This opened the eyes of the American people, to the necessi- 
ty of a more efficient government. 

Congress, in the year 1784, passed resolutions, recom- 
mending it to the several states, " to vest the United States, 
m congress assembled, for the term of fifteen years, with 
powers to prevent any goods, wares, or merchandise, from be- 
ing imported into, or exported from the United States, in ves- 
sels belonging to, or navigated by, the subjects of any power, 
with whom the United States shall not have formed treaties of 
commerce," &c. which failed. 

In February, 1785, congress appointed John Adams esq. 
as minister plenipotentiary to the court of Great Britain, for 
the express purpose of negotiating a commercial treaty. The 
mission failed upon the ground, that congress possessed no 
powers to enforce the due observance of such treaty. The 
contempt which Great Britain thus expressed towards the 
powers of congress, opened the eyes of the people, and led 
them again to see the necessity of a more efficient government. 
A spirit of discontent burst forth in Boston, and filled their Ga- 
zettes with warm resolutions, which resulted in an address to 
their legislature, a petition to congress, and a circular letter 
to the merchants of all the trading towns upon the sea coast, 



304 HISTORY OF THE 

in the United States. This memorial was backed hy another 
of similar purport, from the merchants of Philadelphia. The 
subject was felt throughout the nation, and the alarm became 
general. 

Congress met these petitions by originating several resolu- 
tions, recommending it to the several states, to vest in con- 
gress, sufficient powers, under certain restrictions, to regulate 
commerce, &;c. But such was the jealousy of the states, that 
these resolutions were not adopted, and the discontent of the 
people became more serious and alarming. 

Mr. Adams also presented a memorial to the British minis- 
ter, complaining of the infraction of the 7th article of the trea- 
ty of peace, on the part of Great Britain, in withholding the 
military posts on the western frontier. 

Lord Carmarthen met the memorial with an explicit ac- 
knowledgement of the fact ; alleging at the same time, that 
America had given just cause for this, by violating the 4th ar 
tide of the treaty, in withholding the payment of such bona 
fide debts, as were embraced in that article, and added, 
" whenever this embarassment shall be removed, the 7th ar- 
ticle shall be fulfilled, and the posts delivered up, &c. 

This declaration opened the eyes of congress to a true 
sense of their situation, and shewed the government to be 
nothing more than a rope of sand. In this state of things, the 
evidences of public debt were undergoing a rapid deprecia- 
tion, under the corruptest system of speculation, until they 
were run down to the pitiful sum of two shiliings and six pence 
on the j)0und. 

Alarmed for the safety and honor of tiie nation, the legisla- 
ture of Virginia, in January, 1786, adopted a resolution for 
the appointment of commissioners, to convene at Annapolis, 
with such as might be appointed by the other states, to take 
into consideration the commercial state of the nation ; estab- 
lish a uniform system, and report to the states, for their ratifi- 
cation. Five states only, were represented in this council, 
and the commissioners rose and abandoned the object ; but in 
their report they recommended, that comnrissioners be ap- 
pointed by all the states, to meet at Philadelphia, in May next, 
for the express purpose of revising the articles of confedera- 
tion, and enlarging the powers of congress. 

On the 2 1st of February, 1787, congress met the recom- 
mendation of the commissioners at Annapolis, by the following 
resolve • 

r 
9. 



UNITED STATES. 305 

*' Resolved, That in the opinion of congress, it is expedi- 
ent, that on the 2d of May next, a convention of delegates be 
convened at Philadelphia, who shall have been appointed by 
the several states, for the express purpose of revising the 
articles of confederation, and reporting to congress, and the 
several legislatures, such alterations and provisions therein, as 
shall, when agreed to in congress, and confirmed by the states, 
render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of 
government, and the preservation of the union." 

Agreeable to this resolution, all the states, except Rhode- 
Island, appointed commissioners ; and on the 19th of May, 
1787, this convention met at Philadelphia, agreeable to ap- 
pointment. 

His excellency general Washington, was unanimously chos- 
en president ; Charles Thompson esq. was chosen secretary ; 
and the convention proceeded, with closed doors, to the mo- 
mentous subject before them. 

When the convention had accomplished the object of their 
labors, and agreed upon a form of government, they resolved, 
*' That it should be laid before the United States, in congress 
assembled, and from thence be submitted to a conventi(>n of 
delegates, chosen in each state, by the people thereof, upon 
the recommendation of its legislature, for their assent and rati- 
fication. That as soon as nine states shall have so ratified the 
constitution, it shall be carried into operation by the United 
States, in congress assembled." 

The president was then directed, by the unanimous resolve 
of the convention, to transmit the same to congress ; which 
was accui^dingly done under his signature, September 17th, 
with the following remarks : 

" The convention have resolved, that this constitution be 
transmitted to congress, as the result of a spirit of amity, and 
of that mutual deference and concession, which the peculiari- 
ty of their political situation rendered indispensable. 

" That it will meet the full and entire approbation of eve- 
ry state, (adds the president) is not to be expected ; but each 
will doubtless consider, that had her interest been alone con- 
sulted, the consequence might have been particularly disa- 
greeable or injurious to others. That it is liable to as few 
exceptions as could reasonably have been expected, w$ hope 
and believe. That it may promote the lasting welfare of our 
country, so dear to us all, and secure her freedom ani hap- 



30G HISTORY OF THE 

pines«!, is our ardent wish." — (For the constitution, see appen- 
dix, letter C.) 

Previous to the meeting of this convention, an alarming in- 
surrection had broken out in the state ot Massachusetts, under 
captain Daniel Shays, which threatened the subversion of that ' 
government, and filled the country with ahtrm. This doubt- 
less, had its influence in uniting the convention, and the nation, 
in a general system of government.! 

Previous to the state deliberations upon the merits of the 
new constitution, in their several state conventions, a series 
of numbers appeared m the New- York papers, under the sig- 
nature of the/ec?erfi7?'s?;, which displayed a strength of charac- 
ter and talents, that bore down all opposition, and evinced to 
the people of the United States, that under God, the federal 
constitution was destined to become the palladium of United 
America. 

Eleven states assented to, and adopted the constitution, in 
tlTeir several conventions, promptly; and the necessary pre- 
parations as prompt!}' made, to carry it into effect. 

Electors were chosen by the several states, agreeable to the 
rules prescribed by the constitution, who met in December. 
1788, and gave an unanimous suffrage for George Washington, 
as president, and a majority for John Adams, as vice-presi- 
dents 

t In August, 1786, the insurrection commenced at Northampton ; a 
mob of about IdOO men, assembled, and in a riotous manner took pos- 
session of the court-house, and broke up the session of the court, for 
that teim. 

In the month of September followinor, a mob assembled at Exeter. 
(New Hampshire) surrounded the court-house, and held the general 
is3embly,t}ien in session, in a state of duress, for several hours. 

Mobs assembled also at Worcester, Concord, Taunton, and Spring- 
field, and prevented the session of the courts. 

Massachusetts rose in her arms, raised 4000 men, and comrhitted 
them to the command of generals Lincoln and Shepard, who suppres- 
sed the insurrection, without much serious opposition. 

At this time the population of the United States amounted to about 
A .000,000, V 



UNITED STATP:S. 307 

CHAPTER II. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ORIGIN OF 

PARTY. 

A new congress was chosen, which convened in the city of 
New-York, in March, 1789. On the 6th of April, a quorum 
of both houses was ibrmed. On the 14th, president Wash- 
ington was officially notified ol his appointment. On the 30th, 
he was inducted into office, in ttie presence of the most nu- 
merous, brilliant, and dignified assembly, and upon the most 
interesting and eventful occasion, that United Americahad ev- 
er witnessed. A scene wherein it was difficult to say, whicii 
of the two was most admired, the greatness of the hero, or the 
goodness of the man. 

When the president i<;.d been regularly inducted into office, 
he retired to the hall oi" the senate, where he convened the 
house of representatives, and addressed both houses in a most 
dignihed and appropriate speech, in which were conspicuous- 
ly displayed, the modesty of the man, the wisdom of the 
statesman, and the affectionate solicitude of the chief magis- 
trate. 

The senate and house of representatives returned, each, a 
most respectful and affectionate reply, highly expressive of 
that mutual harmony that glowed in their breasts. 

A permanent revenue for the support of the government, 
and the public faith, became one of the first objects of legisla- 
tion. To effect this, Mr. Madison, ot Virginia, introduced a 
bill, for the purpose of raising a revenue by the way of im- 
post and tonnage duties, which was regularly adopted. 

Mr. Madison next brought forward a proposition, that sev- 
eral new articles be added to the constitution, by way of 
amendment, and submitted to the several states for their ap- 
probation. Twelve new articles were accordingly agreed up- 
on and submitted to the several states, and by a majority of 
three-fourths of them, approved and added to the constitution. 
The object of these amendments was, to promote a more gen- 
eral harmony in the public mind. (See the constitution in 
appendix.) 

The officers of the cabinet, next claimed the attention of 
€ongress, or rather of the president, whose duiy it was to 
make the nominations. Thomas Jefferson was accordingly 
Komiuated to the office of secretary of state, colonel Hamilton 



508 



HISTORY OF THE 



vas nominated secretary of the treasury, general Knox, sec- 
■etary at war, and Edmund Randolph esq. attorney-general. 

The president next proceeded to nominate the judiciary de- 
)artment, at the head of which he placed the honorable John 
'ay esq. With Mr. Jay were associated the honorable John 
lutledge, James Wilson, William Gushing, Robert Harrison, 
md John Blair esqrs. All which were approved, and regu- 
arly inducted into their several offices. 

The same anxious solicitude attended the president, in se- 
ecting the officers of the district courts ; and thus, through 
he wisdom and integrity of the chief magistrate, the depart- 
nents o^ government were filled with the tirst weight of 
;alents and respectability, as well as responsibility, in the na- 
tion. 

Who that surveys the weight of character, that filled the 
offices of president, vice-president, and all the above depart- 
ments, can fail to acknowledge, that such an assemblage of vir- 
tue, and dignified worth, has rarely, if ever, been attached to 
any government on earth. 

Congress next passed the following resolutions : 

1 . " That the house consider an adequate provision for the 
'support of the public credit, as a matter of high importance to 
the national honor." 

2. " That the secretary of the treasury, be directed to pre- 
pare a plan for that purpose, and report the same to the 
house, at their next meeting." 

Congress then adjourned on the ^9th of September, 1789, 
to meet on the 1st of January, 1790. 

What wisdom, what firmness, what integrity, what zeal for 
the public good, and yet what concord and unanimity, between 
the several departments of government ! All, all conspired 
to shew, that the power of God, the wisdom of God, and the 
o-oodness of God, had all been conspicuously displayed, inlay- 
ing the foundation of the government of Federal America. 

On the 15th of October, the president commenced his tour 
through the northern states, accompanied by major Jackson, 
and Mr. Lear, his private secretary. He extended his route 
as far as Portsmouth ; visited the theatre of the first campaign, 
and returned lo New-York on the 13th of November. 

To shew the numerous expressions ot affection and respect, 
which flowed from the constituted authorities, coiporate bod- 
ies, and literary institutions, particular trades and occupations, 
the militia, together with every class of citizens, who tied 



UNITED STATES. 300 

with each other, in their respectful and affectionate addresses 
to the father, of his country, accompanied with illuminations, 
military parades, triumphal arches, &c. would exceed the 
powers of my pen. 

The affectionate warmth and sincerit}'^, with which presi- 
dent Washington reciprocated the addresses of his fellow-citi- 
zens, may be seen in the following reply, to the address of the 
citizens of the town of Boston : 

" 1 rejoice with you, my fellow-citizens, in every circum- 
stance that declares your prosperity ; I do so the most cordi- 
ally, because you have well deserved to be happy. 

" Your love of liberty ; your respect for the laws ; your 
habits of industry, and your practice of the moral and religious 
oldigations, are the strongest claims to national and individual 
happiness. And they will, 1 trust, be firmly and lastingly es- 
tabUshed." 

The president passed by Rhode-Island, because she had not 
yet joined the Federal Union. 

In the month of November, North Carolina, by her state 
convention, adopted the constitution, making the twelfth pil- 
lar in the national government. 

On the 8th of January, 1790, the president opened the sec- 
ond session of the first congress, by a dignified address to both 
houses. In this speech, the president called up the attention 
of congress to the necessity of providing for the public de- 
fence, by a well regulated militia, together with a serious at- 
tention to such manufactures as might be essential to their mi!- 
itar}' defence. The sentimenis of the president upon the sub- 
ject of literature, were thus expressed : 

'*Nor am I less persuaded, that you will agree with me in 
opinion, that there is nothing, that better deserves your pat- 
ronage, than the promotion of science and literature. Knowl- 
edge is in every country, the surest basis of public happiness, 
&c." 

This speech was received in both houses, with the most 
affectionate zeal and concord. 

The report of the secretary of the treasury, in obedience 
to the resolution of congress, of the 21st of September, claim- 
ed the next attention of congress. 

" Good faith," says the secretary, in his report, " is recom- 
mended, not only by the strongest inducements of political ex- 
pediency, but is enforced by considerations of still greater au 
thority,"&c. 



310 



HISTORY OF THE 



*'The debt of the United States, is the price *f liberty. 
The faith of the nation has been frequently pledged for it, 
with solemnities that gave popular force to the obligation," 
&c. 

The three prominent articles contained in the report, are 
as follows, viz. 

1. " That provision be made for the full discharge of the 
foreign debt, accordingto the precise terms of the contract. 

2. That provision be made lor the payment of the domestic 
debt, in a similar manner. 

3. That the debts of the several states, created for the pur- 
pose of carrying on the war, be assumed by the general gov- 
ernment." 

On the 28th, this report came regularly before the house, 
for discussion ; but it was postponed until the 8th of Februa- 
ry, to give time for consideration and reflection. 

On the 8th, congress resumed this interesting and important 
subject, which opened a field of debate that shook the govern- 
ment to its foundation. 

Provision was m ule for the foreign debt, cordially, and 
unanimously ; but the provision for the domestic debt, excited 
great warmth of feeling, and may fairly be said to be the ori- 
gin of all that division of sentiment, which for a long lime, ag- 
itated the nation-d councils. 

The evidences of the domestic debt, were then current in 
market, at 2s. 6d. on the pound, and this it was contended, 
was all that the holders of the debt had a right to claim. To 
this it was objected, that the original holders ought not to be 
defrauded of their just rights, because knaves and fools had 
parted with theirs, for a less sum than its nominal value. 

Mr. Madison then attempted to introduce a resolution, that 
would do justice to both parties, by granting to the original 
holder, the full value of the face of his debt, and to the specu- 
lator, the f\dl value of what he honestly paid in fair market. 
This opened a torrent of debate, with such warmth and zeal, 
as shook the government to its centre. The resolution was 
lost, and the report of the secretary, that the full amount of 
all the evidences of the national debt, should be relimouslv 
paid, was finally carried. 

I'he next question that claimed the attention of congress, 
was the assumption of the state debts, in connection with the 
national debt, styled the funding system, which was also recom- 
mended by the secretary of the treasury. This opened an- 



UNITED STATES. 311 

other warm and animated field of debate, and at this time was 
rejected ; but a bill having passed soon after, for removing 
the government Irom New- York to Philadelphia, for ten 
years, and from thence to the banks of the Potomac, as a per- 
manent establishment, the subject Vfas resumed, and the bill 
to establish the funding s}stem,.was finally .idopted. 

It was next propose»l, that certain deductions should bjc 
made voluntarily, by ihe public creciilors,} and that the debt 
become irredeemable, otherwise than by the consent of the 
creditors, except in certain specific proportions. 

This resolution o])ened again a torrent of debate ; but was 
linally carried in the affirmative. 

The proceeds ot the sales of the public lands, lying in the 
western territory, toy,ether with a surplus revenue, and a loan 
of two millions of dollars, which the president was authorized 
to borrow, at 5 per cent, were to be applied as a sinking fund 
for the redemption of the public debt. 

This measure laid tlie foundation of public credit, upon a 
basis, that raised the depreciated debt from 2s. 6d. immedi- 
ately up to 20s. on the pound ; and in a short time after, to a 
handsome per centace above par. The strength thus given 
to public credit, realized immediate fortunes to the extensive 
holders of public securities, and gave a general spring to the 
aff.urs of the nation. New efforts and new energies sprang up 
throughout the nation. Public confidenct>, public and private 
Gr<|dit, a spirit of agriculture, commerce, and enterprise, uni- 
versally prevailed. A foundation was laid for all that unri- 
valled prosperity America enjoyed, and all that greatness she 
is destined to enjoy. 

On the 12th of August, 1790, congress adjourned, to meet 
at Philadelphia, on tlie first Monday of December following. 

During these proceeding of congress, a general hostile 
disposition appeared among the western and southern Indians, 
which threatened the peace of the western frontiers. To 
obviate this calamity, colonel Willet was despatched on an 
embassy to the Creek nation, with overtures of peace, which 
so far succeeded, as to cause M'Gillivry to repair to New 
York, with several of his chiefs, and there settle a peace, on 
the 7th of August, 1790. • 

Spain not only attempted to defeat this treaty, at New York, 
by her agents, but continued to embarrass the western sec- 
tion of the United States, by her restrictions upon the nari- 
gation of the Mississippi river. 



312 HISTORY OF THE 

Great Britain also continued to hold the western posts, and 
through their influence, to excite the savages in their vicini- 
ty, to acts of hostility with the United States. 

Upon the return of Mr. Adams from the court of London, 
the president had empowered Mr. Governeur Morris, (then 
in Europe ) to effect a general negotiation with the British cab- 
inet, upon the points in controversy ; but it again failed, and 
the savages upon the western frontiers continued their mur- 
ders and depredations. 

The president improved this recess of congress, to visit his 
beloved seat at Mount Vernon, and give permanence to his 
health, by relaxing his mind from the cares of public life. 

Rhode Island stdl stood aloof from the federal union. To 
conciliate the passions and feelings of this state, the president 
made an excursion into Rhode-Island, previous to his depart- 
ure for his seat in Virginia ; where he was received with all 
those expressions of grateful affection and respect, which had 
been shewn him in his tour through the other New-England 
states. 

On the first Monda}' of December, the president met con- 
gress, at Philadelphia, agreeable to their adjournment, by a 
customary speech. He noticed particularly, the pleasure he 
derived from the flattering prospects of public credit, and a 
productive revenue, &c. as being not only a " pledge of the 
fertility of the national resources, but an honorable testimony 
of the patriotic integrity of the mercantile part of the com- 
munity." 

This address was echoed from both houses of congress, 
with all that glow of mutual confidence and affection, which 
had marked the replies of former sessions. 

The secretary of the treasury then followed with 'sundry 
reports, recommending such further measures as were judged 
necessary to complete the establishment of public credit. 

The first object recommended in the report, was a duty oh 
wines, spirits, teas, coffee, &c. and domestic distilled spirits. 
The bill introduced upon this report, opened the flood gates 
of the passions, and produced a torrent of debate ; in which 
reason, good sense, and even common sense, and common de- 
cency, were carried away in the storm. A general increase 
of the duties on imported articles was proposed, as a substi- 
lute for the duty on domestic spirits ; also an amendment to 
ihe bill was proposed, by striking out the duty on domestic 



UNITED STATES, ^ $l^ 

spirits, and lost, thirty-six to sixteen. The original bill was 
carried, thirty -five to twenty-one. 

The senate originated a bill, agreeable to the report of the 
secretary of the treasury, for the establishment of a national 
bank. This opened again the field of wordy war, and the 
whole artillery of the south, was played offagain&t the bill, as 
being unconstitutional, as well as inexpedient. These argu- 
ments were met by the firmness of the north ; and these two 
great sections of the union, now appeared for the first time, 
arrayed against each other. 

To lay the storm, the president called upon the heads of 
departments, to examine the subject, and give their opinions 
in writing. 

The secretary, in this council, supported his report, again^ 
the opinions of the secretary of state, and the attorney -gener- 
al ; and when the bill was passed, it received the signature of 
the president ; but the parties were still at issue in feeling, 
and never became reconciled. 

Th^se great questions involved also, the question of a due 
balance of povv- r, between the federal and state^governments. 
One party claimed and maintained, that the whole strength 
of the nation depended upon a preponderance of power in the 
federal government. The other considered, that the safety 
of tJjfe nation depended on maintaining such a balance, between 
t||pPlderal and state governments, that an equilibrium should 
be preserved, and each remain independent, agreeable to the 
' rue sense of the constitution. 

This division of sentiment became involved in every great 
national question, for many years ; but is now most happily, 
wholly done away. ' 

Thfis balanced, the parties continued to act, until the 3d of 
March, 1791, when, after passing an act to augment the mili- 
tary establishment of the United States, congress adjourned to 
October. 

The feelings of the parties in congress, were now generally 
diffused through the nation, ;md the people began to beengajj- 
ed in the controversy, with zeal and bitterness. 

27 



314 ^ HISTORY OF THE 

CHAPTER HI. 

INDIAN WAR AFFAIRS OF GOVERNMENT, Lc 

Pending this strife of party, and the collisions of thia yvoni} 
war in congress, an Indian war broke out upon the north -i^yest- 
ern frontier, which became serious and alarming in its opera- 
tions and effects. The president had exhausted the whole 
lield of pacitic arrana;emenlfr, to avert this storm, but willwut 
effect; and he saw no other alternative but the sword. A 
military torce was accordingly sent against the Indian settle- 
ments upon the Scioto and Wibash rivers, under the command 
of that old revolutionary veteran, general Harmer. ..About 
the 16th of October, he commenced his operations, at the head 
of 1600 men, and laid wa^te the villages of the enemy, upon 
the Scioto, without much opposition, and commenced a-/etro- 
grade movement, to rfgam his position at fort WashiijAon. — 
Near the village of Ciiiliicothe, a detachment of 300 aiep, un- 
der colonel Harden, supported by majors VVyllys, McWi'lan, 
and Fontain, fell into an Indian ambush. Majors WyT^lys and 
Fontain fell, early in the conflict, and colonel Harden eflccted 
his retreat, with the l0v-«s of more than two-thirds of his pirt^'. 
General HarmeC;jpiade good his retreat, and returne«lj|fi fort 
Washington, v* 

The president availed himself of an act of congre! 
caused a body of levies to be raised, for six months, >i 
pointed m ijor-general Arthur St. Clair to the comn;^^ 
successor to general Harmer, with full powers to ti^ 
the savages and settle a peace. 

Things being thus arranged for the north-western| 
tion, the president commenced his southern tour, to| 
to that section of the union, as he had done to the noi 
eastern, before. Here he was highly gratified to find ii, y 

state, the same cordial expressions, of the most affection;i^f , 
regard, and respjct, that had so much delighted hiip iii hn? 
northern tour. In his le governeur Morris, on the SiSth 

©f July, he thus expressed' iiiaiself: 

" In my late tour through the southern states, I experienc- 
ed great satisfaetioti, in seeing the good effet:ts of the general 
government, in that part of the union &c. Industry has there 
taken place of idleness, and economy of dissipation. The 
estabiish'isent of publnn credit, is an immense point «;aineo, in 
our natiorial concerns. A late instance has been given, of th( 




UNITED STATES. * 315 

% 

'Mi^lence reposed in our measures, by the rapidity with 
'ivhich the subscriptions to the national bank were tilled. In 
^vvo Ja'ours after the books were opened, the whole number of 
shares wero taken up, and lour thousand more applied for, 
thnnifvere allowerl bv the in>titutibn," &c. 

'i^e lecruiting service progressed so slowly, that the pres- 
idc^'.vailed hiin^j^elfof that part of the act of congress, that 
authorised him to call a force of mounted militia, to any ex- 
t>^t, in defence of the western frontier. He accordingly sent 
forward two expeditions, against the Indian settlements on the 
'^Vabash river, in the spring of 1791, which laid waste their 
A'illj^^es and cornfields ; destroyed many of their warriors, 
and -brought off their olil men, women and children. 

Tha object of this predatory warfare, was to compel the en- 
emy to settle a just and equitable peace. It wholly failed ; 
the enemy were exasparated, but not humbled. Their re- 
newed murders an I rav lije*, called up the attention of the na- 
tion, to the causes that excited and promoted these savage dep- 
redations. This w »s tr ice«] to th*^ influence of the British, at 
ihe western military posts. The president remonstrated 
against this procedure to lord Dorchester, governor-general 
of Canada. t 

At this eventful moment, the second congress convened at 
Philadelphia, October 24ih, 1791, agreeable to adjournment. 

The president, in his speech at the opening of the session, 
congratulated congress upon the prosperous state of the na- 
tion, &c. and thus concluded : 

'' It is desirafeie upon all occasions, to unite with a firm and 
steady adherance to constitutional and necessary acts of gov- 
ernment, the fullest evidence of a disposition, as far as may 
be practicable, to consult the wishes ot every part of the com- 
munity, ami to lay the foundation^ of the public administration, 
i« the effections of the p(^ople."| 

•• This speech w a* corciial'y received, and as cordiallp echo- 
ed by both houses ofcongress. 

Congress n ^xt proceeded to take mto consideration, a bill 
'' for apportioning the representatives of the several states, 

t It fjiirly appeared, that more than 1500 of the citizens ofKentucky, 
and probably a much greater number, had been massacred by the In- 
dians, between the years 17"83 and 1790; and notwithstanding the 
pacific arrangements of that state, their ravages still continued. 

:{: Tills was a conciliatovy remark, alluding directly to the unpopu- 
larity of the excise law. 



"116 « HISTORY OF THE * _ 

according to the first enumepation." This bill embrac^lpfiG 
number of one for every thirty thousand. A motion \v;i- made 
to amend the bill, by striking out the word thirty, which ex- 
cited some warmth of feeling and expression, but waS|,finally 
lost. Several other amendments were mtr«>duced. viz. Ihirty- 
five, thirty-four, and thirty-three thou5;(nd ; but thejjserc 
ill lost, and the house passed the original bill. V 

The senate amended the bill, by fixing the ratio at thifty- 
three thousand, and returned it to the house ; but they adh|r- 
ed to their former vote, and the bill was lost. 

The house originated another bill, very similar to the first; 
which passed with hut few remarks. This bill the senate 
amended, by enlarging the number of representatives, by an 
indiscriminate apportionment upon the states collectively, 
not individually, which at first was rejected by the house, and 
, afterwards agreed to, upon a conference. This bill was re- 
jected by the executive, as unconstitutional, and returned to 
the house, with his reasons. 

The house then introduced a third bill, apportioning the 
r^j^jresentatives to every thirty -three thousand, which passed 
both houses, and was approved bv the president. 

Congress next proceeded to pass a bill for the establish- 
ment of a uniform militia system, throughout the union, agree- 
able to the recommendation of the president, in 1789. 

On the 3d of November, 1791. general St. Clair assenibled 
an army of about 2C00 men, in the vicinity of the Miami vil- 
lages, and fortified his p sition. 

Thus posted, the general contemplated to commence the 
work of destruction, the next morning. But the enemy, alive 
to their safety, surprised a party of militia, that formed the 
advance guard, at break of day ; put them to flight, antwlrove 
them back in great disorder, upon the mnin body. General 
St. Clair beat to arms, and rallied b.is whole force to the 
charge, to support the militia ; but all in vain ; the enenty 
surrounded his camp, and poured in a deadly fire from the 
thicket, which strewed the field with death. 

The contest now became desperate. The savages rushed 
to the combat, regardless of danger, and fearless of death, and 
penetrated even to the mouths of the cannon ; the artillerists 
were slain ; the guns were taken, and the enemy entered the 
camp. General Butler fell, mortally wounded. General St^ 
Clair ordered the charge of the bavonet : the order was 



I 



UNITED STATES. 317 

promptly obeyed ; the enemy were repulsed ; the camp was 
cleared, and tht^ cannon recovered. 

General St. Clair ordered major Chjrke to charge the ene- 
my in Iront, and clear the ro.id, thut the .»rmy misht he recov- 
ered from ruin, by a retreat. The order was promptly obey- 
ed ; the rorid was cleared, and the army commenced a flight, 
which was closely pursued by the enemy, about four miles. 
Thesavages then returned to share the spoils ofthe camp, and 
general St. Clair contmued his flight to fort Jefferson, (about 
thirty miles.) From thence he retired to fort Washington, 
on the Scioto. 

The severity of this bloody af^tion, may he seen by the fol- 
lowing statement ofthe losses ofthe American army : 

Thirty-eight cointnissioniHi officers killed in the action. — 
Five hundred and nmety three, non-commissioned officers and 
privates, killed and missmg. 

'I'wenty-lwo commissioned offic.eis wounded, (several died 
of their wounds.) Two hundred ;'.no Um ty-two non commis- 
sioned officers and privates, also wouofied. The whole 
American camp and artillerj', fell into uie hands ot the enemy. 

Seldom Jias it fallen to the lot oi' the historian to record a 
more signal overthrow than this, sustaineti by the army under 
the command of ffeneral St. Clair. 

Such was thefineasiness ofthe public mind, that the gener- 
al requested a court-martial, to investigate his conduct ; but 
there were not let\ in the army, offi'^ers of rank sufficient to 
constitute a court. 

Congress gratified the wishes ofthe general, by appointing 
a special comtnittee, to hold a court of inquiry, who exculpa- 
ted him in expiici*^ terms, and the public niind became quiet. 

Congress took the >ilarm, and attempted ■to arrest the depre- 
dations that were expected to result from this signal defeat, bj 
augmenting the army. A bill was accordingly introduced, 
which met with an "pposition more warm and pointed, than 
any that had hith.-rto agitated that house ;t but the hill was 
carried, and the secretary ofthe treasury was directed to de- 
vise ways and means for the support of this army, and report 

+ The opposition to this 5ill rested upon the three following point*, 
viz. 

1. The injustice ofthe war. 

2. The impossibility of providing sufficient funds to earrj •& the 
war. 

3. The danger of augmenting the army in the hands vf men, alr«aily 
uuspocted of fjivering monarchichal designs. 

27* 



318 



HISTORY OF THE 



to the house. The secretary reported according]}-. The 
report, after a warm debate, was accepted. 

General Anthony Wayne, the veteran hero of Stony-Point, 
was appointed to the coramand of. this army, as successor to 
general St. Slair. ' ' - 

Congress adjourned on the 8th of May, 1792, to the hth of 
November. 

Thus terminated the conflicting passions of congress ; but 
they carried the seeds of them into their retirement, where 
they were sown among their constituents, and became genera! 
throughout the nation. 

Thus we have traced the origin of party ; the causes that 
produced it, and some slight effects that have resulted frons 
those causes. 1 shall avoid all remarks, and proceed to dis- 
close their effects, with all the impartiality, the nature, impor- 
tance and delicacy of the subject demand ; as far as my pen 
can be controled by the principles o{ candor and oi' truth. 

The bold measures devised and pursued by the secretary 
of the treasury, gave an early alarm to the secretary of state, 
which grew and acquired strength, as the administration pro- 
gressed, until it issued in open, and irreconcilable variance, 
and opposition. 

The funilamental principles of this variance, were a jeal- 
ousy, that the one was the advocate Ibr too great an accession 
,r power to the administration, or rather to the constitution, 
through the executive ; and that the other was disposed to 
place more dependence on the state governments, than was 
consistent with the safety of the 4;eneral government, and the 
nation. Here they were at issue. 

The wisdom, virtue, integrity, as well as high poptilarity ol 
the executive, held a balance betweeu the parties, that pre- 
served the government, and kept the nation steady. To ef- 
fect this, he addressed a letter- to the secretary of state, bear- 
ing date, August 23d, 1792. 

After remarking upon the foreign relations of the govern- 
ment, the president thus proceeds : 

'^How unfortunate, and how much is it to be regretted then, 
that while we are encompassed u])on all sides with avowerl en- 
emies, and insidious friends mternal dissentions should be 
harrowing, and tearing our vitals. The last, to me is the most 
serious, the most alarming, and the most affecting of the two," 
&c. " In this way, the government mu*t inevitably be torn 
asunder, and in my opinion, the fairest prQspeqt of happiness 

m 



UNITED STATES. 3i9 

and prosperity that ever presented itself to man, will be lost, 
forev^er," &c. 

" I do not menn to apply this advice, or these observations, 
to any particular person, or character. I have given theni, in 
the -same genera! terms, to other officers of the government,;]: 
because the disaiireements which have arisen from the diifer- 
once of opinions, and the attacks which have been made upon 
almost all the measures of government, and most of its execu- 
tive officers, I have tor a- long time tilled me with painful sen- 
sations, and cannot fail, I think, of producing unhappy conse- 
quences, at home and abroad." 

This friendly, yet g(Mitle anmonition, not producing. the de- 
sired effect, trie president addressed the following to the sec- 
retaj'y of the treasury, in answer to his reply to a former ad- 
dress, upon the same subject : • 

" I regret, deeply regret, the difference of opinion, that has 
divided you, and another principal officer of the government ; 
and wish devoutly, there could be an accommodation of them, 
by mutuid yieldings. For I will trankly and solemnly declare, 
that I believe the views of both, to be pure, and well meant, 
and that exp'MMence only will decide, with respect to the sa- 
lubrity of the measures, which are the objects of dispute. 

" VVhy then, when some of the best citizens of the United 
States, men of discernment, uniform and tried patriots, who 
have no sinister views to p' omote, but are chaste in their 
ways of thinking and acting, .are to be found, some on one side, 
and some on the other, of the questions which have caused' 
these agitations ; wh}' should you be so tenacious of your 
opinions, as to make no allowanoe for the other,'" &c. ^ 

"I have a great and sincere regard for you both, and ar- 
dently wish, that some line could be marked out, by which 
both of you could walk." 

Thus far for the origin of party, in the United States, which 
at this time began to become seriously involved in the politics 
of Europe; but more immediately, in that wonderful phe- 
nomenon, the French revolution. 

The opposition to the excise law, commenced soon after the 
act was passed, and became seriously alarming, in the back, 
counties of Pennsylvania, west of the mouatains ; county 

t The secretary of the treasury, and the attorney arenera], 
t In the Gazette of the United States, on the part of the treasury, 
and th© National Gazitte, ©n the part tf the department tf state. 



nipetings were held, and riotous measures against the goverR- 
ment were adopted and pursued. 

In September, 1791, the malcontent counties held a meet- 
ing at Fittsbuis, find passed a set of re^ohitions, in confirma- 
tion of those which had been passed in their county meetings ; 
proscribing all such persons as should attempt to execute the 
excise l.iws, as enemies to the country, .ind unworthy of pub- 
lic contiilence. These measure* tooii such effect, that the 
president recemrnended a revis.on of the excise law, in Octo- 
ber, which was fmally pass^Hl in May tbllowing, with the spe- 
cial intent to remove all such pirts ot said law. as could be 
reasoriably objected to. This |>roduced no effect ; the op- 
position continued, and the counties held another meeting at 
Pittsburg, and appointed a comtnitteer of correspondence, to 
GoJl forth the opposition of the nation. 

The president issued his pro ■limnlion, exhorting and ad- 
monishing all persons, to desist from all ci»mbiiiations or pro- 
ceedings, tending to obstruct the execution of the l.ms, and 
calling on the civil magistrates to do their duty, and keep the 
peace. Prosecutions were directed to be instituted against 
all offenders, accortiin:; to due course oi law. 

This proclamation produced no effect. Both magistrate 
and people were alike involved in the opposition, and the 
laws became silent, in the midst of a whiskey mob. . 

During the recess of congress, the j)re.si<lent inide another 
effort to settle a peace with the liKhans, and hush the storm of 
war. He accordingly despatched 'coK^nel Harden and major 
Freemen, on an embassy to the hostile tribes ; but they were 
both murdered by the savages. 

On the 5th of November, 1792, agreeable to adjournment, 
congress again conveneil. The president opened ihe session 
with a speech, as usual, in which he touched upon the Indian 
war, whiskey insurrection, &,c. and thus conrludeil : 

" 1 entertain a strong hope, that the state of the national fi- 
nances is now sufficient, to enable you to enter upon a system- 
atic andeflectuai arrangement, for the regular re'iem[)tion and 
discharge cf the public delvt, according to the right which ha? 
been reserved to the government." 

This speech was kindly received, and cordially answeretl 
by both houses. 

The subject of the nation il debt, engrossed more of t,he at- 
tention of congress, th.m the limits of this work will permit 
me to notice. The secretary of the treasury proposed addi- 



UNITED STATED. 321 

lional taxes on pleasure liorses, carriages, &c. in onler to en- 
able tlic revenue to meet the exisj;encies ot'govcrnrnent. This 
was met by a motion for f)ostponemont, and another to reduce 
the military establishment, which agitated the feelings and pas- 
sions of congress, until the 4th of Janua'y, 1793, when it was 
rejected. The plan for re<leeming the public debt, failed al- 
so, at this time. 

The president availed himself of a law passed in August, 
1790, for borrowing twelve millions-of flolhtrs, to be applied 
to the payment of the foroign debt, and empowered the se- 
cretary ol the treasury to (ipen loans for that puj-pose, to meet 
sucli sums of the foreign d.^bt, as might become due at the 
end of the year 1791. These loans wore opened according- 

'y- . • . .... 

Instructions were given (o the agent of the United States in 
Europe, in May, 1791, to apply the proceeds of future loans, 
in payjnents to France, except such sums as should be other- 
wise S[)ecifjrally appropriated. Certain plans of the national 
assembly of France, for converting these payments into sup- 
pljfts for St. Do:r.irigo, wpv^. jntTniated by the French uiir.istci' 
of marine, which (Uverted their application for a time. At^ 
the same time, the secretary of the treasury drew into the 
United States,, such parts of these loans, as were designed to 
apply to the sinking fun<l. 

At that eventful moment, an insurrection broke out in St. 
Domingo, August, 1791, th:»^ involved the white population in 
one general and indiscrimin 'to butchery. In this state of 
confusion, the secretary of the treasury suiTered a portion o( 
the instalments, actually (hie to France, to remam unpaid. 

On the 23d of .January 1793, Mr. Giles, of Virginia, intro- 
duced several resolutions, requiring information from the 
treasury, upon the whole subject. These resolutions were 
adopted. 

The secretary of the treasury met these resolutions with 
such a full and ample statement, as was highly satisfactory to 
the house. Mr. Giles, however, was not satisfied, but intro- 
duced sundry other resolutions, upon the siune subject, tend- 
ing pointedly to criminate the secretary of the treasury, with 
ii special clause, directing that a copy of them he transmitted 
to the president. 'J'hese resolutions were rejected by an, 
overwhelming majority. . {fflff^'' 

On the 4th of March, 1793, congress adjourned to the Ist 
5»f December following. 



322 HISTORY OF THE 

Parties in the United States were now tlistinctiy formed 
and distinguished by the names of federalist and democrat. 

Such had become the vvarmlh . nd bitterness of party feel- 
ing, that these resolutions were designed to criminate, not on- 
ly the secretary, of the treasury, as an ambitious man, aiming 
at tyranny and usurpation, but the executive also, as the abet- 
tor of his measures, and an accomplice in the plan. The rep- 
utation of the secretary was not altogther invulnerable ; but 
the popularity of the president, stood hi^h, above the reach of 
party calumny, and enabled him to hold the balances with a 
steady hand. 

At (his eventful period, the Frencli revolution had so far 
pro^rressed, that the national convention had succeeded the 
national assembly ; brought the kmg to ihe guillotine, and 
given full scope to the reign of terror, under the mask of lib- 
erty and equality, in France. 

The president of the United States, clearly foresaw, that 
without an efficient governm.^nt, the people of America would 
become entangled in the vortex <)f the French revolution, and 
the new fedentl constitution he «w.iUowed up, in the gpneral 
wreck of discord, anarchy an I conftismn. 

During these convulsions, and on the '25th of December, the 
electors of United America, were again called upon to fill the 
offices of the two chief magistrates of the nution. Warm and 
violent was the strife of party ;. but the electors were true to 
thoir countrj^ and gave a unanimous suffr is£e for George 
Washington, as president ; and a m jority for John Adams, as 
i^ice-president ; and the prr>sident was ])revailed upon, by 
the solicitations of his friend-. on.::ft more to tak^ the chair. 

Great efforts had been, and still continued to be made, to 
settle a peace with the hostih- Indi ms, on the north-western 
fs ontier, and appearances had now become more favorable; 
a treaty had been negotiated with the WabHsh Indians, and 
the Miamies had consented to hold a conference the ensumg 
spring ; offensive operations had be^n suspended ; but a gen- 
eral peace had not yet been concluded. The president pur- 
sued his preparations to pro'secute the vvar. 

The alarming state of things in Europe, arising out of the 
French revolution, now en<irossed the attention of the presi- 
dent of the United States. Early in Aprd, news arrived, that 
France had declared war against England and Holland. On 
the 17th, the president repaired to the seat of government, 
and on the 1 8th , addressed to the heads of departments, [his cah^ 



UNITED STATES. 323 

inet council) several important queries, relating to the con- 
duct of the United States towards France ; and requested 
their attendance at his house, to decide upon the oiomentous 
subject. 

The council met accordingly ; and after mature delibera- 
tion were unanimous in their opinion, " that a proclamation 
ought to be issued, announcing the neutrality of the United 
States, towards all the belligerent powers," &.c. 

They were also unauiraous, that a minister ought to be re- 
ceived froai France; but they were divided in sentiment, as 
to the te*rms upon which such minister ought to be received. 

Upon the question, '' whether it was advisable to convene 
congress," the c )uncil were unanimous in the negative. 

The president next requested the council to express their 
opinion in writmg, upon the subject, on which they were di- 
vided, and their reasons and authorities at large ; and at the 
same time, directed the attorney general to prepare a procla- 
mation, which was done accordingly, and approved by the 
council ; signed by the president, on the 22d, and ordered to 
be published. 

The publication of this proclamation of neutrality, opened 
a field for the display of those passions, upon the great thea- 
tre of the nation, which we have hitherto witnessed in the 
national councils. All the bitterness of party burst forth, in 
loud acclamations against the measure. Th;i partizans of 
France claimed, that in gratitude, the United States were 
bound, to make common cause with France. Base, avari- 
cious and unprincipled men, denouncerl that proclamation, as 
an abridgement of that commerce, which they had calculated to 
turn to their advantage, in the traffic of articles, contraband of 
vt^ar ; and they joined in the party clamours. In this state of 
things, -the government of France recalled from the United 
States, the minister of the crown, and sent out Mr. Genet, a 
subtle, artful, violent jacobin. 

Mr. Genet arrive I at Charleston (South Carolina) on the 
;Bth of April, 1793, where he wis received by the governor 
cf the state, and her best citizens, with all that enthusiasm, 
which the American people had cherished for his nation, 
since the days of,York-tovvn. 

All this might have been innocent in itself, but when Mr. 
Genet presumed upon the strength of this, to insult the gov- 
ernment of the United States, by jssuming the [)0vver of com- 
missioning privateers, to cruise against nations then at peace 



324 HISTORY OF THE 

with America, and sell their prizes in the ports of the United 
States, under the authority of the consuls of France, even be- 
fore he had been accredited by the government, involved in 
it consequences serious and alarming. 

On the 18th, Mr. Genet arrived at Philadelphia, where he 
was received by the citizens, with the same acclamations of 
joy, which he had witnessed at Charleston. When presented 
to the government, he was received by the president, with 
expressions of sincere and cordial regard for the French peo- 
ple ; but the president was silent upon the subject of the 
French republic. Mr. Genet approved the proclamation of 
neutrality, as being highly favorable to the interests of 
France. 

Mr. Hammond, the British minister, had Ip.iil before the 
President, a statement of the captures of British vessels, which 
liad been made by the authorized privateers of Mr. Genet, 
and he called a cabinet council, to advise upon the mode of 
^procedure, lawful and expedient to be pursued. Here again 
the cabinet were divided, as upon the question of the new 
minister from France. The secretary of state and the at- 
torney-general were of opinion, that the courts of law were 
the proper tribunals to decide the question, and were dis- 
posed to favor the procedure. The secretaries of the treas- 
ury and of war were of opinion, that all governments ought 
to be so far respected, as to direct and control all events, 
relating to peace or war, under their jurisdiction ; and that 
the proceedings of Mr. Genet, were an outrage upon the 
sovereignty, as well as neutrality of the United States ; 
therefore, the government ought to cause restitution to be 
made. 

The president took time to deliberate, and addressed cir- 
cular letters to the chief magistrates of the several states, 
calling on them to enforce the laws, within their several 
jurisdictions, and compel a due obedience by force, if ne- 
cess;u'y. 

Mr. Genet resented this precedure, and remonstrated to ' 
the president, by letter, with an indecorous warmth. Upon 
which, the president signified to Mr. Genet, that it was ex- 
pected, that the armed vessels which had given the .pffeDce, 
would immediately withdraw ^from the ports of the United 
States. Prosecutions, at the same time, were ordered, and 
actually commenced, against such citizens of the United States, 
us had been engaged in this privateering business. 



UNITED STATES. ^ 325 

Mr. Genet again expressed his resentment, and appealed 
^rotn the government to the people of the United States, in a 
style too indecorous to be nanied. He next remonstrated to 
the secretary of state, against the decisions of the executive, 
and demanded a release of those persons under arrest, by or- 
der of government, '* as acting under the authority of France, - 
and defending the glorious cause of liberty, in Ci^mmon with 
her children." The appeal of Mi*. Genet to the American 
people, through the channels of the public prints, threw the 
nation into two great parties ; the one adhered to the govern- 
ment, and the other rallied round the minister. 

At this time, certain societies sprang up in America, bear- 
ing the political stamp of the jacobin societies in France, and 
assumed a dictatorial style, in the affairs of the nation. Civic 
feasts, and other public assemblages of the people, became 
general ; especially at the south, and in the large towns ; in 
which, the ensigns ot France and the United States, were dis- 
played in union ; and the red cap of liberty and fraternity, tri-- 
umphantly circulated, from head to head, accompanied with 
toasts, expressive of the identity of the French and American 
republics; crowned with their favorite toast, ^* Principles ^ 
not men ;'''* m allusion to the popular influence of the presi- 
dent, and as a reflection upon his measures ; particularly the 
suppression of privateering, and the proclamation of neutrali- 
ty ; often styled the *' royal edict." 

Thus were the executive, the government, and the nation, 
outraged by this enthusiastic zealot of the French republic. 

Pause reader and reflect ; what would have become the fate 
of America under the old confederation, or even under the 
new, with a weak executive ? and acknowledge the hand of 
God, in thus preserving the vine which he had planted 

To detail the overt acts of outrage agamst the executive, as 
well as the government, by this diplomatic disciple of liberty 
and equality, and shew how he meditated war against Florida 
and Louisiania, hy raising troops in Georgia and Kentucky, 
without the knowledge and consent of the United States, and 
in defiance to the government, as well as existing treaties, 
would exceed the limits of this work ; suflice it to say, that 
when the dignified patience of the executive had become ex- 
hausted, he demanded of the French government, that Mr. 
Genet should be recalled, and he was recalled. 

Mr. Genet was succeeded by Mr. Fauchet ; and at the saHl^ 

28 



326 HISTORY OF THE 

time, Mr. 3Ionroe was sent out to France, to succeed Mr^ 
Morris, recalled. 

On the 1st of December, 1793, congress convened at Phil- 
adelphia, agreeabi^^ to adjournment ; notwithstanding the yel- 
low fever had not wholly subsided.! On the 4th, the presi- 
dent delivered his speech, which displayed the political state 
of the nation, was cordially received, and as cordially echoed 
by both houses. 

Early in the session, the secretary of state, (agreeable to a 
resoiutionof the house, passed in February, 1791) presented 
a report, upon the commercial state of the nation, with his 
views and advice thereon, &,c. ^ 

On the 30ih, the secretary presented an additional report, 
which was occasioned by certain regulations of a commercial 
nature, on the part of France, with regard to the West-India 
trade, &c. Both of which were highly acceptable, and did 
honor to the department. 

With this official act, and agreeable to previous notice, the 
secretary resigned, and was succeeded by Edmund Randolph 
esq. January, 1794. 

The limits of this work will not permit me to notice par^ 
ticulariy, the resolutions brought forward by Mr. Madison, 
upon this report ; the objects of which were the humiliatiou 
of Great-Britain, and the exaltation of France ; nor the warm 
and animated debates that ensued. The subject of the reso- 
lutions was postponed until March. 

In the midst of this commercial strife, the state of Algiers 
commenced depredations upon the commerce of the United 
States, and captured eleven sail of her merchantmen. This, 
when communicated to congress, by the executive, le|d to th(t^ 
following resolution : "' 

*' Resolved, That a naval force, adequate to the protex;tion 
«f the coinmerce of the United States, against the Algerine 
corsairs, ought to be provided." 

This resolve opened a torrent of debate, and let loose all 
the violence of party jealousy, and party strife, in the sharp 
conflict of wordy war. The bill finaUy passed, by a majority 
©f eleven only, authorising the building of six frigates ; four 
of forty-four, and two of thirty-two guns each, and received 
the sanction of the president. 

At this time, the depredations of France and Great Britain 

t This malignant disease had raged like the plague threugh the aV 
tiunn. 



UNITED STATES. 327 

upon American commerce, under sanction of their commercial 
decrees, became so alarming, that congress authorised the 
president to h\y an embargo ; strengthen the military posts ; 
ibrtify the seaports ; raise a corps of engineers and artiller- 
ists, and organize the militia, &c. 

The president met the resolves of congress promptly, and 
at the same time, held out the olive branch, by nominating the 
honorable John Jay, as >envoy extraordinary, to the court of 
Great Britain, to negotiate a commercial treaty, April l6th. 
The recommendation was tinally approved, and Mr. Jay pro- 
ceeded on his mission accordingly. At the same time, a bill 
passed the house, to suspend all further commercial inter- 
course with Great Britain ; but it was negatived in the senate, 
by the casting vote of the vice-president. 

To meet the pressing exigencies of government, the secre- 
tary of the treasury recommended, that taxes be levied upon 
licences to retailers of wines, and spirituous liquors, also on" 
pleasure carriages, snuff, and refined sugar. 

Previous to the negotiation of Mr. Jay, another attempt was 
made to adjust the difterences with the hostile tribes of In- 
dians, by a treaty, which was spun out through the summer, 
and so far into autumn, as to prevent general Wayne from at- 
tempting any important operations. The general advanced 
to Greenville ; erected a fort upon the ground where the 
Americans were defeated in November, 1791 ; called it fort 
Recovery, and took up his winter quarters. 

At the same time, a detachment from the garrison of De- 
troit, erected a fort upon the Miami of the lake, fifty miles 
within the limits of the United States, which caused great ex- 
citement in the nation, and occasioned sharp remonstrances 
from the American government. 

General Wayne pushed his preparations to commence the 
campaign early in the season ; but such were the unavoidable 
delays in furnishing the necessary supplies, that he could not 
take the field before mid-summer. 

About the first of August, 1794, general Wayne advanced 
upon the banks of the Miami of the lake, to the distance of 
thirty miles from the British fort, where he was joined by gen- 
eral Scott, at the head of 11 00 Kentucky militia. The gen- 
eral made one more effort to settle a peace with the Indians, 
by inviting them to meet him in council, by a deputation for 
that purpose, but without effect. 

On the 15th, he advanced down the Miami, until he reached 



32d HISTORY OF THE 

the Rapids, where his advance guard, under major Price, fell 
into an Indian ambuscade. Major Price advanced upon the 
enemy with trailed arms, and at the point of the bayonet, 
roused him from his covert. General Wayne supported his 
advance guard, and the enemy were driven from the lield, and 
pursued under the guns of the British fort. 

General Wayne lost in this action, 107 killed, wounded and 
missing. The loss of the enemy was supposed to be much 
greater. The general returned to his fortitied station, by easy 
marches, and laid waste the Indian villages, corn fields, he. to 
the extent of fifty miles, on each side of the river, and erected 
forts to secure the conquests, and keep the Indians quiet. 
I'his action was followed by the treaty of Greenville, the next 
year, which closed this Indian war, 1795. 

At this time, the whiskey boys, in the back part of Penn- 
sylvania, had so far matured their plans, tliatthey resisted the 
•excise law by force of arms, and a general insurrection took 
place. 

When these proceedings reached the executive, he called 
on the judge of the district to certify, " that the laws of the 
United States had been opposed by combinations too power- 
ful to be suppressed, by the ordinary course of judicial pro- 
ceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals ;'" which 
ertificate authorised the president to call out the militia, to 
quell the insurrection. This regular preliminary being set- 
tled, the president consulted his cabinet council, together with 
the governor of Pennsylvania, and then issued his proclama- 
tion, commanding the insurgents to retire penceably to their 
several abodes, on or before the first day of September next. 
At the same time, the president called on the states of New- 
Jersey, Pennsylvanin, Maryland, and Virginia, for their sev- 
eral quotas of militia, to raise an army of 12,000 men, to be 
ready at a moment's warning, to march into the back counties 
of Pennsylvania, and qnell the insurrection. 

In the mean time, the president despatched the attorney- 
general, Judge Yates, and a Mr. Ross, senator l>om Pennsyl- 
vania, on an embassy, to receive the submission of the insur- 
gents, and grant amnesty to all such as should lay down their 
arms and submit to the laws. 

Governor Mifflin also issued a proclamation, and sent com- 
missioners to co-operate with those of the government ; but 
all to no effect ; the insurgents went forward, determined to 
oppose the excise law to the last extremity. 



UNITED STATES. 329 

tJpon the failure of this embassy, the president issued an- 
other prochimation, caUing upon ihe several quotas of troops 
held in requisition, to assemble and rendezvous at Bedford 
and Cumberland. And he gave the command to governor 
Lee, of Virginia. 

The president reviewed this army by divisions, and being 
pleased with its appearance, he left the secretary of the treas- 
ury, to accompany the commander-in-chief, and returned to 
Philadelphia, to attend the approaching session of congress. 

The insurrection was quelled without opposition ; the peo- 
ple returned to their duty ; but several of their principal lead- 
ers fled, and made their escape. 

The general stationed general Morgan, with a small force, 
in (he heart of the disaflected country, and disbanded the re- 
mainder of the army. 

The alacrity and zeal, with which all classes of citizens 
turned out to support the laws, was highly honorable to our 
country, and gr^jtifying to the government ; but more partic- 
ularly so, when general officers were seen at the head of com- 
panies, and others in the ranks, with knapsacks upon their 
backs, as common soldiers. Even young Quakers of the first 
families, enrolled themselves in the service of their country, 
and marched to quell the insurgents. 

On the 3d of November, 1794, agreeable to adjournment, 
congress assembled ; on the 18th, a quorum was formed to re- 
ceive the speech of the president. He applauded the zeal 
and alacrity of the officeri-' and troops, in quelling the insur- 
rection, and justly animadverted upon those "self-created so- 
cieties, which had been instrumental in exciting and promot- 
ing it," &c. 

On the 1st of December following, the secretary of the 
treasury, colonel Hamilton, resigned his office, and was suc- 
ceeded by Oliver Wolcoft esq. of Connecticut. The talents, 
integrity and experience of Mr. VVolcott, all combined to ren- 
tier him highly qualKied loi this elevated station. 

On the 28th, the secretary of war announced to the presi- 
dent, by letter, his resolution to retire from office, on the first 
of January. The president accepted his resignation, and ap- 
pointed Timothy Pickering esq. his successor. 

Mr. Jay, agreeable to his appointment, arrived in London, 
June 15th, 1794, where he negotiated a treaty of amity, 
cemmerce and navigation, with Great Britain ; which »ras 

28* 



330 HISTORY OF THE 

signed by Mr. Jay, and lord GrenviUe, on the 19th of No 
vember, and transmitted to America, where it arrived on the 
7th of March, 1795. 

On the 8th of June, the senate were convened by the pres- 
ident, for the express purpose of discussing the merits of the 
treaty. On the 24th, after a minute and close investigation, 
that honorable body, barely by a constitutional majority, ap- 
proved of the treaty, and advised to its ratiiication. 

The president took the advice of the senate into consiilera- 
lion, although he strongly balanced in favor of signing tlir 
treaty. 

At this lime, the English prints announced, that the order 
of the 8th of June, 1793, for the seizure of provisions bound 
to France, was renewed. This led the president to pause 
and reilect, to learn its bf arings upon the American com- 
merce, as well as upon the public tnind. 

During this state of suspense and deliberation, the president 
set out for Mount Vernon ; but his attention was arrested at 
Baltimore, with a" warm and spirited address from the citizen- 
of Boston, against the ratiiication of the treaty. This wa< 
soon ibllowing by others of the same stamp, iVom the large 
towns, which occasioned him to hasten back to Philadelphia, 
and consult his cabinet council. 

On the 12th of August, the president gave his linal decision 
upon the treaty, by atVixing his signature, with an accompany- 
ing remonstrance against the order of the 8th of June, 1793. 
The ratifications were exchanjied, and the orfler revoked. 

Although this treaty had given as high excitement to tlu- 
public mind, as any one event since the adoption of the consti- 
tution, yet the ralitication proved very popular, and the com- 
merce of the nation became remarkably prosperous. Thr 
western posts were given up, ai.reeable to the treaty of 1783 ; 
and a general peace was estal)lished with the hostile tribes ol" 
Indians, by the treaty of Greenville, 1795. 

At this time, tiie secretary of state, (Mr. Randolph) resign 
od, and was succeeded by Mr. M'Henry. 

On the oth of September, a treaty of amity was concluded 
with the Dey of Algiers ; the American captives were set 
free, and the commerce of the Mediterranean restored. 

On the 20th of October, a treaty was concluded with Spain, 
which settled all the contesteil points that regarded a free nav- 
i<;ation of the river Mississippi. 

Congress convened on the 1st of December, agreeable t-^ 



UNITED STATES. 331 

adjournment, and the ((resident met them with the following- 
remarks, in his speech : 

" I trust I do not deceive myself, while I indulge: the per- 
smsion, that 1 never have met you at a period, when, more 
than at the present, the situation of our public alVairs, has af- 
forded just cause Ibr mutual congratulation, ant! tor invitin«i' 
you to join with me, in protbund gratitude to the author of all 
good, ibr the numerous and extraorilinary blessings we en- 

joy." 

Mr. Adet, (French minister) had succeeded Mr. Fauchet, 
in the summer, and in December, he announced his diplomatic 
mission to the executive. On the IstofJanuary, 179G, he pre- 
sented to the executive, the colors of France, accompanied 
with a letter, highly exjiressive of national fraternity, which 
was laid before congress, and the colors deposited in the hall 
of the house of representatives, accompanied with an elegant 
address to congress. 

1 pass over those violent conflicts of party in the house, up 
on the resolutions to proride means tbr carryi[)g the British 
treaty into eflect. The opposition was silenced ; means were 
finally provided ; the treaty. was carried into etfect, and the 
nation flourished under it, beyond all former example. 

The president, having thus surmounted all opposition, an;i 
laid the foundation of the American republic, upon the broad 
basis oi' peace on earth, and good zcill to men, next turned his 
attention to the benevolent act of negotiating with the kin"- oi' 
England, arttl the emperor of Germany, for the liberation of 
his beloved friend, the marquis La Fayett^, from the prison 
ofOlmutz, which failed; but was accomplished by general 
B.onaparte, at the peace of Campo Formio, the next year. 

The president, having learnt that France meditated hostili- 
ties against the United States, by way of depredations ujion 
their West-India commerce, recalled Mi-. Monroe from the 
court of Versailles, anil sent Mr. Pinkney in his place. Me 
next announced his resolution to retire from public lite, at the 
close of his term, and published to the American people, his 
valedictory address. (See appendix, letter E.) 1 most highlv 
rejoice that the limits of this work will perniit me to insert 
this address, not only on account of its own intrinsic worth, 
but on account of the extensive good it is calculated to do, to 
every true American, who reads it with candid attention. 

I pass over the gross intrigues that accompanied the elec- 
tion of a successor to president Washington, by observing, that 



332 HISTORY OF THE 

the electors met, agreeable to the constitution, in the montlf 
of December, and gave a majority of votes for John Adams, 
as President, and for Thomas Jefferson, as vice-President : 
and the father of his country, at the close of his term, retired 
to Mount Vernon, under the benedictions of the nation ; there 
to enjoy, once more, the sweets of private as well as domes- 
tic life. 

High raised on the summit of in\mortal fame, Washington 
looked down with calmness and composure, upon the strife of 
conflicting party, and as the guardian angel of America, offered 
to Heaven, his fervent supplications for his distracted coun- 
try.t 



CHAPTER VI. 

PRKSIDENT ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION, &C. 

In the month of February, the votes of the electors were 
counted, in the presence nf bothhouses of congress, anil the 
election of Mr. Adams announced as president, and of Mr. 
Jefferson as vice-president. On the 4th of March, Mr. Ad- 
ams was regularly inducted into office, in the presence of con- 
gress, and a numerous and brilliant concourse of spectators. 

The tbllovving just and correct remarks of Mr. Marshall 
upon the state of the nation, are deserving of -very pai*ticular 
cv)nsideration. • 

" At home, a ?ounff credit had been erected ; an immense 
floating debt had been funded in a manner perfectly satisfac- 
tory to the creditors, and an ample revenue had been provided. 
Those difficullies, which a system of internal taxation, on its 
first introduction, is doomed to encounter, were completely 
removed ; and the authority of the government was firmly 
established. 

•' Funds for the gradual payment of the debt had been pro- 
vided ; a considerable part of it had actually been discharged : 
and that system which is now operating its entire extinction, 
had been matured and adopted. The agricultural and com- 
mercial wealth of the nation had encreased, beyond all former 
example. The numerous tribes of Indians on the west, had 

tThc population of the United States at this time anatunted {• 
about 5,000,000. 



UNITED STATES, 333 

t)een taught by arms and by justice, to respect the United 
states, and to continue in peace. 

" Abroad, the differences with Spain had been accommoda- 
ted. The free navigation of the Mississip{)i had been acquir- 
ed, with the use of New-Orleans, as a |)lace of deposit, for three 
years, and afterwards, until some equivalent place should be 
designed. 

" Those causes of mutual exasperation, which had threatened 
to involve the United States in a war with the greatest mari- 
time and commercial power in the world, had been removed ; 
and the military posts, which had been occupied within their 
territory, from their existence as a nation, iiad i)e.en evactuat- 
ed. Treaties had been Ibrmed with Algiers ;uh1 Tripoli, and 
no captures appear to have been made by Tunis ; so that the 
Mediterranean was opened to American vessels. 

'■'• This bright prospect, vvas indeed, in part, shaded by the 
discontents of F' ranee. But the causes of these discontents, 
it had been impossible to avoid, without surrendering the 
right of self-government. Such vvas tlie situation of the Uni- 
ted States, at the close of Washington's and the commence- 
ment of Adams' administration."! 

The administration of Mr. Adams, was met at the thresh- 
old, by open indignity on the part of Franc(!, in her refusing 
to accept Mr. Pinckney in exchange for Mr. Monroe. This 
refusal roused the sensibilities of Mr. Adams, and he immedi- 
ately nominated two others, Mr. Marshall ancl Mr. Gerry, who 
were sent out to France, toco-operate with Mr. Pinckney, if 
possible, to settle an accommodation with the directory. 

When those envoys arrived in Paris, instead of being accrofl- 
ited, by the government, they were kept aloof by certain indi- 
rect propositions from the informal agents of the directory, 
under tlie signatures of X, Y and Z, for large sums of money, 
by way of loan Irom the United States to France, as condition- 
al to their acceptance. These propositions were promptly 
refused. They were then urjjed and demanded as a sine 
qua non. This was considered by the envoys as a demand 
for tribute, and indignantly repelled. The informal agents of 
the directory, then assumed an imperious style, and threaten- 
ed the envoys, by assuring them " that Austria was humbled, 
that Great Britain would soon follow ; that all Europe would 
soon be prostrate before the all-conquering arms of France, 
and that America would then stand alone ; that the directory 



+ Marshall's Life of Washington. 



334 HISTORY OF THE 



had the means of rendering the envoys, as well as their gov 
ernment, contemptible in America." 

True to their trust, the envoys repelled these threats with 
iirmness, and communicated the whole correspondence to 
their government. This was soon diffused throughout the 
nation, by tiie public prints, which roused the pubhc ^eelir^g. 

Two of the envoys returned to America, and left Mr. Ger- 
ry in France, with some flattering assurances on the part ot 
the directory, that he might possibly effect something ; these 
assurances failed, and he returned. 

President Adams publicly declared, "■ that he would make 
no further overtures to France, until assured, that his envoys- 
would be received in character suited to the dignity of a 
great and inde[>endent nation." 

The insult olFered to the American government, was follow- 
ed by outrage and dopr.cdatious upon her commerce, by the 
citizens of France ; all which roused the indignation of the 
Americae people, and they expressed their feelings by this 
memorable sentiment : " Millions for defence ; hut not a cent 
for tribute.'''' 

Under the impression of this sentiment, the American gov- 
ernment proceeded to raise and equip a provisional army of 
12,000 men, and the ex-president Washington, agreeable to 
appointment, accepted the office of commander-in-chief of all 
(he armies raised, or to be raised in the United States — 1798. 

A revolution in France, at this time, placed general Bona- 
parte at the head of the consular government. This, together 
\vith the (irmness of the American government, and their suc- 
cessful war upon the French commerce, induced the French 
government to express to the American government, through 
Mr. Viins Muri-av, minister at the Hague, "that the differen- 
ces between the two nations, might be accommodated" — 1799. 

President Adams met this overture promptly, and sent Mv. 
Daviet and Mr. KI!:-worth,|: to join Mr. Murray at Paris, and 
negotiate a treaty. 

On the night of the 13th of December, general Washington 
was seized suddenly and violently, with an inflammatory affec- 
tion of the lungs, occasioned by an exposure to a slight rain, 
the preceding day, which put a period to his valuable life, on 
the 14th. His remains were deposited in the family ^vault. 
on Wednesday, the 18th, with military honors. 

t Governor of North Carolina. 

X Chief justice of the United States, 



UNITED STATES. 336 

The death of the father of his country, spread a gloom over 
the nation. Congress felt the shock, and immediately upon 
the intelligence, adjourned. The next day they convened, 
and resolved, "that it be recommended to the members of this 
body, and the nation at large, to wear crape on the left arm, 
for thirty days, and that the president express by letter to 
Mrs, Washington, the condolence of congress, and request 
that the remains of her departed husband might be removed 
to the city of Washington, for interment." 

A committee specially appointed by congress, recommend- 
ed, that a marble monument be erected to his memory at the 
city of Washington, at the expense of the government ; and 
that a funeral oration be delivered on the occasion, before 
both houses of congress, at the German Luthernn church. 

All these resolutions passed unanimously, and general Hen- 
ry Lee delivered a solemn, eloquent and dignified oration, ac- 
cordingly. 

The nation followed the government, and gave vent to their 
feelings, by their numerous funeral processions and eulogies.! 

The monument, however, has never been erected, *' That 
the great events of the political as well as military life of gen- 
eral Washington, should be commemorated, could not be plea- 

tThe following letter addressed to the president of the United 
States, by the senate, will shew the sensibilities of that body upon this 
solemn occasion. 

*' Permit us, sir, to mingle our tears with yours. On this occasion, 
it is manly to weep. To lo-se such a man, at such a crisis, is no com- 
mon calamity to the world. Our country mourns a father. The Al- 
mighty Disposer of events has taken from us our jrreatest benefactor 
and ornament. It becomes us to submit with reverence to him wh» 
wiaketh darkness his pavillion. 

" With patriotic pride we review the life of Washington, and com- 
pare him with those of other countries who luivo been pre-eminent in 
favour. Ancient and modern names are diminished before him. — 
Greatness and guilt have too often been allied ; but his fame is whitev 
than it is brilliant. The destroyers of nations stood abashed at the 
majesty of his virtues. It reproved the intemperance of their ambi- 
tion, and darkened the splendor of victory. 

" The scene is closed ; and we are no longer anxious lest misfortune 
should sully his glory. He iias travelled on to the end of his journoy, 
and carried with him an increasing weight of honor. He has depos- 
ited it safely where misfortune cannot tarnish it; where malice can- 
not blast it. Favored of he^iven, he departed without exhibiting th« 
weakness of humanity ; magnanimous in death, the darkness of thr 
grave could not ©bscure his biiglitness.^- 



336 HISTORY OF THE 

sino-to those, who had condemned, and continued to condemn^ 
the whole course of his administration."* 

On Wednesday, May 24th, 1800, congress adjourned, to 
meet at the city of Washington, agreeable to a law providing 
for the same. 

On the 30th of September, 1800, the envoys at Paris con- 
cluded a treaty of peace with the French government, and as 
?oon as the same had been ratified by the president, and sen- 
ate, the provisional army was disbanded, by order of congress. 

This year the electioneering field, to fill the officers of the 
two chief magistrates in the government, was opened with un- 
common zeal and warmth, by the parties. Mr. Jefferson, 
Mr. Burr and Mr. Clinton, were the republican or democrat- 
ic candidates, and Mr. Adams and Mr. Pinckney, the federal. 
The constitution at this time, provided, that the candidate, who 
received the greatest number of votes, should be president, 
and that the next highest number, should be vice-president. 

Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Burr, not only received the highest 
number, but their votes were equal, (seventy-three each) and 
the choice of president, from the two, devolved upon the 
house of representatives, agreeable to the constitution, to vote 
fey states. This opened a new scene ; the house became di- 
vided ; the federal party for Mr. Burr, and the democratic 
party for Mr. Jefferson. The balloting continued for sever- 
al days and nights in succession, with great warmth and bitter- 
ness of feeling.! The whole nation took part in the event, 
and were anxiously alive to the subject. Mr. Jefferson pre- 
Tailed,and was elected president, and Mr. Burr became vice- 
president, of course. 

The new judicary system, and the alien and sedition laws, 
which had been recently passed, together with the direct tax, 
and internal duties, were supposed to have defeated the re- 
election of Mr. Adams. t ' " 

* Marshall's Life of Washington. 

t The members carried their night-caps into the hall, and slept ob 
their seats, whilst the ballots were counting, 

XBy the new judiciary system, is to be understood, the additions 
that had been recently made to the federal courts. 

By the alien law, is to be understood, that law so entitled, ;' whick 
authorised the president to order any ahen, that he should judge dan- 
<rerous to the peace and safety of the United States, &c. to depart th» 
realm, within such time as he might judge proper, upon penalty of 
imprisonment, for a term not exceeding three years." 

The sedition law was designed to suppress, " all false, scandalous, 
and malicious writings against the government of the United Statesr 



UNITED STATES. 337 

On the 4th of March, 1801 , Mr. Jefferson was rpgnbrly in- 
ducted into the office of president. By his inaugural speech, 
he unfolded to view, the whole held of his political creed, and 
unmasked the plan of his administration. Although this was 
very intelligible to his party, yet to all such as had not oeen 
initiated into the mysteries, it resembled the responses of the 
oracle of Delphos ; it meant any thing, every thing, and noth- 
ing ; but as his administration progressed, it fully unveiled the 
mystery, t '*^' 

Mr. Jefferson, not only by his inaugural speech, but at the 
commencement of his administration, took a bold stand, and 
introduced a system of measures, hostile to the general system 
of Washington's administration, and directly calculated to 
subvert it, in all its fundamental principles. Liberty and econ- 
omy, (instead of equality) became the order of the day. To 
effect this, he made a general change in the offi-ers of the 
government ; particularly those that were the most lucrative, 
in the several departments. Commenced and tarried on a 
regular attack upon the army, the navy, the judiciary system, 

or either house of congress, or the president, Szc. under a severe pen- 
alty of" fine, or imprisonment for a term of years." 

t "Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persua- 
sion, religious or political : — peace, commerce, and honest friendship, 
with all nations, entangling alliances with none : — the support of the 
state governments in all their rights, as the most competent adminis- 
trations of our domestic concerns, and the surest bulwarks against 
anti-republican tendencies: — the preservation of the general govern- 
ment in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace 
at home, and safety abroad : — a jealous care of the right of election 
by the people, a mild and safe corrective of abuses, which are lopped 
by the sword of revolution, where peaceable remedies are unprovided : 
— absolute acquiescence in the decision of the majority, the vital prin- 
ciple of republics, from which is no appeal, but to force, the vital prin- 
ciple and immediate parent of despotisms : — a well disciplmed militia, 
our best reliance in peace, and for the first moments of war, till regu- 
lars may relieve them :— the supremacy of the civil over the military 
authority : — economy in the public expense, that labor may be lightly 
burthened. 

The honest payment of our debts, and sacred preservation of the 
public faith : —encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce, as its 
hand-maid : — the diffusion of information, and arraignment of ail abu- 
ses at the bar of public reason :— freedom of religion, freedom of the 
press, and freedom of person, under the protection of the habeas cor- 
pus : — and trial by juries impaitially selected." "These principle^,'* 
added Mr. Jefferson, "should be the creed of our political faith— and 
should we wander from them in mornents of error or of alarm, let us 
hasten to retrace our steps, and regain the road, which aioue ieada 
to peace, liberty, and safety." 

as 



338 HISTORY OF THE 

the b£ink, and the internal revenue ; which introduced a new 
order of things. 

The parties in this congress, had become regularly and de- 
cidedly formed, in the election contest for president, and now 
entered the field of legislation, in solid columns, determined 
to carry all before them. All this opened a field of discuss- 
ion, that convulsed, not only the government, but the nation. 
The new judiciary s}'stem, together with the ahen and sedi- 
tion law, were repealed ; the internal taxes were removed, 
and the plans of Mr. Jefferson, were generally carried into 
effect— 1801 and 2. 

In 1803, fresh collisions sprang up between Spain and the 
United States, with regard to the navigation of the river Mis- 
sissippi. By a former treaty with Spain, the port of New- 
Orleans became a place ol deposit, for the merchandize of the 
citizens of the United States, in passing up and down that riv- 
er ; but the Spanish intendant of that port, violated the treaty 
at this time, by denying to the citizens of the United States, 
the right of deposit. This incensed the American govern- 
ment, and kindled a fire in ccmgress. The senate originated 
a bill, authorising the president to raise a strong military force, 
and seize on New-Orleans, together with Louisiana, and hold 
it by the right of conquest ; but this was overruled, after a 
long and animated discussion, and the president, through the 
interposition ot France, purchased the whole country ot Span- 
ish Louisiana, for 15,000,000 of dollars.! 

During the period of this political strife, sharp and frequent 
collisions had arisen between the regency of Tripoli, and the 
commercial citizens of the United States ; several American 
vessels had been taken, and their crews carried into slavery. 
The American government, indignant at this outrage, sent a 
small naval force up the Mediterranean, to check these dep- 
redations, in 1803, under the command of commodore Preble. 
This squadron was joined soon after by captain Bainbridge, 
in the frigate Philadelphia ; this vessel, when chasing a cor- 
sair into the port of Tripoli, grounded, and was taken with 
her crew. The sufferings of these, and other American pris- 
oners, were so great, as to excite the most ardent enterprises 

t Spain ceded this country to France, and France to the U. States, 
for 15,000,000 of dollars. Eleven millions of the purchase money, 
were to be applied to the demands of the citizens of the United States, 
\ty way of indemnification for the spoliations of France upon American 
Gomnierce, 



UNITED STATES. 339 

lor their relief; in one of these, lieutenant Decatur, with a 
select gang, entered the harbor in boats, retook the Philadel- 
phia, and agreeable. to orders, burnt her, February lt>, 1804. 

Soon after this, William Eaton, who had been consul at 
Tripoli, and when on his return to America, hearing that Ham- 
et Caramelli, brother of the Bashaw of Tripoli^ was then an 
exile in Egypt, changed his course, and repaired to Egypt in 
quest of Hamet.t 

General Eaton found the object of his pursuit; engaged him 
in his interest ; assembled in Egyyt a small military force of 
the country ; put himself at their head, andtriversed the de- 
sert of Barca, in the autumn and winter of 1804 — o. In the 
spring of 1805, he arrived on the confines of the dominions of 
Tripoli, with his little irmy. The reignm^ Bashaw sent an ar- 
my to oppose hitn ; they met near the city of Derne ; a sharp 
action ensued ; E iton was victorious ; Derne was taken, and 
the troops of the Bashaw fled, and returned to Tripoli. Eaton 
prepared to follow up his victory, and attack the Bashaw in 
his capital, and close, the war by a general conquest. The 
American fleet prepared to co-operate in the enterprise. 

In the mean time, the Bashaw sued for peace, and Mr. 
Lear, the American conjul then at Tripoli, agreeable to pow- 
ers vested in him, concluded a peace, which made suitable in- 
demnification to the American government, for all spoliations, 
and set the captives free. 

General Eaton disbanded his army and returned to Ameri- 
ca. J 

On the 1 1th of June, 1804, vice-president Burr called colo- 
nel Hamilton into the field, and killed him in a duel. 

In December, 1804, Mr. Jefferson was re-elected presi- 
dent, and George Clinton vice-president ; and in March, 
1 803, their terms of office commenced. 

In February, 1805, an impeachment was instituted in the 
house of representatives, against Samuel Chase, a judge of the 
supreme court of the United States. A long and interesting 

i Hamet Caramelli was second brother to Jussuf, the then reigning 
Bashaw, who being the youngest son, had murdered his father, and 
his eldest brother, and usurped the throne, when Hamet fled for his life, 
and took refuge in Egypt. 

:|: Hamet followed general Eaton to America, soon after, for the pur- 
pose of obtaining some compensation for his services, from the govern- 
ment of the United States. The subject was laid before congress, and 
although it was fully discussed, and warmly supported, was finally re- 
jected,. 



MO 



HISTORY OF THE 



trial ensued before the senate, agreeable to the constitution ; 
but the judge was honorably acquitted. 

During the first period of Mr. Jefferson's presidential term, 
the French consul, Bonaparte, was triumphing over the pow- 
ers in thesouih of Europe, and now continued his triumphs, 
as emperor of France and king of Italy, and threatened Eng- 
land with an alarming invasion. 

The distressed, the wretched state of Europe, distracted 
the commerce of America, and involved the government ii^ 
labyrinth of difficulties ; all which inflamed the feelings and 
passions of party, in America, and distracted the government 
and the nation. 

To crown this mad career of politics, colonel Burr commen- 
ced a system of intrigue in the western states, with high am- 
bitious views ; and actually assembled a small military force, 
upon the waters of the river Ohio,t for the purpose of cariy- 
ing on an expedition against New-Orleans, and thus severing 
the Union, as was then supposed. 

In 1806, colonel Burr descended the Ohio and the Missis- 
sippi, with his party ; but by the vigilance of the government, 
he was arrested in his career, in theMississippi territory, and 
conveyed to Richmond, in Virginia, and committed to prison. 
In 1807, he was indicted for high treason, before the circuit 
court at Richmond, where he was tried in due form; and ac- 
quitted. — (See Burr's trial, in 2 vols. 8 vo.) 

In the midst ot this strife of the parties, the British govern- 
ment issued their orders in council, declaring the whole sea- 
coast, from the Elhe to Brest, in a state of blockade, May IG, 
1806. By this order, all vessels trading to this coast, were 
liable to be seized and condemned. 

On the 22d of June, the c;iptain of the British ship Leopard, 
fell in with the American frigate Chesapeake, off the capes of 
Virginia, and demanded of commodore Barron, sundry Brit- 
'"sh seamen, (deserters) suppose! to be on board ; but upon 
the demand being refused, ihe Leopard fired iwo broadsides 
into the Chesapeake, v.hich killed five men, and wounded 
twenty. The Chesapeake struck hercolors. Fourdcserters 
were taken from the Chesapeake, and the ship was released. 
This outrage gave high "excitement to the public mind, auvd 
called aloud for war ; but the president issued his proclama- 
tion, ordering all British armed vessels to quit the waters of 

t At Blannarhasset's island. 



UNITED STATES. 341 

the United States ; interdicting at the same time, all inter- 
course between them and the American citizens. 

The British government at once, disavowed the act of the 
Leopard, as unauthorised, and sent an envoy extraordinary to 
the United States, to adjust the affair. But the depredations 
committed by the British upon the American commerce, pre- 
cluded all possibility ot accommodation, and congress proceed- 
ed to interdict the importation of sundry articles of British 
goods, into the United States. 

On the 6th of November following, the emperor Napoleon 
issued his Berlin decree, which declared all the British isles 
in a state of blockade. This decree vvas in direct violation of 
the treaty between France and the United States, as well as 
©f the law of nations. 

On the 7th of January, 1807, the British government met 
this decree by an order m council, declaring " all vessels 
coasting from one port to another on the coast of France, or 
that of her allies, liable to seizure and condemnation." 

On the 1 1th of November, Great Britain repeated her or- 
ders in council, by way of retaliation upon the French decrees, 
" declaring all nations at war with Great Britain, and all ports 
from which the British flag is excluded, to be under the same 
restrictions in point of trade and navigation, as if the same 
were in a state of blockade." 

To retaliate upon Great Britain for her orders in council, 
the French emperor issued his Mil^an decree, declaring " all 
vessels denationalized, which shall have submitted to a search 
from a British ship and every vessel a good prize, which 
shall sail to or from Great Britain, or any of her colonies, or 
countries occupied by British troops," December 17th, 1807. 

On the 22d, congress laid an indefinite embargo. 

Thus balanced, America began to feel more immediately, 
the convulsions of Europe, and to find herself involved in the 
contest. One grand system of intrigue now pervaded all 
Christendom, and paved the way for the calamities that follow- 
ed. 

Mr. Jefferson declined a re-election, this year, and the elec- 
tors gave their suffrages in December, for James Madison, 
president, and George Clinton, again, vice-president. 

On the 4th of March, 1809, Mr. Madison was regularly in- 
ducted into oifice. 

At this eventlul era, the emperor of France had subverted 
silmost every throne in Christendom, and then shook to its 

^9» 



342 HISTORY OF THE 

centre, the republic of America. The itisults and injuries 
the Aoierican flag was then suffering, from the decrees of 
France, and orders in council of England, had kindled a spirit 
of indignation in congress, that breathed a spirit of war 
against those powers, which distracted the administration. 

On the 1st of March, 1809, congiess repealed the embargo 
law, and passed a law in its place, interdicting all commercial 
intercourse with Great Britain and France, untd they or either 
of them, should revoke their et icts ; then the president wn^ 
authorised to renew the intercourse with the revoking povvQi"/ 

On the 18th of April, Mr. Erskine, the British mmister, 
met this overture, by such an arrangement with the American 
government, as was satisfactory, and the president declared 
by proclamation, that commercial intercourse would be re- 
newed with Great Britain, accordingly, on the lOlh of June. 
But the British government disavowed this act of their minis- 
ter, as unauthorised, and things remained as they were. 

Mr. Erskine was recalled, and his successor, Mr. Jackson, 
arrived in America, in Sejjtember ; but his haughty imperious 
style, soon rendered him so obnoxious to the executive, as to 
preclude all further diplomatic intercourse, and he was re- 
called, June 19. 

'On the 19th of August, the president renewed by prochi-" 
mation, the non-intercourse with Great Britain. 

The same system of intrigue continued into the year 1810. 
The emperor of France issued his decree of Hambouillet, de- 
claring all American vessels, with their cargoes, good prizes, 
if found in any of the ports of France, or of countries occupi- 
ed by French troops, March 18th, 1810. 

This decree excited great warmth of feeling in America, 
and the nation was ripe for war. 

On the 1st of May, congress passed an act, excluding all 
British and French armed vessels from the \Yaters of the Uni- 
ted States ; providing that commercial intercourse might be 
renewed with that power, which should cease to violate neu- 
tral commerce, by its edicts, on or before the 3d of Blarch, 
181 1, but not with the other. 

The emperor Napoleon palliated this blow, by causing hi- 
minister to declare to the American minister, at Paris, '' that 
the Berlin and Milan decrees were revoked, and would ceasr; 
to operate on the 1st of November next," upon cert-^i" rnnri; 
tions therein expressed. 



UNITED STATES. 343 

Mr. Madison issued his proclamation, announcing the fact, 
and declaring, tliat the intercourse with France might be re- 
newed, after the 2d of November following. Thus the par 
ties were balanced through the year. 

In May 1811, the aifair of the Chesapeake was renewed, 
by an attack of the British sloop of war, Little Belt, upon the 
American frigate, President ; several broadsides were ex- 
changed, and much damage done, but nothing decisive. 
^, The president convened congress, by his proclamation, ori 
the 5th of November, and in his speech, considered the insult 
as a just cause of war, unless due reparation should be made 
by Great Britain. 

This speech gave serious alarm to congress, and they pas- 
sed sundry resolutions, preparalor}'^ to the national defence. 
Twenty five thousand troops were ordered to be raised, and 
great preparation was made, to enlarge and improve the naval 
establishment. The whole nation felt the shock, and prepar- 
ed for the contest. 

This spirit continued through the year ; and early in 1812, 
a resolution was brought forward in congress, to raise £0,000 
volunteers, in addition to the former force, for the purpose of 
wresting the Canadas and Nova Scotia from Great Britain ; 
but_the resolution was lost, 49 to 57. 

I'his plan had for its object, to defeat a conspiracy, then 
suspected to be carried on between certain leading characters, 
in the northern or eastern states, and the British government, 
through the agency of a captain John Henry, to dismember the 
Union, by a coalition with Canada, and to form what was then 
termed, the northern kingdom. 

The president communicated to congress^ by message, an 
intercepted correspondence, between this captain Henry and 
the governor of Canada, purporting the same ; but upon a 
close investigation of the subject, no satisfactory evidence ap- 
peared, and the alarm subsided. 

Congress pursued their hostile j)reparations, and laid an 
embargo for ninety days, April 4th, 1812. 

In June, the president announced to congress by message, 
that the aggressions on the part of Great Britain, were suffi- 
cient to justify a declaration of war. Among other things, he 
charged Great Britain with exciting the Indians to acts of hos- 
tility on the western frontiers.! 

t The British had employed Tecumseh, a noted Indian chief, and Lis 
brother, a kind of conjurer, styled the prophet, to excite the Indian 



44 HISTORY OF THE 

Congress met this recommendation of the president prompt- 
/, and passed a bill, announcing a declaration of war against 
rreat Britain, June 17th, 1812 ;t and the president signed the 
ame on the 18th. 

^rhe northern states were opposed to the war, and their 
epresentatives in congress, formed a minority, that entered 
heir protest against the measure, and their constituents could 
ever be induced to enter cordially into the war.l 



4PH^ *- 



CHAPTER V. 

WAR "WITH GREAT-BRITAIX. 

The war opened by an attack upon Upper Canada. Gen- 
ral Hull advanced from Detroit, at the head of about 2000 

ribes, throughout the western frontier, to commence hostilities; and 
he Wabash Indians began their ravages, November 7th, 1811; but 
hey were defeated in a severe and bloody action with general Harri- 
on, governor of Indiana Territory, at Tippecanoe, and sued for peace. 

tThe emperor Napoleon had at this time, assembled an army in 
*o]and, of 4 to 600,000 men, in readiness to commence the Russian 
xpedition. 

\ The following summary will shew the hostile orders, acts, and 
lecrecs of the contending parties. 

British orders in council for the blockade of Europe, from the Elbe 
Brest, May 16, 1806.- -page 340. 

Emperor Napoleon's Berlin decree, to counteract this order, Novem • 
)er 6, 1807.— page 341. 

British orders in council to intercept the coasting trade of France, 
ianuary 7, 1807.--.p;ige341. 

Orders in council, declaiing the ports of all nations, from which the 
British flag is excluded, to be in a state of blockade, November 11. 
1807 .—page 341. 

Milan decree, December 17, 1807.— page 341, 

American embargo, December "22, 1807.- -page 341. 

Nonintercourse with Great Britain and France, March 1, 1809,— 

page 342. 
American nonintercourse with Great Britain, June 19, 1809.— 

uage 342. 
French Rambouillet decree, March 18, 1810.— page 342. 
American conditional commercial act. May 1, 1810.— page 342. 
President's proclamation, November 2. 1810. — page 343. 
American embargo, April 4, 1812.— page 343. 
Beelaration of war against Great Britain, June 18, 1812.— page 3l4; 



UNITED STATES. 345 

men, into the British dominions, and issued his proclamation, 
with full expectations, that the people would make a com- 
mon cause with the United States ; rally round his standard, 
and engage in the conquest of Lower Canada ; but to his 
great disappointment and mortitication, he was met by gen- 
eral Brock, at the head of a superior British army, and 
constrained to make a hasty retreat back to Detroit, August 
8th, 1812. 

General Brock pursued general Hull to the walls of De- 
troit, after having g lined a signal victory at the river Kaisin ; 
and others at Brown's Town, and at Maguaga, August 0. 

On the I5th. general Brock summoned the fortress of De- 
troit, in due form, and on the ICth, it was surrendered, to- 
gether with the adjacent country, without further resistance, 
and the garrison marched out prisoners of war. 

The surrendrv of this fortress, in this dastardly manner, 
caused great excitement throughout the nation, w hich called 
for satisfaction. General Hull was accused of treachery and 
cowardice, and tried by a court martial, and condemned to be 
shot. The sentence was approved by the president ; but the 
punishment was remitted, in consideration of his advanced 
age, and former services. General Hull was at the same time, 
sentenced by the president, with a total disability for all fur- 
ther public service. 

During these movements on the land, the naval force of the 
United States, prepared to retrieve the honor of their coun- 
try, by their gallant exploits on the water. 

On the 1 7th of July, oflf Egi-H u4)or,the Constitution, capt. 
Hull, was chased by a British squadron, consistingof the shipof 
the line Africa, and frigates Shannon, Guerriere, Belvidera, and 
^olus. The chase continued under light breezes, for three 
days ; but the Constitution made her escape, by her superior 
nautical skill, and by the^novel expedient of kedging, in times of 
calm, and returned to port. 

Commodore Rodgers put to sea from New-York, in the 
President, with a small squadron, consisting of the President, 
United States, Congress, Hornet, anrl Argus, early in June, to 
intercept the homeward bound West-India lieet. Commo- 
dore Rodgers fell in with, and attempted to engage, the Brit- 
ish frigate Belvidera ; but had the misfortune to receive a se- 
vere wound, and lose at the same time, nineteen men iit the 
chase, killed and wounded, by the bursting of one of his. guns. 

Commodore Rodgers next crossed over to the European 



46 HISTORY OF THE 

oast, where he cruised with success, three months, and then 
eturned to Boston. 

Cjiptain Porter, in the Essex, and captain Hull, in the Con- 
titution, put to sea in July. On the 19th of August, the 
Constitution fell in with his Brittanic majesty's frigate, the 
jurriere, captain D;icrcs ; an action commenced with des- 
terate valor, and in fifteen minutes, the Gurriere struck her 
olors, a complete wreck ; with the loss of fifteen killed and 
ixty wounded ; ca|)tain Dacres was among the latter. The 
Constitution had seven killed and seven wounded. Captain 
lull burnt the prize at sea. 

Captain Porter pursued his course, and cutout a brig from 

convoy, on the coas^ of Brazil, and took out of her 14,000 

loilars in cash, and 160 soldiers. He next fell in with, and 

aptured the sloop of war Al-rt, in eight minutes, and then 

cntinued his cruise, August 17th. 

Commodore Rodgers put to sea again, in October, with his 
ittle squadron ; fell in with, and captured, the British packet 
iwallow, with 200, OCO dollars in specie, on board. The 
quadron returned to Boston, after a successful cruise. 

On the 18th of October, captain Jones, in the United States 
loop of war Wasp, of 16 guns, fell in with, and captured, his 
>rittaiiic majesty's sloop of war Frolic, of 18 guns, captain 
Vinyates, after a sharp and desperate action of forty-three 
linutes. The Frolic lost thirty killed and fifty wounded ; the 
Vasp five killed and five wounded. 

His Brittanic majesty's ship of war Poicters, of 74 guns, 
L^ll in with, and captured the Wasp and her prize, soon after 
he action. 

Commodore Decatur, in the frigate United States, of 44 
uns, on the 25th of October, off tbe Western Isles, fell in 
flth and captured, the British frigate Macedonian, of 49 guns, 
nd 300 men, J. S. Cardan commander, at\er an action of one 
our and thirty minutes. The Macedonian lost thirty-six 
ilied and sixty-eight wounded. The United States, five kill- 
d and seven wounded. 

In October, commodore Baiobrige, in the frigate Constitu- 
on, and captain Lawrence, in the sloop of war Hornet, sailed 
:-om New-York, to join captain Porter, in the Essex, which 
ailed at the same time from Delaware bay, in order to form 

cruising squadron, against the British whale fisheries in the 
outh seas, or western ocean ; but the junction failed, and 
p.ptain Porter proceeded alone on his cruise. 

On the 29th of December, the United States fritrnfo n 



UNITED STATES. 347 

stitution, 44 guns, commodore Bainbridge, fell in with, and 
captured, his Brittanic majesty's frigate Java, of 44 guns, cap- 
tain Lambert, off the coast of Biazil, after an action of fifty 
minutes. The Java lost 69 killed and 101 wounded. The 
Constitution 9 killed and twenty-five wounded. 

Such was ihe crippled state of the Java, that it was impos- 
sible to take her into port, and she was accordingly disman- 
tled and blown up at sea. the next day. The constitution 
then stood in for St. Salvador, anc off that port fell in with the 
Hornet, then blockading the Britsh frigate Bonne Citoyenne. 
After discharging his prisoners in that port, commodore Bain- 
bridge received the public thanks of the governor, with an 
elegant sword, in testimony of the high sense he entertained of 
his valor, humanity anti benevolence ; he then set sail for the 
United States, leaving the Bonne Citoyenne closely blockad- 
ed by the Hornet. 

The Hornet challenged the Bonne Citoyenne to naval com- 
bat, but she declined, and lay secure, until released by the 
British ship of war Montague, January 4th, 1813. 

These signal victories, in such rapid succession, were achiev- 
ed with a chivalrous valor, that bordered on desperation, and 
displayed such nautical skill, and naval tactics, as never had 
been excelled in the annals of naval war. The nation felt 
the honor of their flag, and exulted in these naval triumphs. 
Manyof the large cities greeted these naval heroes, when they 
returned to port, with distinguished attention and applause, by 
their public entertainments, and theatrical exhibitions; and by 
presenting them with honorary swords, rich services of plate, 
&;c. ; congress bestowed on them honorable pecuniary re- 
wards, in consideration for such prizes as were lost, or de- 
stroyed at sea, and the executive rewarded their valor by ap- 
propriate promotions. 

These feats of valor were not confined to the armed ships 
cf the nation, but extended to the private armed vessels, and 
privateers. 

On the 3d of August, the privateer Atlass, captain Moffat. 
fell in with two British armed vessels, and captured both, af- 
ter a severe action ; destroyed one at sea, and brought the 
other into port. 

The Dolphin, from Salem, captain Endicot, was also very 
successful in her cruises, and captured fifteen sail of British 
merchantmen, early in the war. The Dolphin was not only 
noted for daring intrepidity and valor, but for the particular 



348 HISTORY OF THE 

■» 
humanity, and noble generosity displayed towards the captar- 
ed. These lo^jses appeared to be particularly distressing to 
individuals on board their prizes ; both olJicers and seamen, 
with an unprecedented un mimity, and cheerfulness, held their 
property sacred, and when they arrived in port, restored it to 
its former owners. 

Commodore Barney, who had been a distinguished naval 
officer in the war of the revolution, put to sea, from Baltimore, 
in the armed vessel Rossie, and made several caj)ture!r from 
the enemy, of rich and valuable merchantmen. When con- 
f^ress mat in November, the public prints had announced the 
capture of three of the finest frigates in the British navy, and 
about 250 other vessels, of all descriptions, with more than 
3000 prisoners. More than fifty of these vessels, were armed, 
and their whole number of guns was about 275. Before the 
first of January 1813, the frigate Java, 44 guns, was added to 
the list. The loises on the part of the Americans at this time, 
was comparatively small. 

These triumphs upon the ocean gave a spirit of high exul- 
tation to congress and the nation ; but the ■ nemy telt them- 
selves wounded in the tenderest point, their honor, when they 
saw and felt the naval superiority of the flag of the United 
States, over the banner of the once mistress of the ocean. 

Great Britain could boast, that she had not lost a frigate, in 
equal combat, for more than thirty vears before. 

Formidable preparations were now in forwardness, against 
Canada. One army was as>e>mbled under the command of 
general Harrison, governor of Indiana, called the north-west- 
ern arraj. Another under the command of general Stephen 
Van Rensselaer, at Lewistown. called the army of the centre ; 
and another under the command of general Dearborn, at Platts- 
burg, called the army oC the north. 

In the course of the general operations against Canada, this 
autumn, the Americans surprised and took two valuable fur 
ships, upon lake Erie, and brought off one, valued at 100,000 
dollars. This successful enterprise, kindled tVesh ardor 
in the American troops, and they pressed general Van Rens- 
selear to lead them against the enemy. The general grati- 
fied their wishes, and on the 12th of October, detached 
about 1000 men, under the command of colonel Solomon 
Van Rensselaer, who crossed over the river Niagara, and ef- 
fected a limding upon the Canada shore, at Q,ueensto:vn. Co- 
lonel Van Rensselaer was severely wounded upon his first 



UNITED STATES. ' 349 

landing, but kept the field at the head of his brave troops, 
where he was soon joined by colonel Scott, with his artillery, 
and the British retired before the victors. The troops at 
Buffalo and Levvistown, were put in motion at the same time, 
to be in readiness to cro-s over and support the action. 

Colonel Van Ilenssahie'r was now reinforced, with regulars 
and militia, and general Brock advanced to the combat, with a 
strong reinforcement of regulars and Indians, and the battle 
became fierce and bloody ; but the British recoiled. Stung 
with chagrin and mortification, general Brock rallied his troops 
to the charge ; but he fell, mortally wounded, in the heat of 
the action, and his troops again recoiled. 

General Van Rensselaer, at this critical moment, crossed 
over to secure the victory ; but the enemy were again rein- 
forced, and returned to the charge, and were again repulsed. 

At this eventful moment, when the American troops were 
exhausted with the fatigues of the day, and anxiously expect- 
ing the volunteers to croas over, and secure the victory they 
had gained, general Van RenS'^elaer, impatient of their delay, 
crossed over in person, to lead on the reserve ; but to his in- 
expressible disappointment and mortification, they refused to 
follow, upon constitutional grounds. 

During this parley, the British w«re again reinforced, and 
again rallied to the combat, to revenge the death of their brave 
general Brock, and to wipe oflf the disgrace of the day. The 
conflict was renewed, and raged, with such violence, that the 
Americans were overpowered ; about sixty were killed, 100 
wounded, and loOO taken prisoners. Had the volunteers fol- 
lowed their general, the victory of the day would, most prob- 
ably, have been complete, and the whole aspect of the cam- 
paign changed. 

General Van Rensselaer soon after, retired from the com- 
mand, and was succeeded by general Smyth. 

General Smyth reconnoitered the position of the enemy;, 
and made great preparations to cross over, and renew the 
combat, on the shores of Canada. He accordingly issued a 
proclamation, calling for volunteers to join in the enterprise, 
and actually assembled his troops upon a given day, (Novem- 
ber 28th) to embark upon the expedition against the enemy. 
The van of the army crossed over, and findmg the enemy 
ready to receive them, they retired from the fire of their 
batteries, and returned ; leaving a detachment of about thir- 
ty men, who had effected a landing, to fall into their hands. 

30 



350 ^ HISTORY OF THE 



Such was the resentment of the officers and troops gener 
ally, at this dastardly failure, that general Smyth was constrain- 
ed to renew the attempt ; and general Porter, of the Netv- 
York volunteers, took the command of the van — December 
4th. The troops were generally embarked and read}' for the 
onset; but general Smyth, at this interesting moment, when 
all hearts were alive to the object before them, abandoned the 
enterprise for the season, and the troops retired into winter 
quarters. 

Such was the mortification and resentment of the army, that 
general Smyth thought it necessary to challenge general Por- 
ter, to vindicate his courage, and then to withdraw from the 
command. 

Previous to these operations on the northern frontier, the 
Indians committed such depredations and murders, on the 
north-western frontiers, as deeply wounded the pride, and 
excited the resentment of the stiites of Kentucky and Ohio. 
They roused to the contest, as volunteers, and rallied round 
the standard of general Harrison, in such numbers, that he 
was constrained to dismiss several whole regiments, as super- 
numeraries. 

General Harrison, in September, sent several detachments 
of those volunteers, into the Indian country, to relieve such 
posts as were in immediate danger, from savage war, and des- 
perate attacks ; particularly fort Harrison, upon the Wabash., 
which captain Taylor was then defending with desperate val- 
or. 

In those expeditions, generals Hopkins and Tupper, with 
colonels Campbell and Russell, distinguished themselves, in 
giving relief and security to the forts and frontier, generally. 

Soon after these movements, general Winchester detached 
a strong party, from fort Winchester, under the command of 
colonel Lewis, to give assistance to the village of Frenchtown., 
upon the river Raisin. Col. Lewis, with his 500 Kentucky 
volunteers and regulars, reached the Raisin, on the 18th of 
January, 1813 ; and by a bold and decisive movement, attack- 
ed, routed and dispersed the enemy. 

General Harrison, having arrived at fort Winchester, at this 
time, sent forward general Winchester, at the head of 200 
men, to support his detachment, and take the command. He 
arrived safe, and encamped for the night, contiguous to the for- 
tified camp of colonel Lewis ; but the enemy collected his 
forces, and supported by a strong reinforcement, on the night 



UxNITED STATES. 351 

of the 22d, commenced a desperate attack upon the camp of 
general Winchester, killed and took the whole party, together 
with the general and colonel Lewis. This opened the way 
for an attack upon the fortified camp ; but a tirm resistance, 
and desperate conflict ensued, until about 11 o'clock, then a 
parley commenced. The enemy proifered an honorable ca- 
pitulation, if the party would surrender prisoners of war ; but 
threatened savage vengeance if they refused. His arts pre- 
vailed ; the whole detachment laid down their arms, and sub- 
mitted as prisoners of war. 

General Pi^octor violated his engagements, and gave up the 
prisoners to indiscriminate massacre, as well as cruel savage 
torture ; and the wounded, the . next day, to the number of 
sixty, were all consumed in the general conflagration of the 
village. 

To attempt to paint the horrors of this scene, would ex- 
ceed the powers of my pen ; language would fail ; humanity 
stand appalled, and even Brittania herself would blush at the 
deed. 

General Harrison, upon the first intelligence of this defeat, 
constructed hastily, a stockade, upon the Miami of the lake, 
for the protection of his troops, which he called fort Meigs. t 
General Praetor fri'ilowp.d up lii^ victory ; advanced to 
meet general Harrison, and invested him in fort Meigs. He 
commeficed his attacks upon this fort, with great tury, which 
continued for several days, until general Clay and colonel Dud- 
ley advanced for the relief of the fort, and put the enemy to 
flight. Colonel Dudley, in his unguarded pursuit of the ene- 
my, fell into an ambush, and suffered severely, in the loss of 
his whole party. 

General Clay, in co-operation with the garrison, succeeded 
in raising the siege, and dispersing the enemy ; and thus fort 
Meigs was relieved^ after a siege of thirteen days. 

These gloomy and distressing scenes of the forest, served 
as so many shades to the brilliant scenes on the ocean, where 
the American fl.ig continued to wave victorious. 

On the 24th of February, 1813, captain Lawrence, in the 
Hornet, of sixteen guns, fell in with, andcaptured his Brittan- 
ic majesty's brig Peacock, of eighteen guns, after an action of 
fifteen minutes. The Peacock went down, at the close of the 
action, with her brave captain Peake, and the rest of her kil- 

t In honor of the then governor of the state of Ohio. 






332 HISTORY OF THE 

led ; but the thirty-three wounded, were all saved. The 
Hornet had one killed, four wounded, and lost three sunk in 
the prize. 

In April, captain Lawrence returned to port, and was pro- 
moted to the command of the Chesapeake, then lying at Bos- 
ton, and ready for sea. 

The British frigate Shannon, (captain Broke) with the Te- 
nedos in company, appeared off the harbor of Boston, and in- 
vited the Chesapeake to the contest. Ciiptain Lawrence ac- 
cepted the invitation, promptly, and put to sea — June 1st. 
The Shannon manoeuvred for the combat, and the ships were 
soon in action, and along side. A short, but desperate con- 
flict ensued ; captain Lawrence was wounded early in the ac- 
tion ; but kept his station, until the fatal b.dl pierced his body, 
and he was carried below. He then exclaimed, " Don't give 
up the ship.^^ 

Captain Broke seized the favorable moment ; boarded the 
Chesapeake and carried her, after all her officers were either 
kiiied or wcuKded ; and seventy of her crew were killed and 
eighty wounded. The Shannon had twenty-three killed, and 
fifty-six wounded. 

The Shannon sailed for Halifax, with her prize, where cap- 
tain Lawrence and lieutenant Ludlow, were honorablv intp*-- 

rea, wiiu luts itvuxjiv HI war. » 

About the same time, the United Slates brig Argus^captain 
Allen, sailed for France, with the American minister, Mr. 
Crawford, and from thence on a, cruise in the British channel, 
where her successes led the British government to despatch 
several frigates to check her career. The Argus fell in with 
one of those frigates, the Pelican, and after a sharp action of 
forty-seven minutes, was ciiptured and caiTied into port. — 
Captain Allen fell, mortally wounded, at the first broadside ; 
his lieutenant, soon after, and his wheel being shot away, the 
brig became a wreck ; yet she maintained a brave aud obstin- 
ate conflict, until all resistance became ineffectual, then sur- 
rendered — August 14th, 1813. The loss upon both sides, 
was nearly equal. 

In the month of August, the skirmishing commenced upon 
lake Ontario, with various success. The Creek and Choctaw 
Indians, began their successful ravages. The British fleet, 

t The remains of captain Lawrence were afterwards removed to 
New- York, and interred with great solemnity. 



UNITED STATES. 353 

under the command of sir J. B. Warren, blockaded the ports 
south of the Chesapeake bay. 

On the 5th of September, the United States brig Enter- 
prise, of sixteen ^ims, captain Burrows, fell in with, and cap- 
tured his Briltanic majesty's brig Boxer, ol eighteen guns, cap- 
tain Blythe,. after an action of forty-five minutes. The En- 
terprise lost nine, the Boxer forty-five ; both captains fell in 
the action. 

On the 26th, commodore Rodgers arrived in port, after a 
long cruise. He explored the Atlantic, circumnavigated the 
British isles, made eleven captures in his cruise, and on his 
return, captured the Highflyer, one of the tenders of sir J. 
B. Warren's fleet, off" the American coast. , 

On the morning of April 29ih. 1814, the United States sloop 
of war Peacock, fell in with his Brittanic majesty's brigFlper- 
vier, of eighteen guns, and 128 men, captain Wales, and cap- 
tured her, after an action of forty-five minutes, and took from 
her 120,000 dollars, 'i'he Ep( rvicr lost in the action, eight 
killed, and fifteen wounded. Tiie Peacock had none killed, 
and only two wounded. 

When the Epervier strdck, she had five feet water in her 
hold, forty-five shot in her hulj, and her spars and rigging ve- 
ry much wounded, and shot away ; but the damages of the 
Peacock were rep;iired, and s'le was ready for action again, 
in fifteen minutes. 

On the 28th of June, 1814, the United States sloop of war 
Wasp, of sixteen guns, captain Jones, tell in with, and captur- 
ed his Brittanic majesty's sloop of war Reindeer, of eighteen 
guns, and a shifting twelve pound cannonade, and 118 men, 
commanded by William Manners esq. after an action of nine- 
teen minutes. The Wasp lost five killed, and twenty-one 
wounded. The Reindeer lost her captain, and twenty four 
other officers and seamen ; and was so crippled in her hull, 
spars and rigging, as i.o be unmanagable, and was burnt at sea. 

On the 30th and 31st of August, 1814, the Wasp fell in with 
his Brittanic majesty's brigs Lettice, Henry Cockburn, mas- 
ter, and Bon Accord, Adam Duro, master, and after short ac- 
tions captured both. The Wasp on the next day, succeeded 
in cutting out of the convoy, the British Brig mary, John D. 
Allen, master, laden with brass and iron ordnance, and mili- 
tary stores ; and after removing the prisoners, burnt her at 
.sea. 

On or about the 1st of September, 1814, the Wasp fell in 

30* 



^^^ HISTORY OF THjE 

with his Brittanic majesty's sloop of war Avon, supposed eigh- 
teen guns, captain Arbuthnot, and after a desperate action of 
nearly two hours, the Avon struck her colors, a complete 
wreck, and soon alter went down. Her crew were saved by 
the British brig Castilian, which was also in company with 
the Avon. 

These captures were the result of desperate conflicts. Ma- 
ny of these prizes were stripped of every spar ; and several 
so cut to pieces as to become unmanageable, and were burnt 
at sea. Others sunJi in the action, or immediately after. 

In December, Mr. Madison was re-elected president, and 
Mr. Gerry was elected vice-president, in the place of George 
Cimton, deceased. 



CHAPTER VI. 

BRITISH WAR CGNTIiXUED — GENERAL OPERATIOXS UPON THI 
SEA-BOARD ACAIXST CANADA, LOUISIANA, &C. PEACE. 

E;ir]y in the spring of 1813, a British squadron entered the 
r^.M iware bay, under the command of admiral Beresfard, and 
•A^onmenced their operations on the American sea-boartl, and 
L'uislown goffered severely. Admir.d Cockburn, at the same 
tr^e, with his squadron, entered the Chesapeake, where h;.- 
committi «1 the mo?t cruel ravages ; Frenchtown, Havre-de- 
Grace, Frederickslown, Georgetown and Norfolk, all felt the 
ruthless hand of the marauders, and several of those places 
were wholly destroyed. 

Admiral Warren made an unsuccessful attack upon Craney 
Island — June 24, (near Norfolk.) The next day the enemy 
made a descent upon Hampton, and gave it up to indiscrimin- 
ate plunder, licsnliousncss, and brutality ; such brutality as 
was never alleged against a savage, and such as would make a 
savage blush. , ^ 

During these operations, three American frigates, which 
had been blockaded in the port of N. York, made their escape 
through the sound, and were chased into the port of New- 
London, where they were blockaded. through the remaindoi' 
of the war. 

The enemy attempted to bombard Stonington. about thi- 



I 



UNITED STATES. Si 



oo 



time ; but the borough was so valiantly defended, that it suf- 
fered very little damage. 

General Dearborn, who had succeeded general Smyth, in 
the command ot the noithern army, commenced his operations 
early in the spring of 1813, to cai'ry ih(» war into Canada. He 
detached general Pike with '2000 men, to make a descent up- 
on York, and seize on the naval and military stores, as well as 
the vessels on the stocks. 

General Pike embarked his troops on the 25th of April, 
croi-sed over the lake, and executed his commission promptly. 
The enemy were driven from their redoubts, and gen. Pikr; 
had halted his troops to give them a moment's repose, when 
he was astonished bv the explosion of a terrible magazine. 
which overvvhelmed his troops- with a shower of stones, tim- 
ber, &c. that killed and wounded more than 200 men. The 
indignation of the soldiers soon recovered them from their 
surprise, and rallied them jigain to the charge. Their brave 
general animated theircourage, as he lay expiring under a se- 
vere contusion from tbe awful explosion, with this solemn 
charge : *.' Revenge the death oj- your general " 

Colonel Pease led on the troops to the conquest of York, 
without further oppositi<^n, and tbe town surrendered by ca- 
pitulation. 

The enemy lost about 750 -men in killed, wounded, ^gd. 
prisoners, ;\m\ the American loss in killed andwounded;^^®^ 
not exceed 300. 

It is recorded of York, " that a Jiu/nan skull was found iyi the 
hall of the assembly, placed over the mace oj the sptaker.^^ 

Gener.d Dearborn secured the stores, prisoners,, &:c. and 
abandoned the place. 

On the 22d of May. the general embarked his army and 
proceeded against the British forts on tbe Niagara, under cov 
cr ofeom.modore Chauncey's fleet. General Lewis led on 
the troops to victory and conquest, during the illness of gen- 
eral Dearborn. The British forts, and more than 500 Cana- 
da militia, sui rendered prisoners of war. The Americans 
lost 39 killed and 111 wounded. The next day the British 
blew up fort Erie, and all remaining fortifications, and return- 
ed to the head of Burlington bay. 

On the 1st of June, generals Chandler and ^Vinder were 
detached with a force of 2o00 men, to destroy the Britisn 
force. They advanced to Stony Creek, to prepare for the 
attack ; but the enemy anticipated their views ; commenced 



35a HISI^ORY OF THE 

a furious attack upon their camp, in dead of night, and after a 
severe conflict, carried their two generals into captivity. 

The Americans lost in this action, 16 killed, 38 wounded, 
and lOu missing, including their two generals. 

The British loss in killed and wounded could never be cor- 
rectly ascertained, but was supposed to be much greater, as 
the Americans took 100 prisoners. 

in this action, the Americans were comj)letely surprised ; 
the British rushed to close combat, at the point of the bayo- 
net, and the parties were commixed, in desperate conflict, 
undercover of thick darkness. The two generals, with un- 
daunted bravery, in attempting to rally and form their troops, 
were surprised and taken bv the enemy. 

Both parties withdrew from the field, and both claimed the 
victory. 

Pending these operations, and during the absence of com- 
modore Chauncey, commodore Yeo appeared with his fleet, 
before Sacket's Harbor, and landed about 1200 men, under 
the command of sir George Prevost. The place was in a de- 
fenceless situttion, and would have fallen an easy conquest ; 
but general Brown rallied the neighboring militia, and fell up- 
on the enemy with such fury as j)'at him to flight, and com- 
pelled him to abandon the enterprise, aiid retire to Ganadu. 
Such was the panic excited by this invasion, that the Ameri- 
cans destroyed by fire, a great quantity of public stores, that 
were not exposed to the depredations of the enemy. 

The Six Nations now joined the Americans in the war. 

General Lewis, who had succeeded to the commmd, upon 
the resignation of general Dearborn, detached colonel Boerst- 
ler with 500 men, to dislodge the British at La Louvre House ; 
(so called) but unfortunately, he fell into an Indian ambus- 
cade, and was taken with all his p;irty. 

General Boyd and colonel INIiiler, about this time, surprised 
and took fort George, at^ter a sharp and severe conflict. 

General Proctor, at the head of a strong party of regulars, 
Canadians and Indians, attempted to surprise fort Meigs, on 
the Miami, and Stephenson, on the Sandusky ; both of which 
failed ; but at the latter, the enemy met with signal defeat and 
disgrace. 

The general movements for the reduction of Canada, were 
now completed ; the fleets on lakes Erie and Ontario, were 
about equal, and ready for action. The American forces un- 



UNITED STATES. 0^57 

(ler general Harrison, moved towards Detroit. An action 
commenced at the same time, on lake Erie, between the 
_ American fleet, under the command of commodore Perry, 
and the British fleet, under the command of commodore Bar- 
clay, September 10, 1813. 

The tieets were nearly equal. f Commodore Barclay, an 
old, experienced officer, in the school of Nelson, had seen 
much service. Commodore Perry was a young officer, aad 
without experience. 

The conflict commenced on the part of the enemy, about 
noon ; the action soon became gener.d and desperate. Com- 
modore Perry's ship, (Lawrence) beinj; dis diicd, he chang- 
' ed his flagon board the Niagara, in an open boat, in liie heat 
of the action, and at once bore down upon tlie enemy ; brake 
through their hne, and the fleets were closely engaged. The 
action was short and terrible. The whole British squadron 
surrendered to commodore Perry. 

The commodore announced this victory to general Harri- 
son, in the following stvle : 

"■ Dear general — We have met the enemy, and tliey iuZ 
ours. Two ships, two brigs, and one si lop. 

Yours with resnect and esteem., 

O. H. Perry. 

September, 10th, 1813." 

The British immediately evacuated Detroit ; general Har- 
rison advanced, took possession, and pursued into Canada, 
September 28th. The illustrious Ferry joined him, and be- 
came his companion in arms. 
' On the 5th of October, gener.d Harrison gained a complete 
victory over general Proctor, and captured and destroyed his 
whole arm}'. 

Commodore Chauncey, at the same time, took and destroy- 
ed seven sail of the British squadron on lake Ontario. | 

On the 4th of November, overtures for peace arrived from 
England, and at the same time, general Wilkinson took the 

+ The British force consisted of five vessels and 63 guns. The A- 
merican force of nine vessels and 54 guns. 

ij: Such had been the naval competirion on lake Ontario, that sever- 
al ships were constructed by both parties, of from -20 to GO guns, at 
Sacket's Harbor and Kingston ; and at the close of the war, the Brit- 
ish had one ship on the stocks, of about 100 guns, at Kingston, and 
the Americans had two ships of the largest elass, on the stocks, at 
Sacket's Harbor. All which were nearly ready for sea. 



358 HISTORY OF THE 

^.omnl;ln(l of the northern armj ; moved his whole force (a 
Sacket's Harbor, and from thence down the St. Lawrence, to 
Ogdensburg, where he appointed an interview with general 
Hampton, at St. Regis, which failed. 

Daring these movements, general McClure evacuated fort 
George ; set (ire to the village of Newark, and retired out of 
Canada. 

General Harrison bad followed up his victory, and pro- 
ceeded down to join general Wilkinson ; but his movements 
were so hasty, that he left the whole Niagara frontier uncov- 
ered. The enemy availed himself of this ; crossed over, and 
burnt the village of Buff do, with several others, to revenge 
the destruction of Newark ; took fort Niagara, and put the 
garrison to the sword. 

These movements closed the campaign of the north, and 
brth armies went into winter quarters. 

At this time, general Jackson took revenge on the Creek 
Indians, for their predatory ravages ; and in the ensuing 
spring, they ;vere completely humbled. 

The United States frigate Essex, captain Porter, which had 
sailed early in the war, cruised with great success, in the 
Pacific ocean, oif the coast of Peru and Chili, and captured 
and destroyed the British whale ships in those sea?. Captahl 
Porter, at the close of his cruise, repaired to the ba}"" of Val- 
paraizo, to obtain supplies, where he was overtaken and block- 
aded by a superior British force, the Phoebe and Cherub, and 
was captured, after an action of two hours and thirty minutes,. 
Blarch 28th, 1814. 

Messrs. Gallatin and Bayard had been appointed commis- 
sioners, and sent out to Petersburg, (Russia) in April, to meet 
such commissioners as the British court might send, and in un- 
ion with Mr. Adams, then minister resident of the U. States, 
at Petersburg, enter upon negociations for peace, under the 
mediation of the emperor Alexander, as has been noticed. 

Great Brttain declined this overture ; but appointed lord 
Gambier, Henry Golbourn and William Adams, to meet the 
American commissioners at Gottenburg. 

The president of the United States appointed J. Russell 
and H. Clay, to unite with the American commissioners nam- 
ed in April, and the city of Ghent was agreed upon as the 
place of negociation, January, 1814. In August, the whole 
of the above named commissioners assembled at Ghent, and 
entered upon the business of their appointment. 



UNITED STATES. - 369 

On the 3d of June, operations re-commenced upon the 
northern frontier. General Izard had now succeeded generals 
Wilkinson and Hampton, and general Brown took the com- 
mand upon the Niagara station. 

On the 3d of July, general Brown commenced operations, 
by crossing over and surprising fort Erie, which fell an easy 
conquest, and the next day he advanced to the plains of Chip- 
pewa, where he engaged the enemy, and gained a signal vic- 
tory. f This victory gave great eclat to the American arms, 
and diffused a general joy throughout the nation. 

General Brown returned to Queenstown, and from thence 
to the plams of Chippewa, to await the enemy, who was ad- 
vancing with a strong re-iniorcement, under general Drum- 
mond. 

General Brown, supported by general| Scott, met the ene- 
my at Bridegwater, commanded by generals Drummond and 
Kiall ; a desperate action commenced, and continued, with 
various successes, until midnight. The Americans carried 
the field, and the British retired. Generals Brown and Scott 
were both wounded in this action, and general Ripley led back 
the army, the next day, to fort Erie 

The loss of the British in this action, was estimated at 860 
killed and wounded ; and the loss of the Americans at about 
the same number. The whole force engaged, was 4000 on 
the part of the British, and 3000 on the part of the Ameri- 
cans. Few actions have been recorded more bloody than 
this, for its numbers engaged. 

General Drummond advanced and invested the American 
army in fort Erie ; but finding an obstinate resistance, he at- 
tempted to carry it by storm, Aug. 16th. Here the scenes 
of Chippewa and Bridgewater were renewed. The enemy 
were repulsed with great loss. 

General Brown had now recovered of his wounds and suc- 
ceeded to the command, Sept. 2d. 

General Drummond continued his operations before fort 
Erie ; strengthened his works, and pushed the siege. 

On the 17th, general Brown executed a gallant sortie, by 
performing a circuitous march, and surprised the enemy upon 
the flank of his trenches ; charged him in column, and carri- 
ed his works with a dreadful carnage. More than 800 men 

tThe Americans lost 60 killed and 248 wounded. The British 
l«st 133 killed and 320 wounded. 



360 HISTORY OF THE 

fell, on the side of the enemy, and the Americans lost 300. 
General Drummond raised the siege and retired to Chippewa. 
^ During these operations, general Izard arrived with a re- 
inforcement from Plattsburg, of 400 men, to support the gar- 
rison at Erie ; but finding the garrison relieved by the re- 
treat of the enemy, he ordered the fort to be destroyed, and 
retired into winter quarters at Buffalo. 

On the 11th of iSeptember, (soon after the departure- of 
general Izard) tha town of Plittsburg was assaulted by a land 
force, under the command of general Prevost, and a naval 
force, under the command ot commodore Downie. The town 
was defended by general McComb, in the absence of general 
Izard, and the harbor, by a squarlron, under the command of 
commodore Macdonough. The merits of this action, so glo- 
rious to the American navy, may be seen by the following of- 
ficial report of commodore Macdonough.t 

" United States ship Saratoga, off ) 
Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814. ^ 

Sir — The Almighty has been pleased to grant us a signal 
victory on lake Champlain, in the capture of one frigate, one 
brig, an<l two sloops of war. 

I have the honor to be most respectfully. 

Sir, your most obedient servant, 

T. Macdonough. 
Hon. VVm. Jones, secretary of the navy." 

General Prevost commenced a formidable attack at the 
same time, upon the town of Plattsburg ; but he was repuls- 
ed with such spirit, as to be constrained to retire, with the 
loss of a great part of his ammunition, baggage, and wounded. 
The Americans pursued, and he returned into Canada. 

This action closed the campaign in the north, and the troops 
went into winter quarters. 

In the spring of 1814, commodore Barney took thel com- 
mand of a small flotilla of gimboats, to protect the inlets and 
small rivers, that fall into the Chesapeake bay. About the 
1st of June, the enemy entered the Chesapeake bay, and re- 
newed their ravages, with greater severity than they haal 
done the last year. Sharp and' frequent rencounters took 
place, upon the water and upon the land ; but the enemy suc- 

i The British naval force consisted of 9o guns and 1050 men. Th« 
American force of H6 guns and 826 men. The loss cf the British to 
that of the Americans, was 84 to 52 killed, and 110 to 98 wounded.. 



UNITED STATES, 36 J 

ceeded in laying waste the country, and carrying off" the ne- 
groes, through the months of June and July. 

About the middle of August, the British entered the Chesa- 
peake, with a fleet of about 60 sail, including transports, under 
admiral Cockburn, and landed about 6000 men at Benedict,! 
on the Patuxent, under the command of general Ross. 

On the 22d, general Ross reached the Wood-yard, (so call- 
ed) twelve miles from Washington, where commodore Barney 
caused a large flotilla of gun-boats to be destroyed, to prevent 
their falling mto the hands of the enemy. 

On the 23d, general Ross reached Bladensburg, six miles 
from Washington, where he dispersed the militia, after a short 
resistance, and advanced to the city. Commodore Barney 
had assembled a small force in defence of the capital, with 
several eighteen pounders, and made a stand ; but he was soon 
overpowered by numbers, wounded and taken prisoner, and 
the capital fell into the hands of the enemy. The navy yard 
was destroyed. 

Here stands recorded one more display of British magnan- 
imity. By order of general Ross, the capital^ the president" s 
house, and executive offices were burnt. 

The enemy retired on the night of the 25th, by rapid 
inarches ; regained their ships and embarked. 

A detachment from this fleet visited Alexandria ; plunder- 
ed the city, and carried off a great quantity of flour, &c. 

On the 1 1th of September, a large detachment of this fleet 
appeared at the mouth of the Petapsco, twelve miles from the 
city of Baltimore. A part of this fleet moved up to the north 
point, and landed about 7000 men, under the command of 
major-general Ross. The next day, general Ross moved for- 
ward to enter the city ; a sharp action commenced, and the 
Americans were constrained to retire within their lines. 
Major-general Ross fell among the slain, and the command de- 
volved upon colonel Brook, who pushed the attack ; but the 
Americans shewed so firm a front, that he abandoned the en- 
terprise, drew ofi" his troops, and hastily retired. 

The next day, the enemy commenced a serious attack 
from his fleet, upon fort McHeory, and a terrible cannonade 
ensued, that continued into the night. Admiral Cockburft 
landed about 2000 men, with a view of surprising the city ; 
but the Americans were in force, and the British were agaia 
compelled to abandon the enterprise and retire hastily, and 

t Forty miles from the city of Washington, 

31 



362 HISTORY OF THE 

with loss, on board their fleet. The next day the whole fleet 
moved down the bay.f 

About the same time, the British threatened the seaports of 
New England ; took possession of Cnstine and Eastport, in 
Maine, and kept up a general alarm along the coast. 

The governor of Massachusetts convened a special session 
of the general court, upon the occasion ; and early in October, 
a special committee was appointed, to take into consideration 
that part of the speech of his excellency governor Strong, 
which related to national defence, &c. and report. On the 
8th, this committee made the following report, viz. " that ten 
thousand men be raised for the defence of the sea-board, that 
a number of delegates be appointed to meet such delegates in 
convention, as may be appointed by other states, to confer on 
the subject of their public grievances ; upon the best means 
of preserving their resources, and the defence against the en- 
emy ; and to devis^n and .suggest for adoption, by those res- 
pective states, such measures as they may deem expedient ; 
and also to take measures, if they think proper, for procuring 
a convention of delegates from all the United StatCvS, in order 
to revise the constitution thereof," &c. 

These resolutions were adopted, and forwarded to the sev- 
eral New-England states, for their consideration. Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, chose their delegates ac- 
cordingly ; but New Hampshire and Vermont declined. 

About the middle of December, these delegates assembled 
in convention, at Hartford, (Connecticut.) On the 4th of 
.January, 1815, they summarily thus reported ; " That the 
constitution be altered, so that taxation and representation be 
in direct proportion to the number of free persons ; that no 
new state be admitted into the Union, without the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of both houses of congress; that no em- 
bargo be laid for more than sixty days ; that commercial in- 
tercourse shall not be interdicted, nor war declared, without 
the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses of congress ; 
that no person hereafter naturalized, shall be eligible as sena- 
tor or representative ; that no president shall be twice elect- 
ed, nor a president chosen twice from the same state, in suc- 
cession," &c. 

This convention then resolved, " that another convention 
be called, to carry into effect the doings of this convention, 

+ The loss of the parties was about equal ; between two and three 
hundred each, killed, wounded and missing-. 



UNITED STATES. 363 

• &c. in case the government of the United States refuse per- 
mission to the New England States, to assume the defence of 
their territory ; holding a reasonable proportion of the pub- 
lic taxes to defray the necessary expense, until peace shall 
take place, or congress assume their just and proper defence." 
kc. 

Peace soon after took place, and the cloings of this conven- 
tion became null and void.j 

On the 13th of September, 1814, a small British squadron 
appeared before fort Bowyer, at Mobile Point, to co-operate 
with a land force of 100 marines, and 400 Indians, in reducing 
the fortress ; but such was the firmness of captain Lawrence, 
that with a garrison of 120 men, he resisted the repeated at- 
tacks of the enemy, and obliged him to retire with loss, and 
abandon the enterprise. 

On the 5th of Novemb-r, general Jackson marched to Pen- 
sacola, at the head of a force of about 3000 men, to chastise 
the English and Spaniards, who had kindled and kept alive, 
the war with the Seminole Indians. After destroying their 
forts and dispersing the British, he returned to Mobile. 

The marauders of the Chesapeake, when they abandoned 
the enterprise against B.tltimore, retired to Bermuda, where 
they prepared a formidable armament, and sailed for New- 
Orleans, with a fleet of sixty sp.il, besides transports and bar- 
ges. 

Upon the first intelligence of this movement, general Jack- 
son marched with his whole force, to the defence of this key 
of the western country. On the 2d of December, he reach- -^ 
ed New Orleans, and hastened his preparations to receive the 
eneHiy. The citizens, as well as the slaves, united with the 
troops in the arduous labors of constructing works of defence, 
and the general participated in al! their toils. 

On the 12th of December, the fleet of the enemy appeared 
in the bay 9f St. Louis, and the American flotilla retired up 
the*river to a more favorable pt.sition. On the 1 4th, the en- 
emy commenced an attack upon the flotilla, and captured the 
whole. 

General Jackson next ordered martial law to be proclaim- 
ed, and the whole militia to appear on duty. 

t Although the resolutions for amending the constitution, were sub- 
mitted to the consideration of the legislatures of the several states, 
they were almost universally rejected. 



3QA HISTORY OF THE 

The legislature made the necessary appropriations, and laid 
an embargo on all vessels then in port. 

On the 21 St, general Carrol arrived and joined general 
Jackson, with 4000 brave Tennesseeans, (partially armed) 
and the Barratarians arrived at the same time, to join in the 
general defence. 

General Jackson next ordered all the canals leading'to the 
lake, to be closed; but the enemy, about 12,000 strong, 
reached the high banks of the river, on the 28th, notwith- 
standing this precaution, where they halted to take refresh- 
ment, before they entered the city, then full in their view. 

General Jackson assembled his whole force, of about 6000 
men, and marched down to meet the enemy ; but did not 
reach them before dark. After reconnoitering their position, 
he commenced an attack, which surprised the British, and 
threw them into disorder ; but they soon rallied to the com- 
bat, and a sharp rencounter ensued. A thick fog arose, that 
rendered it necessary for general Jackson to withdraw his 
troops, and he retired about two miles up the river, and took 
his stand at his fortified position. t 

At the dawn of day, the British army (12,0C0) was in motion, 
and advanced in columns to the combat. General Jackson 
reserved his fire until the enemy approached within the reach 
of his grape, he then opened a destructive fire from his ar- 
tillery, that mowed down their ranks. These were success- 
ively closed, and the euemy continued to advanr.p.. nntj! thfiv 
came within musket shot; then the whole lines vomited forth 
one incessant sheet of flame from the deadly rifle, which 
strewed the plain with indisciininate slaughter, and threaten- 
ed the whole columns with uniyfersal ruin. The enemy 
broke and fled in confusion, except a small detachment that 

i His lines extended about 1000 yards in front, constructed with 
bales of cotton, placed along the bank of the ditch, and defended by 
twelve pieces of cannon, and 6000 men ; supported also by a battery 
of fifteen guns, on the opposite side of the river ; the ditch contained 
five feet of water. 

General Jacksen had posted his men ten deep in his lines, under the 
following erders, viz. 

1. To receive the enemy at his approach, with a discharge of grape 
shot. 

2. To reserve the fire of the musketry until special orders, and then 
for the front rank only to fire, and pass their rifles to the rear to be 
loaded, the centre and rear to pass their rifles to the front in quick suc- 
cession, and the front to keep up as quick a fire. The rear ranks onl v 
to load. 



UNITED STATES. 365 

bravely adranced to the lines ; but these all fell, to a man. 
Stung with indignation, the British officers rallied their troops, 
and advanced again to the charge. Again they were over- 
whelmed with the tire of the deadly rifle, and again they fled ; 
leaving the tield strewed vvitti the carnage of more than WOO 
wounded, dead and dymg. The general-in-chief, sir Edward 
Packenh am, together with several other generals, and an un- 
usual proportion of officers > were among the slain. About 600 
were taken prisoners ; total loss of the enemy, about 3000, 
The loss of the Americans in the action, did not exceed 20 
killed and wounded, January 8lh, 1815. 

The British who survived, retired on board their fleet ; 
descended the river, and proceeded to attack fort Bowyer, 
which they carried, after a brave resistance ; but the return 
of peace, soon restored it again to the Americans. 

On the 15th, the United states frigate President, captain 
Decatur fell m with his Brittanic majesty's squadron, Majes- 
tic, Tenedos, Eodymion, and Pomone, off Long Island. The 
President -engaged and silenced the Endymion ; but before 
captain Decatur could take possession of his prize, the three 
other frigates came up, and the President was constrained to 
strike her colors, to such a superior force. 

The President lost in the action with the Endymion, 25 
killed and b'O wounded ; and was much crippled in her hull, 
spars, and rigging. 

On the 1 1 th of February, 1815, news arrived in New York, 
that \i(ii\ce had been concluded by the commissioners at 
Ghent, on the 24tli of December. On the 17th of February, 
the treaty was ratified by the senate, and received the signature 
of the president. All parties rejoiced at the event. 

The grievances complained of by the American govern- 
ment, as causes of the war,- were not noticed in the treaty, 
but an express article provided, that the commercial differen- 
^ ces of the two nations should be settled by commissioners, to 
be specially appointed tor that purpose. In the summer of 
18J6, commissioners met accordingly, at London, and on the 
3d day of July, signed a commercial treaty, between the two 
'nations, founded upon the principles of mutual and reciprocal 
interest, and to continue for the term of four years. 
;^ Thus ended this war with Britain, and the American navy 
bore away the palm. 

In the year of 1 8 1 2, the Dey of Algiers took offence at a re- 
mittance of naval and military stores, from the goTernment of 

31* 



366 HISTORY OF THE 

the United States, in fulfilment of certain stipulations of a for- 
mer treaty ; and ordered Mr. Lear, the American consul, to 
depart, and at the same time sent out his cruisers to com- 
mence depredations upon the commerce of the United States^; 
several vessels were taken, atid their crews subjected to the 
most rigid slavery. 

As soon as the war had closed with England, congress deem- 
ed it expedient to humble that nest of pirates, and ot! the 2d 
of March, 1815, they declared war against the regency of Al- 
giers. A squadron of eleven frigates and armed vessels, was 
despatched to the Mediterranean, in two divisions, under 
commodores Bainbridge and Decatur, who sailed upon thai 
service. In four months, not only the regency of Algiers, but 
all the Barbary powers were united in treaties with the* Amer- 
ican government ; our own prisoners, and those of several 
European states, released ; expressions of submission, from 
several of those powers obtained, not hitherto contemplated, 
and such as had n^ver been extorted by any other nation. » / 
just tribute to the American flag. • 

The nation settled down and became tranquil under the 
peace, and nothingof importance occurred during the remain- 
der of president Madison's administration. 

In the winter of 1815 — 16, congress resumed the subject 
of a n«tional bank, whfnh was warmly contested for several 
weeks ; but a bill to inrorporate the bank of the United States. 
with a capital of 35, 000, 000 of dollars was passed, and receiv- 
ed the signature of the president on the 10th of April Ibllow- 
ing. ^ 

The charter of this bank is to expire on the 3d of March. 

1 836.1 

In 1816, Mr. Madison declined a re-election, and Mr. Mon- 
roe was cbcsen president, and Mr. Tompkins was chosen^v ice- 
president.! 

tTho conditions of the charter are as follows, viz : Of the stock ot 
the bank, seven millions were to be subscribed by the United Staler. 
the remaining twenty-eight by individual^. The affairs of the corpo- 
vation to be managed by twenty five directors, five of whom were to 
be chosen by the president, with the advico and consent of the senate ; 
the remainder to be eloctod by the stockholders at the banking house 
in Philadelphia. 

tin the concluding remarks of Mr. Madison's message to congress. 
he thus expressed himself. "I can indulge the proud reflection," said 
he, '^ that the American people have reached in safety and succes.s 
Hioir fortieth year, as i\n hidopendent nation ; that for nearly an entire 



UNITED STATES. 367 

The chastisement of the Seminole Indians, and the conquest 
of Pensacola, by generalJackson, in 1813, opened the way for 
a cession of the Floridas to the United States, by Spain, in 
February, 1821 . Thus a long and interesting Spanish negoti- 
ation terminated ; war with Spain, so long contemplated, was 
averted, and a suitable indemnification was made to those A- 
merican citizens, that had suffered from Spanish spoliations. 

The Floridas, the same year, were erected into a Territo- 
rial government, and general Andrew Jackson was appointed 
governor. 

Under the first term of president Monroe's administration, 
the asperity of party greatly softened down, and the nation be- 
came more united. 

• In 1821, Mr. Monroe was re-elected president, and Mr. 
Tompkine was also re-elected vice-president. The same in- 
crease of union and harmony continued to prevail in the nation, 

In December, 1824, the electorial colleges again gave in 
their suifrages for president and vice-president. Their votes 
were dividetl between Andrew Jackson. J. Q,. Adams, VVm, 
H. Crawibrd and Henry Clay, for president ; neither of them 
having a majority of votes, it devolved on the house of rep- 
resentatives to make a choice from the three highest candi- 
dates, when a majority of the states voted for lur. Adam?, 
who, with Mr. J. C. Caihonn, the vice-president, was regular- 
ly inducted into oflice, on the 4th of March, 1825. 

Nothing of great importance has yet occurred under Mr. 
Adams' administration, excepting the visit of general La Fay- 
ette to the United States, and the grant by congress, of-200,000 
dollars, and an entire township of land, to that (listinguishe<l 
hero and patriot of the revolution. 

The general affairs of the nation continue to move on pros- 



pe^-ously. 



oeneration, they have had experience of their present constitution, the^ 
ofFspring of tiieir undisturbed deliberations, and of their free choice ; 
that they have found it to bear the trials of adverse, as well of prosper- 
ous circumstances ; to contain in its combination of the federate and 
elective principles, a reconcilement of public strength, with individual 
liberty, of national power, for the defence of uational rights, with a 
security against wars of injustice, of ambition, or of vain glory, in the 
fundamental provision, which subjects all questions of war to the will 
of the nation itself, which is to pay its costs, and feel its calamities.-— 
Nor is it less a peculiar feli^ty of this constitution, so dear to us all, 
that it is found to be capably without losing its vital energies, of ex- 
panding itself over a spacious territory, with the increase and exprai- 
ision of the community for whose benefit it was established."' 



^68 HISTORY OF THE 



c 



CHAPTER Vn. 

A. HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE SOUTHERN AND WESTERN STATES, 
AS THEY BECAME TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS AND WERE 

ADMITTED INTO THE FEDERAL UNION ALSO OF THE 

PRESENT TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 

The country' formerly known by the name of the north-wes- 
tern territory, was first explored by Marquette, a Frenchman, 
from Canada, m the year 1671. He traversed the country, 
by the way of the lakes ; ascended the Fox river, Irom lake 
Michigan ; crossed over the portage to the Ouisconsin ; de- 
scended the latter and discovered the Mississippi ; descended 
that river to the mouth of the Missouri, and returned. 

La Salle, another Frenchman, explored the couotry from 
the St. Lawrence to ihe Ohio ; followed its course to the 
Mississippi, and discovered their junction — 1680. 

From this time, numerous French traders visiteii this vast 
interior, for the benefit of the fur trade ; but no settlements 
were attempted until the year 1736, when the French com- 
menced the settlement, of Vincennes, upon the Wabash. 

In 1750, the English government made a grant to a compa- 
ny in Virginia, of 600,000 acres of land upon the river Ohio, 
for the purpose of establishing the British clviims to this west- 
ern wilderness. 

To counteract these claims, the French erected fort Du- 
quesne, at the head of the Ohio. — 1763. 

In 17po, the English dispossessed the French of this fort, 
(as has been noticed under the old French war) which struck 
a fatal blow to the claims of France. 

At the peace of Paris, 1763, France relinquished to Great 
Britain, by the cession of Canada, all further claims to this 
western country. 

The hostile disposition of the savages prevented a general 
settlement of this country, until the peace of Greenville, 
which followed the famous victory of general Wayne, August 
3d, 1795. 

The times of discovery and settlement of the states and 
territories south of the Ohio, may be seen in the sketches of 
<their several histories. 

Thirty years ago, this whole southern and western region 
was literally the habitation of cruelty ; the abode of savage 
beasts and more savage men. It is now covered with 



UNITED STATES. 369 

rich and flourishing towns and villages ; filled with a numer- 
ous population of free and enlightened citizens, whose noble 
and virtuous exertions, have added nine illustrious pillars to 
the glorious republic of United America, and formed several 
territorial governments. 

This vast interior abounds with every \ariety of soil and 
climate, and furnishes in rich abundance, all the conveniences* 
and as many of the luxuries of life, as are essential to the hap- 
piness and prosperity of man. 

The vast waters of the Mississippi, through the medium of 
her numerous tributary streams, aftbrd all the facilities of in- 
ternal navigation, as well as foreign intercourse with the 
ocean, that possibly could be desired. 

The numerous steam-boats on the western waters, (wliich 
now exceed one hundred) have rendered this internal naviga- 
tion, both safe and expeditious, and given to the western far- 
mer and merchant, all the facilities oi mutual interchange of 
commodities, that the Atlantic states enjoy on their extensive 
sea-board. Added to this, the hands of these hardy and in- 
dustrious sons of labor, have cleared the forests, levelled hills 
and vallies, and opened numerous roads, that intersect each 
other in all necessary directions, to promote mutual and re- 
ciprocal intercourse, throughout this vast region. 

The federal government, ever mindful of the best interestf^ 
of this section of United America, has provided as a permanent 

iuJTvi iui niC euui^ctuon oi uie ioing generanon, 45,bU(J acres 
of land for each new state, or two entire townships, to be ap- 
plied to the purpose of endowing seminaries of learning. — 
Also 640 acres for the benefit of each town, as a permanent 
fund for the support of schools. 

For the purpose of giving a more particular history of the 
western states, we have taken them separately, in the order 
of their formation and admission into the Union, which is as 
follows : 

KENTUCKY. 

The Six Nations from the north claimed the district of 
country, now known by the name of Kentucky, as a part of 
their hunting grounds, and often extended their excursions 
over this range. The Cherokees from the south had the same 
claims, and ranged over this region in their hunting excursions. 
Collisions often took place between the parties, and bloody 
wars ensued, which gave to the country an Indian name, sig- 
nifying the the bloody grounds. 



370 HISTORY OF THE 

Virginia purchased the claims of the Six Nations, at the trea- 
ty of Lancaster and Stanwix, in 1768. Colonel R. Hender- 
son purchased the claims of. the Cherokees, in 1775; but 
these treaties and purchases did not secure the first settlers, 
against the harassing excursions of the Indians. 

In 1773, colonel Daniel Boon explored this country, and 
commenced a settlement. In 1775, he moved with his family* 
and several others, into Kentucky. In 1777, Virginia erect- 
ed it into a county. In 1778, the settlers joined colonel Clark, 
who was sent out from Virginia against the French and Indi- 
an settlements of upper Mississippi, and overrun and took the 
whole, from the Ohio to the Illinois. On his return he disr 
possessed the French of their fort and settlement at Vincen- 
nes, and brought into submission the adjacent tribes. Colonel 
Clark returned to Kentucky and rallied the settlers against 
the Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo tribes, upon the Miami 
and Scioto rivers, laid waste their settlements, and dispersed 
the Indians ; all of which kindled a savage war, that continued 
to rage, with very little intermission, down to the peace of 
Greenville, in 1795, about seventeen years. Durmgthis pe- 
riod, the settlements of Kentucky, and upon the Ohio, gen- 
erally, were often very much diiitressed. In 1782, V'^irginia 
erected this county into a district, with a regular judiciary, 
open to appeals to the superior courts in Virginia. In 1785, 
Kentucky became an independent state ; and in February, 
1792, was admitted into the^Uiilon. 

Kentucky entered with spirit into the late war with England, 
and although her terrritory was not invaded, yet she suffered 
severely, by the loss of many of her brave sons in the Indian 
war. 

TENNESSEE. 

f Tennessee was formerly visited by that people who con- 
structed the ancient fortifications of this state, as well as those 
mentioned in the several other states, and who also left a mon- 
umental record of those engravings upon the rocks of the en- 
chanted mountains, and numerous others, which are found in 
other states. It is most probable that this people were a part 
of the Mexican colony, who attempted to settle the western 
country, but were overpowered by the natives and lost. 

Tennessee was claimed by North Carolina, and by her ce- 
ded to the United States, in 1789. It was erected by con- 
gress into a territorial government in 1790 ; and admitted into 



UNITED STATES. 371 

the union in 1796. The rise and progress of Tennessee have 
been remarkably prosperous ; almost without a parallel. — 
She furnished a full share of those heroes, that fought under 
general Jackson, and with their rifles repelled the attack of 
the British upon New Orleans, January, 18i5. The Ten- 
nesseeans are a brave, hardy, and industrious people. Al- 
though the first settlers were mostly Scots, Irish and Ger- 
mans, from Virginia and Pennsylvania, with a few English, 
their national character is fast assimilating and blending. 

OHIO. 

This section of the Union was formerly claimed by Vir- 
ginia and Connecticut, by virtue of their original patents, which 
embraced all glands west, within their parallels of latitude, to 
the Pacific ocean. In 1789, these states ceded their claims to 
congress, reserving to Virginia her military bounty lands, sit- 
uated between the Little Miami and the Scioto ; and reserv- 
ing to Connecticut 3,000,000 of acres on the north-east sec- 
tion of the state of Ohio. About the same time, the Ohio 
company commenced the settlement of Marietta, under Rufus 
Putnam, esq. ; and John Cieves Syms commenced his settle- 
iment at the mouth of the Great Miami ; and soon. after, fort 
Washington was built upon the Scioto ; and the settlement of 
Cincinnati was begun near the mouth of Little Miami. The 
Indian wars that scton after commenced, checked the progress 
of these settlements, until the treaty of Greenville, in 1795. 
Since that time the settlenrcnts of this north-western territo- 
ry have been prosperous without a parallel. 

olio was erected into a state and admitted into the Union, 
1802. In 1818, Ohio purchased of the Indians, a tract of 
land, on the north-west co^rner of the state, amounting to 
4,000,000 (M acres ; the land is considered of a quality equal 
to any in the state, both for cultivation and commerce. 

LOUISIANA. 

About the middle of the 17th century, De la Salle traversed 
the Mississippi river, and explored the country, and called it 
Louisiana. This name embraced the country upon both sides 
of the river, and France continued to claim it down to the 
peace of 1763, when she relinquished all her claims to Louis- 
iana, on the east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, to 
* Great Britain ; and on the west, to Spain. Great-Britain 



372 HISTORY OF THE 

ceded her claims to the United States, by the treaty of Paris. 
1783. 

Spain held possession of western Louisiana and New-Or- 
leans, till she ceded it to France, by the treaty of Iklefonso, 
in 1802. Iq 1803, France ceded Louisiana to the United 
States for ^15,000,000. Congress divided it into two sec- 
tions, termed Upper and Lower Louisiana, or the territory of 
Missouri, and the territory of Orleans. In 1812, the territo- ^ 
ry of Orleans became a state, and was admitted into the Un- i| 
ion, under the name of Louisiana. 
(For Jackson's defence of N. Orleans see pages 363 to 365.) 

INDIANA. 

Indiana was first explored by La Salle, a Frenchman, from 
Canada, in the year 1680. In the year 1736, a company of 
French came out from Canada, and settled the town of Vin- 
cennes, on the Wabash. This settlement commenced, and 
continued in the heart of an Indian country, and the settlers 
so far assimilated with the Indian manners and customs, as to 
become more than half savage, until this country began to be 
settled by the English, after the peace of Greenville, in 1793. 
Vincennes has now become an enlightened, rich and flourish-^ 
jng town. 

Indiana has shared with Ohio in the distresses of Indian 
wars ; first, from the expedition of gener^ Harmer, in 1760, 
to the treaty of Greenville, in 1795 ; next, from the invasion 
of the British, in 1813, to the close of the war in 1515. 
Since that time, Indiana has flourished, and her settleiirents 
have rapidly progressed. 

In 1818, 8,500,000 acres of land were added to this state 
by a purchase from the Indians, lying in the northern section 
of the state. This purchase affords incalculable advantages 
to Indiana. 

Indiana was erected into a territoriaPgovernment in 1801 : 
became a state, and was admitted into the federal gcu'ernment 
in 1816. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The early history of Mississippi is so interwoven with, and 
so much resembles the history of Louisiana, as to render par- 
ticular details unnecessary. This state formerly belonged to 
Georgia, and under that government, became the theatre of a 
noted speculation. In 1795, the legislature of Georgia, sold 
a large tract of land, lying chiefly in the centre and western 



UNITED STATES. 373 

;parts of this state. The four original companies sold their 
lands principally in the eastern and middle states. The legis- 
lature of Georgia caused the records of the acts of sales of 
these lands, to be burnt in their presence, in the year 1790, 
and the sales were considered as a nuWitj. The contracts, 
however, among the speculators, were considered valid in 
law, which involved them in general distress and ruin. 

About the year 1820, congress, after long and repeated so- 
licitations, took up the subject, and granted some relief to the 
sufferers ; but it was too late to be of much benefit to the ori- 
ginal speculators. 

Mississippi became a state and was admitted into the Union, 
in 1817. 



ILLINOIS. 

Illinois was first discovered by Marquette, as early as 1671, 
hy the way of the lakes. It was also a part of the interior, 
discovered by La Salle, in 1680. The French commenced 
the settlement of this country at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and sev- 
eral other villages, soon after the discovery of Marquette, 
and about the time of the discovery of La Salle. When the 
revolutionary war commenced, in 1775, the villageof Kaskas- 
kia contained about 700 inhabitants ; but now there are 160 
houses. In 1778, the governor of these French settlements 
excited the Indians to commit depredations upon the settle- 
ments in the back parts of Virginia, and colonel Clark was 
sent out with a force to subdue them. He traversed the des- 
ert 1200 miles, surprised these settlements, took them, admin- 
istered the oath of allegiance to the inhabitants, and sent their 
governor into Virginia. The Indians became quiet for a time. 
Illinois was a part of the N. W. Territory, until it beceme a 
territorial government, in the year 1800. It became a state, 
and was admitted into the Union, in 1819. The same year, 
in August, the commissioners of the United States met the 
chiefs of the Kickapoo Indians, at Edwardsville, and made a 
purchase. by treaty, often millions of acres of land, lying be- 
tween the Illinois river on the north-west, the Kaskaskia o« 
the south-east, the Kaskakee on the north-east, and the Mis- 
sissippi on the south-west These lands remain unsold by 
government. Illinois, with the river Mississippi on the west, 
the Ohio on the south, the Wabash and lake Michigan on the 
east, possesses commercial advantages that must ultimatel|r 
render her one of the most flourishing states •£ the west 

32 



374 HISTORY OF THE 

ALABAMA. 

Alabama formerly belonged to Georgia, and was in part a 
theatre of the well known Georgia speculation ; but not very 
extensively, because the lands sold at that time, lay principal- 
ly upon and between the rivers Tombigbee and Yazoo. 

In 1817, Alabama was erected into a territorial government, 
and in 1819, it became a state, and was admitted into the Un- 
ion. 

By the late treaty with the Cherokees, known by the name 
of Jackson's treaty, they ceded to the United States about 
17,000 square miles, lying within the state of Alabama, equal 
to 10,880,000 acres. 

It is so far believed that most of the tropical productions 
will flourish near the gulf coast, that congress have granted 
29,160 acres of land, upon the Creek cession in this state, to 
a company of French emigrants, on condition, that they shall 
introduce the culture of the vine and olive. It is also in con- 
templation to introduce the tea-plant. 

MISSOURI. 

The settlements of the French at St. Louis, St, Genevieve, 
kc. commenced soon after La Salle explored the country, in 
1680 ; but their history forms a part of the chapter of all the 
ether French settlements in this region ; they could not flour- 
ish until they came under the jurisdiction of the United States, 
and enjoyed the blessings of a free government, and a free re- 
ligion ; since that time, they have begun and will continue to 
flourish. Not only Missouri, but all the region of Western 
America, will flourish, and become populous, prosperous and 
happy, so far as the blessings of a free government and reli- 
gion shall extend, and no further., 

Missouri was erected into a territorial government in 1804 ; 
became a state and was admitted into the Union in 1821. 

MICHIGAN TERRITORY. 

The forts and villages of Detroit and Michillimackinac, 
were built by the French from Canada, in the early part of 
the 18th century, as military posts, to protect the fur traders, 
who visited the interior country. They also formed links ia 
the great chain of military posts, between Quebec and New- 
Orleans. It is not unusual for 7 or 800 traders to assemble al 
Mackinaw, in the months of June and July, annually. France 
cedei these posts to Great Britain, in connection with Cana- 



UNITED STATES. 375 

da, at the peace of Paris, 1763 ; Great Britain ceded them to 
the United States, ot the treaty of Paris, 1783 ; but they were 
not delivered up until the treaty of London, by Mr. Jay, in 
1794, and the peace of Greenville, in Indiana, in 1795. In 
1796, it was formed into a county, and called Wayne. 

In the year 18U0, it was formed into a territorial govern- 
ment, and general Hull became governor. On the 16th of 
August. 1812, Detroit was taken by the English, at the com- 
mencement of the late war. On the 28th of September, 1819, 
genei <i Harrison, at the head of the north-western army, re- 
coveii'd'Detroit, and it '*vas confirmed to the United Stiites by 
the peace of Ghent, December 24, 1814. 

ARKANSAS rERRITORY. 

This country was explored by the French, and they erect- 
ed the trading post of Arkansaw, about forty miles up that 
river, early in the. 18th century ; but this settlement, like all 
the other French settlemants, progressed very slowly. — 
Since the country has fallen under the jurisdiction of the Uni- 
ted States, the settlements progress rapidly. 

Arkansas was erected into a territorial government, and 
general James Miller, appointed governor, in 1819. 

TERRITORY OF EAST AND WEST FLORIDA. 

Florida vvas discovered by John Cabot, in 1497. It was 
again visited in 1502, and the romantic circumstances that led 
to this adventure, as related by Dr. Williamson, may not be 
unworthy of notice. 

" It had been reported a few years after the discovery of 
America," says the doctor, "that in Bimini, one of the Baha- 
ma islands, th^^re was a tbuntain, that had the marvellous and 
happy power of restoring youth and vigor to aged persons, 
who should oathe in its waters. Juan Ponce de Leon, a 
wealthy, but aged inhabitant of Porto Rico, believed the story, 
and sailed in qu ^st of the grand restorative. Stretching to the 
west, hp discovered land, in March, the Sabbath before Eas- 
ter, which the Spaniards call Pasgua de Flores, for which 
reason he called the country Florida. Ponce de Leon dip- 
ped himseli in every stream or fountain, that he saw ; no Bra- 
min or Mahomedan could match him in ablutions ; but he re- 
turned an older man. Failing in his attempts to recover 
youth, he resolved to increase his wealth at the expense of 
the natives ; and for this purpose, Juan Ponce de Leon, a 



376 HISTORY OF THE 



1 



Spaniard, obtained a commission to explore and conquer ; and 
iu 1513, he entered upon the coast of Florida, and began a 
settlement, which laid the foundation of the claims of Sgain.'^ 

In 1563, commodore Laudonnier sailed from France, with 
three ships, to plant a colony in Florida. He landed in June, 
and built a fort upon the river St. Mary's, and left a colony of 
100 men, and called it Carolina, in honor of king Charlts iX. 
This commenced the claims of France to Florida. The /itxt 
year the Spaniards dispossessed the French and held the coun- 
try, until the close of the seven years war, when it was ceded 
to the English, in exchange for the Havanna, on the island of 
Cuba, by the pea':e of 1763, and they divided it into East and 
West Florida. Spain again took possession of Florida, in the 
year 1780, and Great Britain confirmed Florida to Spain, by 
the treaty of Paris, 1783. 

In 1818, general Jackson pursued the Seminole Indians into 
Florida, and took possession of St. Mark's. The next year 
the government of the United States restored it to Spain. 

In 1821, Spain ceded the Floridas to the United States, and 
congress erected Floridas into a territorial government, and 
appointed general Jackson governor. 

MISSOURI TERRITORV. 

This vast region was explored to the head wafers of tl.o 
Missouri, by Clark and Lewis, under the patronage of presi- 
dent Jefferson, during his administration, and it has since been 
explored by others ; but such is the dreary and uninviting as- 
pect of the country, that no settlements have been made, ex- 
cept a tew military esti.blishments, for the protection of trade. 
It will probably remain in the quiet possession of the natives, 
for centuries to come. 

IS'ORTH-WF.ST TERRITORY. 

Oi' this territory very little is known. The French settle- 
ments on the Fox and Ouisconsin rivers, commenced before 
France ceded Canada to Great Britain ; but the English had no 
knowledge of this region, until it was explored by captain John 
Carver, soon after the peace of 1783. 

TERRITORY OF COLUMBIA. 

The coast on the Pacilic had been explored by captain 

I Cook, and others, but the interior had never been explored, 

until it was visited by captains Clark and Lewis, under the pat- 



UNITED STATES. 377 

ronage of president Jefferson, in the year t805. These adven- 
turers ascenderl the Missouri to its sources ; cosssed over the 
Rocky mountains, and explored the rivers that bear their 
names, and descended the Cohimbiato its mouth. They re- 
turned without being able to explore the country, at any dis- 
tance from the Columbia, either north or south, and pubHsh- 
ed an account of their K'venture, with such facts as they 
could collect. All whichs^rves to shew, that a water commu- 
nication from New-York lo Astoria, (a village at the mouth of 
the ♦Columbia) and another from New Orleans to the same 
place, may be effected with only one portage, between the 
head streanis of Missouri and Clark's rivers, of less than 3G0 
rods. Another such instance is not to 'be found on the face of 
the whole earth. 

A pass has lately been discovered through the Rocky moun- 
tains, a little south ofthe'route of Lewis and Clark, that will 
make a good waggon road. . 



GENERAL REMARKS ON PART IV. 

Manners and Customs. — In our remarks upon Part III. we 
noticed tiie demoralizing effects of the revolution, upon the 
sober and virtuous manners and customs of the country, gen- 
erally. In our remarks upon Part IV. the same observa- 
tions will apply, and in addition to this, at the close of the 
revolutionary war, a great change of manners and customs 
coai n need. When the pressure of war was removed, and 
the offi:ers and soldiers of the revolution returned to private 
life, and commixed with the people, a new spirit of hilarity, 
and freCy' fafuiliar social intercourse commenced, that gave 
new life and animation to society. The partiality generally 
indulged towards Fr ^.nce, oui great and good ally, gave a new 
relish for the levity of manners peculiar to that nation. 
French dancing masters were patronised in "all the large 
towns, throughout the country, and that coarse and rustic 
mode of dancing, which had been common to all the former 
periods, now gave place to that refinement of manners, and 
those grace' ul movements, that have ever characterised the 
French people, and -i; ive a new polish to the manners and 
customs of this periou. This cheerful state of public feeling, 
and this improred state of manners, went very far t© assimi- 



378 HISTOllY OF fM 

late and harmonize the discordant feelings and prejudices of 
the northern and southern people, and unite them in one 
common family. It was also attended with some serious evils, 
for it tended strongly to difiuse and cherish the principles of 
that atheistical philosophy, which had at that time hecome 
common to France, and which, during her revolution, drench- 
ed all Christendom in blood, through a twenty-five years war. 
Daring the fore part of thi-* period, and even down to the 
time of the adoption of the federal constitution., a corrujit 
speculation commenced, and raged so extensively, as to dead- 
en the finer feelings, and render a sordid avaricious selfishness 
the predominating passion in society. Previous .to the or- 
ganization of the federal government, this passion was princi- 
pally confined to the speculation on the evidences of public 
debt ; but when the government hari removed this, and given 
permanence to the debt by the funding system, then land 
jobing took the lead, and numerous other speculations foiiow 
ed on in their train, until bankruptcies became so common, 
as to render it necessary for congress to pass a bankrupt law, 
to relieve the general monied distress. All these evils had 
a powerful demoralizing influence upon the manners and cus- 
toms of that period. Under the influence of idl these evils 
combined, a political strife commenced in congress, that dif- 
fused itself throughout the nation. The old names and feel- 
ings of the revolutionary period, whig and tory, were now 
changed. for the more bitter names and feeling, if possible, 
of federalist and democrat. Under the standard of these 
names, the \yhole American people were marlialed into two 
great partiCv^;, and the question of, what is best for the nation ? 
was lost in the strife of, who shall rule ? The demoralizing 
effects of this party strife, were felt, from the capitol at Wash- 
ington to the log hut beyond the mountains, and excited a 
strtfe of party interest, and bitterness of party feeling, that 
disturbed not only the peace of the community at large, but of 
cities, villages, and even private families. All these evil?^ 
combined, were in full operriiion to break up and destroy the 
ancient land-marks of moral virtue, and by their demoralizing 
influence, break down the powers of government, and sow 
the seeds of anarchy, throughout the American family. The 
belligerents of Europe took advantage of our divided weak- 
ness, as they supposed, and by their acts and decrees, added 
injury to insult, until the government rose in the majesty of 
itself^ and drew the sword, to vindicate its violated right?.. 



UNITED STATES. 379 

Although the nation, as a body, were not cordial to the meas- 
tire, they soon felt the necessity of the war ; gloried in the 
splendid triumphs of their naval heroes ; and rallied round the 
government, to support the common cause. The splendid 
successes in the war, the wise admmistration of president 
Madison, added to the discreet and prudent administration of 
president Monroe, hushed to peace the storm of party strite, 
and brought back the people of the United States, to that state 
of political feeling, with which they commenced the federal 
government ; and the terms federalist and democrat, like 
those of whig and tory, exist at this time, only in name • — - 
there let them rest forever. 

Religion. — A general view of religion has been carried for- 
ward, with the several colonies, from their first settlement, 
down to the peace of 1763. The demoralizing effects of the 
revolutionary war, and of modern infidelity, have also been 
noticed in their place ; but from the time of the orgnnizatiou 
of the federal constitution, religion has been supported, under 
the weight of all the force that Ihe most bitter infidel writers 
could rally against it. There has been good sense enougli 
in America, to contrast that hapyy state of civil and relip-ious 
society, the people of the United Stat<;s enjoyed from that 
system of pure religion ar»d moral virtue their fithers plant- 
ed in this country, with the horrid exc» sses and corruplions, 
that followed in the train of modern infidelity in Europe, 
and accompanied the vicious live*; of her votaries. The 
peace and hap'piness of individuals, and of families, as well 
as of the community at large, led the citizens of the United 
St.ttes to engage their influence, their talents, and their ef- 
forts on the side of religion and virtue ; a kind and beneficent 
providence approved the choice, and added his blessing, by 
pouring out his spirit in large and copious effusions, upon va- 
rious parts of the Union, and calling up the attention of all 
classes of the people, to a consideration of the weighty impor- 
tance of religion. 

Trade and Commerce. — The commercial treaty of 1794, 
between the United States and Great Britain, then denomina- 
ted Jay's treaty, opened a new field of commerce to the Uni- 
ted States ; and the war that commenced in Europe with the 
French revolution, opened a commercial field to the United 
States, as a neutral power, not contemplated by either of the 
parties to that treaty, at the time it was executed, and which 
-vccured to America, almost the whole carrying trade for ilvz 



380 HISTORY OF THE 

continent of Europe. So extensive hau this trade beconie in 
1797, as to amount to an aggregate of exports from the United 
States, to nearly tifty-seven milPions of (lollais, and an amount 
of imports exceeding seventy-tive milhons. Such was the 
prosperity of this commerce, that in the year 1807, the ex- 
ports of the United States amounted to more than 108 milhons. 
and their imports to about 140 millions, notwiihstanding the 
commercial restrictions in Europe, under the British orders 
in council, and French decrees; but the restrictive meas- 
ures of the United States, and her general embargo lessened 
the imports in the United States, in 1808, down to the sum of 
about twenty-two millions In 18n9, commerce began, in some 
measure, to recover from the tirst shock,, received from the 
embargo, and it^ continued to rise, until the exports in. 181 5, 
amounted to fiuy-two millions and a hahVand in 1816, to about 
eighty-two millions. Since the last mentioned dates, the 
channels of commerce have been regular, and subject to very 
little variation, excepting the restrictive measures of Great 
Britain in 1826, in excluiling the commerce of the United 
Slates from her We^t ftidia Islands. 

Thus may be seen at one^vievv, that in about two centuries, 
the citizens ot the United States have cut the first tree in. an 
unbounded wilderness, erected the hrst log hut, built the firs't 
ship, and have cleared the torest, and erected cities, towns 
and villages, to support and accommodate more than ten 
millions of people, who?e wealti!, and enterprise upon the 
ocean, have rendered them the second commercial nation m 
the world. 

Jrts and Manufactures. — Before the organizatioji of the 
federal government^ arts and manufactures were very limited, 
and such as they were, may be con«itlered ot the coarser fa- 
brics only ; but by the tbstering care of the government, 
these have been regularly extf^ndiug. and improving. It is 
true, that even before the revolution, we could boast of a 
Franklin, who discovered the art of directing the electric 
fluid, and disarming the thunder storm of'its terrors ; of a 
Rittenhouse, who exhibited at one view, the sun, with the 
whole planetary system, with their regular orbits, motions and 
periods ; we could boast of a Godfrey, who invented the 
mariner's quadrant, and although by plagiarism, the tirst of 
these inventions is called an orrery, in allusion to lord Orrery, 
and the other Hadley's quadrant, in allusion to an Englishman 
•f that name, still they are both of American origin, and tke 



Ux^lTED STATES. 381 

merit of their invention belongs to citizens of the Unitetl 
States. Under the patent laws of the government, useful and 
valuable inventions have been multiplied, to an extent too 
great to be particularized ; but the application of steam to 
the purposes of navigation, by a Fulton, may possibly be con- 
sidered as the most useful and valuable improvement in the 
arts, in the United States. Large and valuable manutactorice^ 
of cotton and woollen cloths, commenced in the northern and 
middle states, soon after the federal constitution went into op- 
eration ; and from the time the general embargo and non-in- 
tercourse acts were passed these establishments were extend- 
ed and enlarged ; and at the close olthe last British war, a good 
foundation was laid in the United States, to render her manu- 
factures permanent, and the nation independent of all foreign 
fabrics whatever. The return of psace brought such quan- 
tities of foreign goods, again into market, as to embarrass the 
woollen manufacturers, but the cotton establishments contin- 
ue to flourish, and great quantities of domestic cottons are 
shipped to Mexico and South America, with a handsome 
profit. Even Britain herself is obliged to imitate the domes- 
tic cottons of the United States, to give to their's a curren- 
cy in market, in this country, or in any part of Spanish Amer- 
ica. 

Agriculture, — The improvements in agriculture, have kept 
pace generally, with the improvements in arts and manufac- 
tures ; agricultural societies have been formed, throughout 
the northern and middle states, and men of the first talents 
and capital, have bestowed their attention upon the most im- 
portant agricultural improvements. Soon after the general 
embargo commenced, a general spirit appeared in the coun- 
try, for multiplying and improving their flocks of sheep. 
Large and munerous lots of merino sheep, were imported from 
Spain, and sold to a great profit. These sheep have multi- 
plied greatly in the country, and proved a useful and valuable 
acquisition. Many of the American farmers have improved 
the pile of the merino^, by introducing sheep of a still finer 
pile, from Saxony, and thereby producing a wool of the fines! 
possible texture. This spirit of improvement has been ex- 
tended to the horse, the ox, ond the cow, by the importation 
of foreign stocks of superior breeds, which succeed well, 
in giving an increased value to the stock of the American far- 
mer. 

The culture of the bee, the silk worm, and the grape, have as 



38^2 HISTORY OF THE j? 

Vet, been too much neglected ; they are all capable of great 
ly augmenting the revenue of the lagrirultural interest in the 
I'nited States, at the expense of very moderate capitals ; 
and it is strongly to be hoped, that they will soon become as 
protitable in the United States, as they are in France, Italy, 
and Germany. 

Educat'on. — In the course of this work, we have noticed 
with peculiar satisfaction, the rise nnd progress of education, 
throughout the United States. We have witnessed a general 
(liiiusion of information imong all classes of society, which far 
surpasses that of any other country upon earth ; but since 
the establishment of the federal government, great has been 
the encouragement for the promotion of education ; schools, 
academies, and colleges have multiplied, as population has 
extended. Newspapers, and other periodical publications, 
ot various descriptions, have also multiplied, and extended 
their usefulness, in ditfusing valuable and important inlorma- 
tion, both toreign and domestic, among all classes of the com- 
munity. Useful and valuable school books, embracing all the 
sciences, have also been multiplied and diflused, and at such 
cheap rates, as to be easily obt lined by the poor, as well as tha 
rich ; so that a free and useful system of education, has be- 
come the pride and boast of the United States. 

Education is the broad basis upon which the civil and reli- 
gious privileges of United America have rested, and mu^t con- 
tinue to rest ; remove this, anfl the grand fabric of American 
liberty will totter to its base and tumble into ruins. Preserve 
this, with the virtuous principles, intelligent understanc; ngs, 
and skillful industiT, she now enjoys, and the united republic 
ot America may bid detiance to taction and conspiracy, and 
become the admiration of ages. 

Population. — At the commencement of the old French war, 
the then British colonies of North America, were supposed 
to contain about 1,0U0,000 

A-t the commencement of the revolutionarv war, 2 to 3,000,000 

of the federal government, 4.000,000 

of the 19th century, 5,000,000 

of the late British\var, 7,0"O,000 

census of 1820, about 10,000.000 

In this general census of the United States, the fractional 
parts have been omitted, because a general view is sufficient 
to shew an increase of population, unparalleled in the whole 
iamily of man. . 

i 



UNITED STATES 383 

War. — We have seen with what union and spirit the Amer- 
ican colonies entered into the old French war, and the war 
of the revolution, and with what happy and prosperous suc- 
cess they were both closed. We have seen with what dis- 
cordant views the United States entered into the late war 
with England, and the disasters that attended the war upon 
the land, along the Canada frontier. Let us eye the hand of 
providence in this, for had that war been prosperous, Canada 
would have been added to the United States ; and an extent of 
territory, peopled with discordant feelings, habits and inter- 
ests, might have m.irred the peace and prosperity of the now 
happy American family. The brilliant naval war upon the 
ocean and the lakes, that added such lustre to the American 
navy, and such glory to her naval heroes, proved a great na- 
val school, that brought forward in America, the useful and 
important science of practical naval tactics, half a century at 
least beyond which they would have attained, in an ordinary 
course of peace ; and taught the government and people, the 
only true point of defence for a commercial nation. Thus it 
proved a glorious war to America ; it united the people, and 
strengthened the government. 



CONCLUSION. 

When we take a retrospective view of the whole period, 
©ver which we have passed, and call to mind the persecu- 
tions that drove out our fathers, from their dear native land, 
into this savage wilderness ; the magnanimity and firmness 
with which they entered upon their arduous labors ; the vir- 
tuous patience and perseverance, with which they endured al! 
their privations and sufferings ; the unparalleled wisdom and 
zeal with which they commenced, and laid deep and broad 
the foundations of their civil, religious, and literary institu- 
tions ; the valient exploits they achieved, in repelling the 
merciless savages, and the marauding French, in a succession of 
cruel and bloody wars, too numerous and distressing to be de- 
tailed. And last of all, in resisting and humbling the gigantic 
power of Great-Britain ; first in the war of the revolution, and 
next in the late unnatural and bloody contest, we are ready 
to exclaim, what a people I what a novel and unprecedented 
display of national virtue, and national character ! Great anil 



384 HISTORY OF THE 

magnanimous nation ; well may you glory, in such virtuous 
ancestors ; well may you glory in3^ourselves, for having thu? 
far cherished and preserved their virtuous principles and in 
stitulions, and by your improvements, added a Iuv=tre to theii 
characters and memories. 



*f'- 



APPENDIX. 

[Note A.] 
.DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

PREAMBLE. 

"When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for one people to dissolve the political bands that have 
united them with another, and to assume among the powers of 
the earth, the separate and equal stations, to which the laws 
of nature and of nature's God, entitle them, a decent respect 
to the opinions of mankind requires, that they should declare 
the causes which impel them to a separation. 

" We hold these truths to be self-evident ; that all men are 
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator, with 
certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, 
and the pursuit of happiness ; that to secure these rights, gov- 
ernment? are instituted among men, deriving their just pow- 
ers from the consent of the governed ; that whenever any 
form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
the right of the people to altar or abolish it, and to institute a 
new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and 
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most 
likely to effect their safety and happiness. 

" Prudence indeed, will dictate, that governments long es- 
tablished, should not be changed for light and transient causes • 
and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are 
more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to 
right themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are 
accustomed. But when a long train of abused and usurpa- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a desigi 
to reduce them under absolute despotism ; it is their right, it 
is their duty, to throw off such a government, and to provide 
«ew guards for their future security. Such has been the pa- 
tient sufferance of these coloniesj and such is the necessitv 

33 ♦ 



386 APPENDIX. 

now, that constrains them to alter their former systems of gov. 
ernment.'* 

Here follows a succession of injuries, in detail, which the 
colonies have suffered from Great Britain, which are closed 
with this remark, — " To prove this, let facts be submitted to 
a candid world.*' Causes of separation here follow : 

As these causes here enumerated, consist only of a summa- 
ry of the numerous causes, already noticed, it will be unneces- 
sary to swell this work with their recital here in detail, a few 
only shall suffice. 

*' Standing armies have been kept up among us, in times of 
peace, without the consent of our legislatures. 

" The military has been rendered independent of, and su- 
perior to, the civil power. 

** A plan has been formed to subject us to a jurisdiction 
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws. 

"Acts have been passed by the British legislature, for quar- 
tering large bodies of armed troops upon us ; for protecting 
them by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders, which 
they should commit upon the inhabitants of these states ; for 
cutting off our trade from all parts of the world ; for imposing 
taxes upon us without our consent ; for depriving us in many 
cases of the benefits of the trial by jurj ; lor transporting us 
beyond the seas to be tried for supposed oflences ; for abolish- 
ing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province^ 
establishing them in an arbitrary government, and enlarging 
its boundaries so as to render it at once an example, and fit 
instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these 
colonies ; for the taking away our charters, abolishing our 
most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms o« 
#ur governments ; for suspending our own legislatures, and 
ileclaringthe British parliament invested with powers to legis- 
late for us in all cases whatsoever. 

" The crown of Great Britain h;is abdicated government 
here, by declaring us out of its protection, and waging war 
with us. 

" Our seas have been plundered, our coasts ravaged, our 
towns burnt, and the lives of our people destroyed. 

*' Large armies of foreign mercenaries are at this time trans- 
porting into this country, to complete the work of death, des- 
olation and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances ofcru- 
elty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous 
ages, and totally unworthy a civilized nation. 



A 



APPENDIX. 38/ 

" Our fellow citizens taken captive upon the high seas, have 
been constrained to bear arms against their country, to become 
the executioners of their friends and brethren, and to fall 
themselves by their hands. 

** Domestic insurrections have been excited among us, and 
endeavors have been used to bring on the inhabitants of our 
frontiers, the merciless savages, whose known rule of warfare 
is, an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and condi- 
tions. 

'* In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
for redress, in the most humble manner. Our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered, only by repeated injury. Nor have 
we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We 
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their le- 
gislature, to extend an unwarrantable Jurisdiction over Us. — 
We have reminded them of the circumstances of otir emigra- 
tion and settlement here. We have appealed to their native 
justice and magnanimity, and ^ve have conjured them by the 
ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, 
which would inevitably inttirrupt our connections and corres- 
pondence. They too jhave been deaf to the voice of justice, 
and of consanguinity. We must therefore acquiesce in the 
necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as 
we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace^ 
friends. 

" We, therefore, the representatives of the United States 
of America, in congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in 
the name, and by the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colo- 
nies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- 
ish crown ; and that all political connexion between them and 
Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that 
as free and independent states, they have full power to levy 
war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, 
and do all other acts and things, that independent states may 
do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reli- 
ance on Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other 
our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honors.'* 

The above Declaration of Independence, was, by order of 
congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members, nc- 



388 APPENDIX, 

cording to the order of the states, July 4, 1776. — John Han- 
cock, president. 
A'eTs:-HampsJnrey Josiah Bartlet, William Whipple, Matthew 

Thornton. 
Massachusetis-Baij, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert T. 

Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 
Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations^ Stephen Hopkins. 

William Eilery. 
Connecticut, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William 

Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 
New-York, William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, 

Le^ris Morris. 
JVeic- Jersey, Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Franci'- 
. Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 
Pennsylvania, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin 

Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith. 

George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. 
Delaware, CcBsar Rodney, George Reed. 
Maryland. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone. 

Charles Carrol. 
Virginia, George Wythe, Richard H. Lee, Thomas JetTorson, 

Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr. Francis L. Lee, 

Carter Baxton. 
Xorth Carolina, William Hooper, Joseph Hewcs, John Penn. 
South Carolina, Edward Rutlcdge, Thomas Heyward, Ji'. 

Thomas Lynch, Jr. Arthur Middleton. 
Georgia, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 

This is one of the most memorable slate papers, that the 
\vhole historic page can boast, and the worthies, whose names a 
stand recorded in support of this masterly production, and ■ 
who were the authors of this glorious epoch, are enrolled in . 
the temple of immortal i'ame, and their names can never die. 

On the 8th of July, the Declaration was publicly proclaim- 
ed in the city of Philadelphia, amidst the united applause of | 
the people. From thence the sons of liberty caught the sa- 
cred lire, and proclaimed it with loud acclamations of joy. 
throughout the nation. Never was a people better prepared 
for such an event, and never was there a measure in which ail 
hearts were more cordially united. This was the epoch of 
permanent liberty, and the death blow to British power. nn(^ 
British influence in America. 



APPENDIX. 389 

[Note B.] 

"Articles of confederation, and perj»etual union, between the 
states of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode-Isl- 
and and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, 
New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia. 
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia ; July 12th, 
.1777. 

"Article 1. The style of this confederacy shall be, the 
United States of America. 

Article 2. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and 
independence ; and every power, jurisdiction and right, which 
is not b}' this confederation expressly delegated to the United 
States, in congress assembled. 

Article 3. The said states hereby enter into a firm league 
of friendsliip with each other, for their common defence ; th^ 
security of their liberties and their mutual and general wel- 
fi\re ; binding themselves to assist each other against all force 
offered to, or attacks upon them, or either of them, on account 
of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatso- 
ever. 

Article 4. The better to secure and perpetuate mutuai 
friendship and intercourse, among the people of the different 
states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these states 
(paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice, excepted) 
shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citi- 
zens, in the several states, and the people of each state shall 
have free ingress and regress from any other state, and shall 
enjoy therein, all the privileges of trade and commerce, sub- 
ject to the same duties, impositions and restrictions, as the in- 
habitants thereof, respectively ; provided, that such restric- 
tions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of pro- 
perty imported into any state, to any other state, of which the 
•wner is an inhabitant ; provided also, that no imposition, du- 
ties, or restriction, shall be laid, by any state, upon the prop, 
erty of the United States, or either of them. 

If any person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, ©i- 
other high misdemeanor, in any state, shall flee from justice 
and be found in any of the United States, he shall, ypoB de- 
mand of the governor, or executive power of the state, irom 
whence he fled, be delivered up, and removed to the state 
kaving jurisdiction of the offence. 

Full faith and credit shall be giren iB eaeh •f ^ceestiites^ 



3^ APPENDIX. 

* to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the couits and 
magistrates of every other state. 

Article 5. For the more convenient management of the gen- 
eral interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually 
, appointed, in such manner as the legislature of each state shall 
direct, to meet in congress on the first Monday in November, 
in everv year, with a power reserved to each state, to recall 
its members, or any of them, at any time within the year, and 
sead others in their stead, for the remainder of the year. 

No state shall be represented in congress by less than two, 
nor more than seven members ; and no person shall be capa- 
ble of being delegated for more than three years, in any term 
of six years ; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capa- 
ble of holding an office under the United States, for which he, 
or any other for his benefit, receives any salary, lees, or 
emolument of any kind. 

Each state shall maintain its own delegates in any meeting 
of the states, or while they act as members of the committee 
ofthe states. 

In determining questions in the United States, in congress 
assembled, each state shall have one vote. 

Freedom of speech and debate, in congress, shall not be 
impeached, or questioned in any court, or place out of con- 
o'ress ; and the members of congress shall be protected in 
their persons, from arrest and imprisonment, during the tmie 
of their goina; to and from, and attendance on congress, except 
for treason, felony, or breach ot the peace. 

Article 6. No state, without the consent of the United 
States, in congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or 
receive any embassy from, o-r enter into any conference, a- 
«-reement, alliance, or treaty, with any king, prince, or state ; 
nor shall any person holding any office of credit or trust, under 
the United States, or any of them, accept of any present, e- 
molument, office or title of any kind whatsoever, from any 
kins, prince, or foreign state ; nor shall the United States, in 
congress dissembled, or any of them grant any title of nobility. 

No two or more states, shall enter into any treaty, confed- 
eration, or alliance whatever, between them, without the con- 
sent of the United States, in congress assembled, specifying 
accurately the purposes tor which the same is to be entered 
into, and how long it shall continue. 

No state shall lay any impost or duties, which may inter- 
iere with any stipulations, or treaties entered into by the Uni- 



APPENDIX. S91. 

ted States, in congress assembled, with anj king, prince, or 
state, in pursuance of anj treaties already proposed by con^ 
gress, to the courts of France and Spain. 

No vessels of war shall be kept by any state, in time of 
peace, except such numbers only, as shall be deemed neces- 
sary by the United States, in congress assembled, for the de- 
fence of such state, or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces 
be kept up by any state, in time of peace, except such num- 
ber only, as in the judgment of the United States, in congress 
assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts ne- 
cessary for the defence of sucii state ; but every state shall 
always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, suOj- 
cientlj armed and accoutred, and shall provitie, and have con- 
stantly for use in public stores, a due number of field pieces 
and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and 
camp equipage. 

No state shall engage in any war, without the consent of the 
United States, in congress assembled, unless such state be ac- 
tually invaded by enemies, or shall have certain advice of a 
resolution being formed by some nation of Indians, to invade 
such state, and the danger is so eminent as not to admit of a 
dei.jy, until the United States, in congress assembled, can be 
consulted ; nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships, 
or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it 
be after a declaration of war by the United States, in con^rct^s 
assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, and the 
subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and 
under such regulations as shall be established by the United 
States, in congress assembled, unless such state be infested by 
pirates, in which case, vessels of war may be fitted out for the 
occasion, and kept, so long as the danger shill continue, or un- 
til the United States, in congress assembled, shall determine 
otherwise. 

Article 7. When land forces are raised by any state for the 
common defence, all oflicers of, or under the rank of colonel, 
shall be appointed by the legislature of each state respective- 
ly, by whom such forces are raised, or in such manner as such 
state shall direct ; and all vacancies shall be filled up by the 
state which first made the appointment. * 

Article 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses, that 
shall be incurred for the common defence, or general wel- 
fare, and allowed by the United States, in congress assembled, 
s3»all be defrayed «ut of a common treasury, which shall lie 



392 At^i'EMDlA. 

supplied bj the several states, in proportion to the valueo; 
all lands within each state, granted to, er conveyed by any 
person, as such land, and the buildings and improvements 
thereon, shall be estimated, according to such mode as the 
United States, in congress assembled, shall from time to time 
direct and appoint. 

The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levi- 
ed by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the 
several states, within the time agreed upon by the United 
>States, in congress assembled. 

Article 9. The United States, in congress assembled, shall 
have the sole, and exclusive right and power, of determining 
on peace and war, except in such cases mentioned in the 
sixth article, of sending and receiving embassadors ; entering 
into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of com- 
merce shall be made, whereby the legislature of any state, 
shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on 
foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from pro- 
hibiting the exportation or importation of any species ot goods 
or commodities, whatsoever ; of establishing rules for decid- 
ing in all cases, what captures on land and water shall be le- 
gal, &c. in what manner prizes taken by land, or naval for- 
ces, in the service of the United Sti.tes, shall be divided, or 
ap|)ropriated ; of granting letters of marque or reprisal, in 
time of peace ; appointing courts for the trial of pir.icies, for 
felonies committed upon the high seas, and establisiung courts 
lor receiving and determining finally, appeals in all cases of 
captures, provided that no member of congress shall be ap- 
pointed judge of any of said courts. 

The United States, in congress assembled, shall also be the 
Jast resort on appeal, in all disputes and differences now sub- 
sisting, or that may hereafter arise between two or more states, 
concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause what- 
soever ; which authority shall always be exercised in the man- 
ner following, viz. 

Whenever the legislature or executive authority, or law- 
ful agent of any state, in controversy with another, shall pre- 
sent a petition to congress, stating the matter in question, and 
praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of 
congress, to the legislative or executive authority of the other 
state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of 
the parties, by their lawful agents, who shall then be direct- 
sd to appoint by joint consent, commissieners ©r judges to 



APPENDIX. 393 

cdnstitute a court, who shall hear and determine the matter 
in question ; but if they cannot agree, congress shall name, 
ihree persons iVem each of the United States, and from the 
hst of such persons, each party shall alternately strike out 
one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be re- 
duced down to thirteen, and from that number, not less than 
seven nor morcMhan nine names, as congress shall direct, shall 
in the presence of congress, be drawn out by lot, and the per- 
sons so drawn out, or any five of them, shall be commission- 
ers or juflges, to hear and finally determine the controver?y, 
30 ahvays as a mnjor part o( the judges, who shall agree in 
the determination ; and if either party shall neglect to attend 
at the <lay appointed, without shewing reasons which congress 
shall judge suflicient, or being present shall refuse to siiiko, 
the congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of 
each state, and the secretary of congrei-s shall strike in behalf 
of such party absent or refusing ; and the judgment and sen- 
tence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before pre- 
scribed, shall be final and conclusive ; and if any of the parties 
shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to ap- 
pear to defend their claim or cause, the court shall neverthe- 
less proceed to pass sentence or judgment, which shall in 
like manner, be final and conclusive ; the judgment or sen- 
tence, in either case, beujg transmitted to congress, and lodg- 
ed among the acts of congress, for the security of the parties 
concerned ; provided that every commissioner, l)efore he sils 
in judgment, shall take an oath, to be admiwistered by one of 
the judges of the supreme or superior court of the state where 
the cause shall be tried, " well and truly to hear and deter- 
mine the matter in question, according to the best of his judg- 
ment, without favorer affection, or hope of reward ;" ])rovid- 
od also, that no state shall be deprived of territory for the ben- 
efit of the United States. 

All controversies concerning the private right of soil, claim- 
ed under different grants of two or more states, whose juris- 
diction, as thev may respect such lands, and the states that^ 
passed such grants, are adjusted, the said grants or either of 
them, being at the same time claimed to have originated ante- 
cedent to such settlement ol jurisdiction, shall, on the petition 
of either party to the congress of the United States, be deter- 
mined as near as may be, in the same manner as before pre- 
scribed for deciding disputes, respecting territorial jurisdic- 
tion between different states. 



ju appendix. 

The United States, in congress assembled, shall have the 
sole and exclusive power of regulating the alloy and value of 
coin, struck by their own authority, or by that of the respect- 
ive states ; fixing the standard of weights and measures 
throughout the United States ; regulating trade, and manag- 
ing all affairs|with the Indians, not members of any of the 
states, provided that the legislative rights of any state, within 
its own limits, be not infringed or violated. Establishing and 
regulating post offices, from one state to another, throughout 
(he United States, and exacting] such postages on the papers 
passing through them as may be requisite to defray the ex- 
j>enses of such offices ; appointing all the officers of the naval 
forces, and commissioning all officers whatever, in the service 
of the United States ; making rules for the governing and reg- 
ulating of thf said land and naval forces, and directing their 
operations. 

The United States, in congress assembled, shall have au- 
thority to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of congress^ 
to be denominated the Committee of the States, to consist of one 
delegate from each state, and to appoint such other commit- 
tees fmd civil officers, as shall be necessary for managing the 
general affairs of the United States, under their direction ^ to 
appoint one of their number to preside, provided no peFSon 
be allowed to serve in the office of president, for more than 
one year, in any term of three years ; to ascertain th€ neces- 
sary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United 
States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying 
the public expences ; to borrow money or emit bills on the 
credit of the United States, transmitting every half year to the 
several states, an account of the sums of money so borrowed 
or emitted • to build and equip a navy, to agree upon the 
number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each 
state for its quota, in proportion to the number of white in- 
habitants in such slate ; which requisition shall be binding, 
ami thereupon the legislature of each state shall appoint the 
regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm and equip 
them, in a soldier-like manner, at the expence of the United 
States ; and the officers and men so clothed, armed and equip- 
ped, shall march 'to the place appointed, within the time 
agreed upon by the United States, in congress assembled ; 
but if the United States, in congress assembled, shall upon 
consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any state 
should not raise men, or should raise a less number than iU 



APPENDIX. 396 

quota, and that any other state should raise a greater number 
than it^ quota, such «xtra number shall be raised, officered, 
clothed, armed and equipped, in the same manner as the quo- 
ta of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall 
judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of 
the same. In such case, they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, 
and equip, as many of such extra number, as they judge can 
be safely spared. And the officers and men, so clothed and 
equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within 
the time agreed on by the United States, in congress assem- 
bled. 

The United States, in congress assembled, shall never en- 
gage in war, Ror grant letters of marque and reprisal in time 
of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin 
money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums 
and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the 
United States, or any of them ; nor emit bills of credit, nor 
borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appro- 
priate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war 
to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces 
to be raised, nor appoint a commander-in-chief of the army or 
navy, unless nine states shall assent to the same ; nor shall a 
question on any point, except for adjournment from day to 
day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the 
United States, in congress assembled. 

The congress of the United States, shall have power to ad- 
journ to any time within the year, and to any place within the 
United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer 
space than six months, and shall- publish the journals of their 
proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating tt 
treaties, alliances, or military operations, as in their judg- 
ment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the delega- 
tion of each state, on any question, shall be entered upon the 
journals when it is desired by any delegate ; and the delegates 
©fa state, or either of them, at his or their request, shall be 
furnished with a copy of said journal, except such parts as 
are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the sev- 
eral states. 

Article 10. The committee of the states, or any nine tf 
them, shall be authorised to execute, in the recess of con- 
gress, such of the powers of congress as the United States, in 
congress assembled, by the consent of the nine states, shall se^ 
it, from time to time, to vest them with ; provided that b?» 



39il APPENDIX. ^ 

power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise ol 
,^vvhich,by the articles of confederation,the voice of nine states, 
in the congress of the United States assembled, is requisite. 

Article 11. Canada acceding to this confederation,' andjoin^ 
ingin the measures of the United States, shall be admitted in- 
to, and be entitled to all the advantages of this union ; but no 
other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such ad- 
mission be agreed to by nine states. 

Article 12. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed, 
and debts contracted, by, or under the authority of congress, 
before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the 
present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a 
charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction 
whereof, the said United States, and the public faith are here- 
by solemnly pledged. 

Art. 13. Every state shall abide by the determinations 
of the United States, in congress assembled^ on all questions, 
which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the 
articles of this confederation, shall be inviolably observed by 
every state, and the union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any 
alteration, at any time hereafter, be made in any of them ; un- 
less such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the United 
States, and be afterward confirmed by the legislature of every 
state." 

This confederation was submitted to the several states for 
their approbation and acceptance. t and when duly approved 
by all the states, went into operation, and became the pallad- 
ium of the United States, through the revolutionary war, and 
down to the year 1789, when the present federal constitution 
was organized, and went into operation. 

Such was the virtue of the American character, that even 
this rope of sand possessed powers and energies sufficient to 
manage the affairs of a rising state, and regulate and control 
all their essential concerns, for the best interests of the whole ; 
but when peace had removed the pressure lof the common 
danger, and private interest began to claim precedence of the 
public good, and corrupt intrigue began to trample upon pub- 
lic virtue and public rights, then it became necessary to re- 
yise this compact, and raise in its place that stupendous mon- 
ument of wisdom and virtue, the federal constitution. 

■ Trrelve states jatified this confederation, in December folIowin«-. 



APPENDIX. 397 

[Note C] 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

As proposed by the convention held at Philadelphia, Septem- 
ber 17th, 1787, and ratified by the several States ; with the 
subsequent amendments. 

PREAMBLE. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tran- 
quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the gener- 
al welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution, for the 
United State? of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted, shall be 
vested in a congress of the United States, which shall consist 
of a senate, and a house of representatives. 

Section 2. The house of representatives shall be composed 
of members chosen every second year, by the people of the 
several states ; and the electors in each state, shall have the 
qualifications requisite for the most numerous branch of the 
state legislature. 

No person shall be a repr-esentattve who has not attained to 
the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen 
of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an 
inhabitantof that slate in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes, shall be apportioned 
among the several states, which may be included within tliis 
im'on, according to their respective numbers, which shall be 
determined by adding to the whole number of free person?, in- 
cluding those bound to service for a term oi years, and exclu- 
ding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. / The 
actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the 
first meeting of the congress of the United States, and within 
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
shall by law direct. The number of representativ^ss shall not 
exceed one fdr every thirty thousand ; but each state shall 



3^8 APPENDIX. 

hare, at least, one representative. And until such enumem- 
tion shall be made, the state of New-Hampshire shall be enti- 
tled to choose three — Massachusetts eight — Rhode-Island and 
Providence Plantations one — Connecticut five — New-York 
six- — New-Jersey four — Pennsylvania eight — Delaware one 
— Maryland six — Virginia ten — North Carolina five — South - 
Carolina five — and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any 
atate, the executive authority thereof, shall issue writs of 
election, to fill such vacancies. 

The house of representatives shall choose their speaker, 
and other ofiicers, and shall have the sole power of impeach- 
ment. 

Section 3. The senate of the United States, shall be com- 
posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legisla- 
ture thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one 
vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence 
of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may 
be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first 
class, shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year j of 
the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the 
third class, at the expiration of the sixth year ; so that one- 
third may be chosen every second year. And if vacancies 
happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the 
legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make tem- 
porary appointments, until the next meeting of the legislature, 
which shall then fill the vacancies. 

No person shall be senator, who has not attained to the age 
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that state for which he shall be chosen. 

The vice-president of the United States, shall be president 
©f the senate ; but shall have no vote, unless they be equally 
divided. 

The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a pres- 
ifient pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or 
when he shall exercise the office of president of the Uniied 
States. 

The senate shall have the sole power ^o try all impeach- 
ments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath 
or affirmation. When the president of the United States is 
tcieel.. the chief justice shall preside ; and no person shall be 



APPENDIX. 399 

convicted, without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- 
bers present. 

Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further 
than removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy 
any office of honor, trust or prutii, under the United States ; 
but the party convicted, shall nevertheless, be liable and sub- 
ject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according 
to law. 

Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elec- 
tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in 
each state, by the legislature thereof ; but the congress may 
at any time by law, make or alter such regulations, except as 
to the place of choosing senat;rrs. 

The congress shall ass<^ml)i.-, at le^yt once in every year^ 
and such meeting shall be on l!ie fust Monday in December, 
unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Section 5. Each hou&e shall be the judge of the elections, 
returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority 
of each, shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, an«l may be 
authorised to compel the attendance of absent membors, in 
such manner and under such penalties, as each house may 
provide. 

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings ; 
punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the con- 
currence of two-thirds ma> expel a member. 

Each house shall keep n journal of its proceedings, and 
from time to time, publish the same, excepting such parts as 
may in thir judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and 
nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall 
at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the 
journal. 

Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, with- 
out the consent ofthe other, adjourn for more than three days, 
nor to any other place than that, in which the two houses 
shall be sitting. 

Section 6. The senators and representatives shall receive 
a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, 
and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall 
in all cases, except treason, felony and breach ofthe peace, 
be privileged from arrest, during their attendance at the ses- 
sion of their respective bouses, and in going to and from the 



400 APFENDIX, 

same. And for any speech or debate in either house, ther 
shall not be questioned in any other place. 

No senator or representative shall, during the time for 
which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office, under 
the authority of the United States, which shall have been 
created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increas- 
ed during such time : and no person holding any office under 
the United States, shall be a member x>f either house, during 
his continuance in office. 

Section 7. All bills for raising revenue, shall originate in the 
house of representatives ; but the senate ma}' propose or 
concur with amendments, as in othei bills. 

Ever}' bill which shall have passed the house of represen- 
tatives and the senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be pre- 
sented to the president of t!ie United States. If he approve^ 
he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his objec- 
tions, to that house in which it shiUl have originated, who shall 
enter the objections at large, on their journal, and proceed 
to re-consider it. If, aft^er such re-consideration, two-thiids 
of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, to- 
gether with the objections, to the other house, by which it 
shall likewise be re-considered, and if approved by two-thirds 
of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, 
the votes of both houses, shall be determined by yeas and 
nays ; and the names of the persons voting for or against the 
bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house, respect- 
iveW. if any bill shall not be returned by the president in 
ten days, (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been present- 
ed to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 
had signed it ; unless the congress by their adjournment, pre- 
vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence 
of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary, 
(except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to 
the president of the United States, and before the same shall 
take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved 
by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the senate and 
house of representatives, according to the rules and limitations 
prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. The congress shall have power to lay and col- 
lect taxes, duties, imposts and excises ; to pay the debt of 
the United States, and provide for the common defence and 
general welf\ire of the United States ; but all duties, imposts 
and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States^ 



APPENDIX. 401 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; to 
regulate commerce with foreign n-itions, and among the sever- 
al states, and with the Indian tribes ; to establish an uniform 
rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bank 
ruptcy, throughout the United States. To coin money ; reg- 
ulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin ; and fix the stand- 
ard of wtights and measures ; to provide for the punishment 
of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United 
States. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; to promote 
the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limit- 
ed times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to 
their respective writings and discoveries. To constitute tri- 
bunals inferior to the supreme coort ; to define and punish 
j)iracies and felonies, committed on the high seas, and offences 
against the law ofnatiotjis. To declare war; grant letters of 
marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on 
land and water ; to raise and support armies ; but no appro- 
priation of monies for that use, shall be for a longer term than 
two years ; to provide and maintain a navy ; to make rules 
and regulations for the land and naval for-'es. To provide for 
calling forth the militia, to execute the laws of the Union, sup- 
press insurrections, and repel invasions. To provide for or- 
ganizmg, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing 
such part of them as miy be employed in the service of the 
United States ; reserving to the Siates respectively, the ap- 
pointment of the officers, and the authority of training the mi- 
litia, accordins^ to the discipline prescribed by congress. To 
exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases, whatsoever, over 
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by the 
cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, 
become the seat of the <2:overnm?nt of the United States, and 
to exercise like authority over all such places, purchased by 
the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same 
shall be, for the erection of torts, dock-yards, and other need- 
ful buildings. And to make all laws, which may be neces- 
sary for carrying into execution the foregoinsji'ovvers, vested 
by this constitution, in the r>,overnmentof the United States, or 
in any department or office thereof. 

Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons, as 
any of the states now existing, shall think proper to admit, 
shall not be prohibited by congress, prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight : but a duty may b<; impos- 

34* 



402 APPExNDlX, 

ed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars per each 
person. 

The pririleges of the writs of habeas corpus, shall not be 
suspended unless in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public 
safety may require it. 

No bill of attainder or expost facto law shall be passed. 
No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro- 
portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed 
to be taken.' -.No tax or duty shall be laid upon any article? 
-exported from any state. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce 
-or revenue, to the ports of one state ovt:r those of another : 
nor shall vessels bound to or from one state, be obliged to en- 
ter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

No monies shall be drawn frem the treasury, but in conse- 
quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular state- 
ment and Jiccount of the receipts and expenditures of all pub- 
lic monies, shall be published from time to time. 

No title of nobility, shall be granted by the United States;. 
And no person holding any office of profit or trust, under them, 
shall, without the con.-<ent of congress, accept of any present, 
emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any 
king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section 10. No state shall enter into any treatv, alliance or 
confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin 
money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and 
silver a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bills of attainder 
or expost facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
tracts, or grant any title of nobihty. 

No state shall, ^vithout the consent of congress, lay any im- 
post, or duties on imports or experts, except what may be 
absolutely necsssarj'- for executing its inspection laws ; and 
the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state, on 
imports and exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the 
United States ; and all -such laws be subject to the revision 
and control of congress. 

No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any 

duty of tonnage, keep troops, ©r ships of v/ar, in time of 

peace : enter into any engagement or compact with another 

"slate, or vyith a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu- 

llv ih^ade^ •'»- IP ^^^^ imminent danger as will not admit of 

delay. 



APPENDIX. 403 

ARTICLE II. 

Section I. The executive power shall be vested in a pres- 
ident of the United States of America. He shall hold his of- 
fice during the term of four years, and together with the vice- 
president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of ciectors, equal to the whole 
number of senators and representatives to which the state may 
be entitled in the congress ; but no senator or representative, 
or person holding an office of trust or profit, under the Uniteil 
States, shall be appointed an elector. 

The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote 
by ballot, for two persons, of whom one at least, shall not be 
an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they 
shall make a hst of all the persons voted for, and the num- 
ber of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, 
and transmit sealed, to the seat of government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the senate. The presi- 
dent of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and 
house of representatives, open all the certihcates, and the 
votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest 
number of votes, shall be president, if such number be a ma- 
jority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there 
be more than one who shall have such majority, and have an 
equal number of votes, than the house of representatives shall 
immediately choose by ballot, one of them for president. — 
And if no person have a majority, then from the live highest 
on the list, the said house shall in like manner, choose the 
president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be 
taken by states ; the representatives of each state, having one 
vote. A quorum for this purpose, shall consist of a member 
or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of 
all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, 
after the choice of the president, the person having the great- 
est number of votes of the electors, shall be vice-president. 
But if there be two or more who have equal votes, the senate 
shall choose from them by ballot, the vice-president. 

The congress may determine the time of choosi«g the elec- 
tors, and the day on which they hall give their votes ; which 
day shall be the same throughout the United States. 

No' person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the 
United States, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, 



i04 APPENDIX. 

shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither shall any 
person be eligible to that office, who shall not have attained 
to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resi- 
dent within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the president from office, or o.< 
his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and 
duties of that othce, the same shall devolve on the vice-presi- 
dent ; and the congress ma}' provide by law, for the case of 
removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president 
and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as 
president, and such officer shall act accordinglv, until the dis- 
ability be removed, or a president be elected. 

The presidoDt shall at stated times, receive for his services, 
a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminish- 
ed during the period for which he shall have been elected : 
and he shall not receive within that period any other emolu- 
ment from the United States, or any of them. 

Before he enter upon the execution of his office, he shall 
take the following oath or aHirmalion : I do solemnly swear 
(or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president 
of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, pre- 
serve, protect and defend the constitution of the U. States. 

Sections. The president shall be comm;iniler-in-chief ot 
the army and navy of the United States : and of the militia of 
the several slates, when called into actual service of the Uni- 
ted States ; he may require the opinion in writing, of the 
principal olhcer in each of the executive departments, upon, 
any subjects relating to the duties of their respective offices ; 
lad he shall have yiower to grant reprieves or pardons for of- 
fences against the United States, except in cases of impeach- 
ment. 

He shall have the power, by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the senate, to make treaties, ])rovided two-thirds oi 
the senators present, concur ; and he shall nominate, and by 
.ind with the advice and consent of the senate, appoint am- 
bassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
-upreme court, and all other officers of the United States, 
\vhose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, 
and wliich shall be established by law. But the congress 
may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers, 
as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of 
law, or the heads of departments. 

The prcsiilcnt shall have the power to fill all Tacancics^ 



APPENDIX. 40 



o 



that may happen during the recess of llic senate, by graiilinj;; 
commisijions, which sliall expire at tlie end of the next session. 

Section S. He shall from time to time, give to tlie con- 
gress, information of the state of the Union, and recommend 
to their consideration, such measures as he shall judge neccfc- 
<ary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
vene both houses of congress, or cither of them ; and in case 
of disagreement between tlietn, witli respect to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time and place as lie 
shall think proper. He shall receive ambassadors and other 
public mini^: iS. He shcdl take care that the laws are faith' 
fully executed, and shall commission all tlie oflicers of the 
United State?. 

Section 4. The president, vice-president and all the ojQi- 
cers of the United States shall be removed from oflke, on im- 
peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other 
high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE HT. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall 
be vested in one suj>reme court, and in such inferior courts as 
the congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. 
The judges, both of the supreme and inferior court?, shall 
hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, ai stated 
times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall 
not be diminished during theii- conlinup.nce.in oilice. 

Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in 
law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the 
United States, and treaties made under their authority ; to all 
cases atfectino; ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls : 
to all cases of admiralty and maritimo jurisdiction ; to contro- 
versies, to which the United St .tes shall be a party ; to contro- 
versies, between two or more states ; between a state, and cit- 
izens of another state ; between citizens of diifercnt states ; 
between citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants 
of difterent states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, 
and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

In all cases afliecting ambassadors, or other public ministers, 
and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a par]y, the 
supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. The other 
cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appef- 
late jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exception ^, 
and under such regulatious, as the congress shall make. 



406 APPENDIX. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachraenl, 
shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the state 
where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when 
not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place 
or places, as the congress shall by law, have directed. 
W Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall con- 
sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their 
enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be 
convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of tvvo witness- 
es to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

The congress shall have power to declare the punishment 
of treason ; but no attainder of treason, shall work corrup- 
tion of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the per- 
son attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section 1. Full fiiith and credit shall be given in eacli 
state, to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of 
every other state. And the congress may, by general laws, 
piescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro- 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section 2. The citizens of each state, shall be entitled to 
all the privileges and immunities, of the citizens ol the several 
states. 

A person charged with treason, felony or other crime, 'in 
any state, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another 
state, shall, on demand from the executive authority of the 
state, from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to 
the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one state, under the 
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of 
any law or regulations therein, be discharged from such ser- 
vice or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party 
to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Section 3. New states may be admitted by the congress, 
into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected, 
within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be 
formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of 
states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states 
concerned, as well as of the congress. 

" ^The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all 
needful rules and regulations, respecting the territory, ami 



APPENDIX. 407 

other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in 
this constitution shall be so construed, as to prejudice any 
claims of the United states, or any particular state. 

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state 
in this Union, a republican form of government ; and shall 
protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of 
the legislature, or of the executive, (when the legislature can- 
not be convened) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitu- 
tion ; or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of 
the states, shall call; a convention for proposing amendments, 
which in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purpos- 
es, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures 
of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions m 
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode may be 
proposed by the congress ; provided, that no amendment 
which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hun- 
dred and eight, shall in any manner aifect the tirst and fourth 
clauses in^ the ninth section of the first article ; and that no 
state without its |consent, shall be deprived of its equal suf- 
frage in the senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before 
the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the 
United States, under this constitution, as under the confeder- 
ation. 

This constitution, and the laws of the United States, whicL 
shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or 
which shall be made, under the authority of the United States , 
shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judge in every 
state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution, or 
laws of any state to the contrary, notwithstanding. 

The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the 
members of the several state legislature, and :all| executive 
and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the sev- 
eral states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support 
this constitution ; but no religious test shcdl ever be required, 
as a qualification to any office or public trust, under the Unitei 
States. 



4C8 APPENDIX. 

ARTICLE Vir. 

The ratiiication of the conventions of nine states, shall be 
sufficient lor the establishment of this constitution, between 
the states so ratifying the same. t 

AxMENDMENTS. 

Article 1. Congress shall make no law respecting the es- 
tablishment oi religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there- 
of, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or 
the right of the people peaceblj to assembly, and to petition 
the government for a redress of grievances. 

Article 2. A well regulated militia being necessary to the 
security of a i'ree state, the right of the people to keep and 
b^ar arms, shall not be infringed. 

Article 3. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 
in any house, without the consent of the owner ; nor in time 
of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Article 4. The right of the people to be secure in their per- 
sons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable search- 
es and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall 
issue, but upon prooable cause, supported by oath or affirma- 
tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and 
the persons and things to be seized. 

Article 5. No person shall be held to answer for a capital 
or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or in- 
dictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or 
naval service, or m the militia, when in actual service, in time 
ofrWar or public danger \ nor shall any person be subject for 
the same oftence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life and limb .; 
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall private property be 
taken for the public use, without just compensation. 

Article 6. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
enjoy the right of a speedy and public trial, by an impartial 
jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been 

t The fundamental difference between the old confederation, and 
new constitution rests principally on this ; the former looked to the 
states for support ; but the latter supports the states. 



APPENDIX. ' 409 

previously committed ; which district shall have been previ- 
ously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation ; to be confrdnted with the witnesses 
against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnes- 
ses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel, for his 
defence. 

Article 7. In suits at common law, where the value in con- 
troversy, shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by ju- 
ry, shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury, shall be 
otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than 
according to the rules of the common law. 

Article 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exces- 
sive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Article 9. The enumeration in the constitution of certain 
rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others re- 
tained by the people. 

• Article 10. The powers not delegated by the constitution 
to the United States, nor prohibited by it to the states, are re- 
served to the states respectively, or to the people. 

Article 11. The judicial power of the United States, shall 
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com- 
menced, or prosecuted against one of the United States, by 
citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of a for- 
eign state. 

Article 12. (In lieu of the third paragraph of the first sec- 
tion of the second article.) The electors shall meet in their 
respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice- 
president, one of whom at least, shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same state with themselves. They shall name in their 
ballots, the person voted for as president, and in distinct bal- 
lots, the person voted for as vice-president ; and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of 
all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of 
votes for each *. which lists they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the senate. The presi- 
dent of the senate shall, in tlie presence of the senate anA 
house of representatives, open all the certificates, and tke 
votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest 
number of votes for president, shall be the president, if suck 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap~ 
pointed ; but if no person have such majority, then from the 
persons having the highest number, not exceeding three^ o» 

35 



410 . APPENDIX. 

the list of those voted for as president, the house of repre- 
sentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. 
But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by 
states ; the representatives from each state having one vote. 
A quorum for this purpose, shall consist of a member or mem- 
bers from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the 
states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of 
representatives shall not choose a president, whenever the 
right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 4th da\^ 
of March, next following, then the vice-president shall act as 
president, as in the case of the death, or other constitution- 
al disability of the president. 

The person having the greatest number of votes as vice- 
president, shall be vice-president, if such number be a major- 
ity of the whole number of electors appointed ; but if no per- 
son have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on 
the list, the senate shall choose the vice-president. A quo- 
rum for this purpose, shall consist of two-thirds of the whole 
number of senators, and a majority of the whole number, shall 
be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally in- 
eligible to the office of president, shall be eligible to the of- 
ftce ot vice-president. 

This 12th article was ratified in 1804. 



[Note D.] 
By the Congress of the United States of America. 
MANIFESTO. 



ytf 



" These United States having been driven to hostihties by 
the oppressive and tyrannous measures of Great Britain ; hav- 
ing been compelled to commit the essential rights of man to the 
decision of arras ; and having been at length forced to shake 
off a yoke, which had grown too burdensome to bear, they de- 
clared themselves free and independent. 

Confiding in the justice of their cause ; confiding in him, 
who disposes of human events, although weak and unprovided, 
they set the power of their enemies at defiance. 

In this confidence they have continued, through the various 
fortune of ^three bloody campaigns, unawed by the powers, 



- ^ APPENDIX. 411 

unsubdued by the barbarity of their foes. Their virtuous cit- 
izens have borne, without repining, the loss of many things, 
which nnade life desirable. Their brave troops have patient- 
ly endured the hardships and dangers of a situation, fruitful 
in both beyond example. 

The congress, considering themselves bound to love their 
enemies, as children of that being, who is equally the father 
of all, and desirous, since they could not prevent, at least to 
alleviate the calamities of war, have studied to spare those who 
were inarms against them, and to lighten the chains of captiv- 
ity. 

The conduct of those serving under the king of Great Brit- 
ain, hath, with some few exceptions, been diametrically op- 
posite. They have laid waste the open country, burned the 
defenceless villages, and butchered the citizens of America. — 
Their prisons have been the slaughterhouses of her soldiers ; 
their ships of her seamen ; and the severest injuries have 
been aggravated, by the grossest insults. 

Foiled in their vain attempt to subjugate the unconquerable 
spirit of freedom, the}^ have meanly assailed the representa- 
tives of America, with bribes, with deceit, and the servility 
of adulation. They have made a mock of humanity, by the 
wanton destruction of men ; they have made a mock of reli- 
gion, by impious appeals to God, whilst in the violation of his 
sacred commands ; they have made a mock even of reason it- 
self, by endeavoring to prove, that the liberty and happiness 
of America, could safely be entrusted to those, who have said 
their orvn, unawed by the sense of virtue or of shame. 

Treated with the contempt, which such conduct deserved, 
they have applied to individuals ; they have solicited them to 
break the bonds of allegiance, and imbrue their souls with the 
blackest of crimes ; but fearing that none could be found, 
through these United States, equal to the wickedness of their 
purpose, to influence weak minds, they have threatened more 
wide devastation. 

While the shadow of hope lemained, that our enemies could 
be taught by our example, to respect those laws, which are 
held sacred among civilized nations, and to comply with the 
dictates of a religion, which they pretend, in common with us 
to believe and revere, they have been left to the influence of 
that religion, and that example. But since their incorrigible 
dispositions cannot be touched by kindness and compassion, it 



?> 



W 



412 APPENDIX. 

becomes our duty by other means, to vindicate the rights of 
humanity. 

We, therefore, the congress of the United States of Ameri- 
ca, do solemnly declare and proclaim, that if our enemies 
presume to execute their threats, or persist in their present 
career of barbarity, we will take such exemplary vengeance 
as shall deter others from a like conduct. We appeal to that 
God who searcheth the hearts of men, for the rectitude of our 
intentions. And in his holy presence declare, that as we are 
not moved by any light and hasty suggestions of anger or re- 
venge, so through every possible change of fortune, we will 
adhere to this our determination. 

Done in congress, by unanimous consent, the 30th day of 
October, 1778. 

Attest, Charles Thompson, Sec'y/' 



[Note E.] 
WASfllNGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS 

Friends and Fellow-Citizens : — 

The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the 
executive government of the United States, being not far dis- 
tant, and the time actually arrived, when your thoughts must 
be employed in designating the person, who is to be clothed 
with that importr.nt trust, it appears to rne proper, especially 
as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public 
voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution 1 have 
formed, to decline being considered among the number of 
those, out of whom a choice is to be made. I beg you, at the 
same time, to do me the justice to be assured, that this resolu- 
tion has not been taken, without a strict regard to all the con- 
siderations appertaining to the relation, which binds a dutiful 
citizen to his country ; and that, in withdrawing the tender of 
service, which silence in my situation might imply, I am influ- 
enced by no dimunition of zeal for your future interest ; no 
deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am 
supported by a full conviction, that the step is compatible with 
both. 

The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in the office, to 
which your suffrages have twice called me, have been a uni' 
form sacrifice of inclination, to the opinion of duty, and to a 
deference for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly 



APPExNDIX. 413 

hoped, that it would have been much earher in my power, 
consistent with motives, which I was not at hberty to disre- 
gard, to return to that retirement from which I had been re- 
luctantly drawn. i he strength of my inclination to do this, 
previous to the last election; had even led to the preparation 
of an address to declare it to you ; but mature reflection on 
the then perplt-xing and critical posture of our affairs with 
foreign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons, entitled 
to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea. 

I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as 
internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incom- 
patible with the sentiment of duty, or propriety ; and rfm 
persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my servi- 
ces, that in the present circu nstances of our country, you will 
not disapprove my determination to retire. 

The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous 
trust, were explained on the proper occasion. In the dis- 
charge of this trust 1 will only say, that I have, with good in- 
tentions, contributed towards the organization and administra- 
tion of the government, the best exertions of which a very 
fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious, in the out- 
set, of the inferiority of ray qualifications, experience in my 
own eyes, perh.ips still more in the eyes of others, has 
strengthened the motives to diffidence of myself; and every 
day the increasing weight of years admonishes me more and 
more, that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me, as it 
will be welcome. Satisfied that if any circumstances have 
given peculiar value to my services, they were temporary, I 
have the consolation to believe, that while choice and pru- 
dence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not 
forbid it. 

In looking forward to the moment, which is intended to 
terminate the career of my public life, myfeelingsdo notper- 
mit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of 
gratitude, which I owe to my beloved country, for the many 
honors it has conferred upon me ; still more, for the steadfast 
confidence with which it has supported me ; and for the op- 
portunities I have thence enjoyed, of manifesting my inviolable 
attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in 
usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to 
our country from these services, let it always be remember- 
ed to your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals^ 
that under circumstances, in which the passions, agitated in er- 

35* 



414 APPENDIX. 

ery direction, were liable to mislead, amidst appearances 
sometimes dubious — vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging 
— in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has 
countenanced the spirit of criticism- — the constancy of your 
support, was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee 
of the plans by which they were effected. 

Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with 
me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows, that 
Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its bene- 
ficence — that your union and brotherly affection may be per- 
petual — that the free constitution, which is the work of your 
hands, may be sacredly maintained — that its administration in 
every department, may be stamped with wisdom and virtue — 
that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these states, under 
the auspices of liberty, maybe made complete, by so careful 
a preservation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will 
acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, 
the affection, and the adoption of every nation, which is yet a. 
stranger to it. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your 
welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the appre- 
hension of danger^ natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an 
occasion like the present, to offier to your solemn contempla- 
tion, and to recommend to your frequent review, some senti- 
ments, which are the result of much reflection, of no incon- 
siderable observation," and which appear to me all important 
to the permanency of your felicity as a people. These will 
be offered to you with the more freedom, as you can only see 
iQ them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who 
can possibly have no personal motives to bias his council. 
Nor can 1 forget as an encouragement to it, your indulger?t re- 
ception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar occa- 
sion. Intervvoven as is the love of liberty with every liga- 
ment of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary 
to fortify or confirm tlie attachment. 

The unity of government, ivhich constitutes j^ou one peo- 
ple, is also now dear to you. it is justly so ; for it is a main 
pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of 
your tranquihty at home, your peace abroad ; of your safe- 
ty J of your prosperity ; of that very liberty, which you so 
highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee, that from different 
causes, and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, 
and many artifices employed to weaken in your minds the con- 



APPENDIX. 4t& 

viction of this truth ; as this is the point in your political fortress, 
against which the batteries of internal and external enemies 
will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly 
and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment, that yon 
should properly estimate the immense value of your national 
union, to your collective and individual happiness ; that you 
should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immoveable attachment 
to it ; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it, as the 
palladium of your political safety and prosperity I watching for 
its preservation with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing what- 
ever may suggest, even a suspicion, that it can in any event be 
abandoned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawriing 
of every attempt, to alienate any portion of our country from 
the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties, which now link togeth- 
er the various parts. 

For this, you have every inducement of sympathy and in- 
terest. Citizens by birth or choice, of a common country, 
that country has a right to concentrate your affections. The 
name of America, which belongs to you in your national capa- 
city, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than 
any appellation derived from local discriminations. With 
slight shades of diiference you have the same religion, man- 
ners, habits, and political principles. You have in a commori 
cause fought and triumphed together ; the independence and 
liberty you possess are the work of joint councils, and joint 
efforts, of common dangers, suffering and successes. But 
these considerations, however powerfully they address them- 
selves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those, 
which apply more immediately to your interest. . Here every 
portion of our country finds the most commanding motives, for 
carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole. 

The north, in an unrestrained intercourse with the south, 
protected by the equal laws of common gpvernment, finds in 
the productions of the latter great additional resources ol'mar- 
itime and commercial enterprise, and precious materials of 
manufacturing industry. The south, in the same intercourse, 
benefited b}^ the agency of the north, sees its agriculture 
grow, and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own 
channels the seamen of the north, it finds its particular navi- 
gation invigorated ; and while it contributes, in diiTerent ways, 
to nourish and increase the general mass of the national naviga- 
tion, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength, 
to which itself is unequally a^aj^rted. The east, in alike inter- 



416 APPENDIX. 

course with the west, already fintis, and in the progressive ini 
provement of interior communication, by land and water, will 
more and more find, a vent for the commodities, which it 
brings from abroad, or manufactures at home. The west de- 
rives from the east, supplies requisite to its growth and comr 
fort — and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must 
of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of mdispensable out- 
lets for its own productions, to the weight, influence, and fu- 
ture maritime strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, di- 
rected by an indissoluble community of interest, as one nation. 
Any other tenure, by whirh the west can hold this essential 
advantage, whether derived from its own seperate strength, 
or from an apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign 
power, must be intrinsically precarious. 

While then every part of our country, thus feels an imme- 
diate and peculiar interest in union, all the parts combined 
cannot fail to find in the united mass of means and eflorts, 
greater strength, greater resources, proportionably greater 
security from external danger, a less iVequent interruption of 
their peace by foreign nations ; and what is of inestimable 
value I they must derive from union, an exemption from those 
broils, and wars between themselves, which so frequently af- 
flicts neighboring countries, not tied together by the same 
government ; which their own rivalships alone would be sufii- 
cient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attach- 
ments and intrigues, would stimulate and embitter. Hence 
likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown 
military establishments, which, under any form of government, 
are inauspscious to libertjr, and which are to be regarded as 
particularly hostile to republican liberty ; in this sense it is, 
that your union ought *o be considered as a main prop of your 
liberty, and that the love of the one, ought to endear to you 
the preservation of the other. 

These considerations speak a persuasive language to every 
reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of 
the union, as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a 
doubt, whether a common government can embrace so large a 
sphere ? Let experience solve it. To listen to mere spec- 
ulation, in such a case, were criminal. We are authorised to 
hope, that a proper organization of the whole, with auxiliary 
agency of governmeuLs, for the respective subdivisions, will 
aft'ord a happy issue to the experiment. 'Tis well worth a 
fair and lull experiment. With such powerful and obvious 



APPENDIX. 417 

motives to union, affecting all parts of our country, while ex- 
perience shall not have demonstrated its impracticability, there 
will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those, who 
in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken its bands. 

In contemplating the causes, which may disturb our Union, 
it occurs as a matter of serious concern, that any ground should 
have been furnished for characterising parties, by geographical 
discriminations — northern and southern — Atlantic and west- 
ern — whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief, 
that there is a real difference of local interests and views. 
One of the expedients of party to acquire influence, within 
particular districts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims 
of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much 
against the jealousies and heart burning*;, which spring from 
these misrepresentations ; they tend to render alien to each 
other, those, who ought to be bound together by fraternal affec- 
tion.— The inhabitants of our western country have lately had 
a useful lesson on this head ; they have seen, in the negotia- 
tion by the executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the. 
senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satis- 
faction at that event throughout the United States, a decisive 
proof, how unfounded were the suspicions propagated among 
them, of a policy in the general government, and in the Atlan- 
tic states, unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mis- 
sissippi : they have been witnesses to the formation of Iwo 
treaties, that with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which 
secure to them every thing they could desire, in respect to 
our foreign relations, towards confirming their prosperity. 
Will it not be their wisdom to rely, for the preservation of 
these advantages, on the union by which they were procured? 
Will they not henceforth 6e deaf to those advisers, if such 
there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and 
connect them with aliens ? 

To the efficacy and permanency of your union, a govern- 
ment for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however 
strict, between the parts, can be an adequate substitute ; they 
must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions, 
which all alliances, in all times, have experienced. Sensible 
of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first 
essay, by the adoption of a constitution of government, better 
calculated than your former, for an intimate union, and for the 
efficacious management of your common concerns. This gov- 
ernment, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced an4 






418 APPENDIX. 

vinawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliber 
tion, completely free in its principles, in the distribution of 
its powers, uniting security with energy, and containing with- 
in itself a provision for its own amendments, has a just claim 
to your confidence, and your support. — Respect jfor its au- 
thority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, 
are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liber- 
ty. The basis of our political system is, the right of the 
people to make and alter their constitutions of government. — 
But, the constitution which at any time exists, till changed by 
an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly 
obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the 
right of the people to estibli^h government, presupposes the 
duty of every indivrilual, to obey the established government. 

All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combina- 
tions and associations, under whatever plausible character, 
with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the 
regular deliberation and action of the constituted authorities, 
are destructive of this fundamental principle, and of fatal ten- 
dency. — They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial 
and extraordinary force — to put in the place of the delegated 
will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but enter- 
prising minority of the community ; and according to the al- 
ternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public ad- 
ministration the mirror, of the ill-concerted and incongruous 
projects of factions, rather than the organ of consistent and 
\vholesome plans, digested by common councils, and modified 
by mutual interests. However combinations, or associations 
of the above description, may now and then answer popular 
ends, they are likely, in the course of time and things, to be- 
come potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious and un- 
principled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the 
people, and to usurp to themselves the reins of government ; 
destroying afterwards the vtjry engines which have lifted them 
to unjust dominion. 

Towards the preservation of your government', and the per- 
manency of your present happy state, it is requisite, not only 
that you speedily discountenance irregular oppositions to its 
acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care, the 
spirit of innovation upon its principles, however specious the 
pretexts. One method of assault may be, to effect in the forms 
of the constitution, alterations which will impair the energy 
of the system, and thus to undermine, what cannot be directly 



APPENDIX. 419 

overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, 
remember, that time and habit are at least, as necessary to fijt 
the true character of governments, as of other human institu- 
tions — that experience is the surest standard, by which to test 
the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country — 
that facility in changes upon the credit of mere hypothesis and 
opinion, exposes to perpetual change from the endless varie- 
ty of hypothesis and opinion ; and remember, especially, that 
for the efficient management of your common interests, in a 
country so extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor 
as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indis- 
pensable. Liberty itself, will find in such a government, with 
powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. 
It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the government is 
too feeble to withstand the enterprises of fiiction, to confine 
each member of the society within the limits prescribed by 
the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and trauquil enjoy- 
ment of the rights of person and property. 

I have already intimated to you, the danger of parties in the 
state, with particular reference to the founding of them on ge- 
ographical discriminations. — Let me now take a more compre- 
hensive view, and warn you, in the most solemn manner, 
against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally. 
This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, hav- 
ing its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It 
exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less 
stifled, controlled or repressed ; but in those of the pop- 
ular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their 
worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over 
another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party 
dissention, which, in different ages and countries, has perpe- 
trated the most horrid enormities, is itself frightful despotism. 
But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent des- 
potism. The disorders and miseries, which result, gradually 
incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the 
absolute power of an individual ; and sooner or later, the chief 
©f some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than 
his competitors, turns his despotism to the purposes of his 
«wn elevation, on the ruins of public liberty. 

Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which 
nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight) the com- 
mon and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party, are suffi- 
cient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to dis~ 



420 APPENDIX. 

courage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the publie 
councils, and enfeeble the public administrations. It agitates 
^ the community, with ill-founded jealousies, and false alarms ; 
kindles the animosity of one party against another, and foments 
occasionly, riot and insurrection. It opens the door to for- 
eign influence and corruption, which find a Aicilitated access 
to the government itself, through the channels of party pas- 
sions. Thus the policy and the will of one country, are sub- 
jected to the policy and will of another. 

There is an opinion, that parties in free countries are useful 
checks upon the administration of the government, and serve 
to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits 
is probably true ; and in governments of a monarchical cast, 
patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon 
the spirit of party. But in those of -a popular character, in 
governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encoura- 
ged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will al- 
ways be enough of that spirit, for every salutary purpose. And 
there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, 
by force of public opinion to mitigate and assuage it. A fire 
not to be quenched ; it demands a uniform viligance to prevent 
its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should con- 
sume. 

It is important likewise, that the habits of thinking in a free 
country, should inspire caution, in those intrusted with its ad- 
ministration, to confine themselves within their respective 
constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers 
of one department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of en- 
croachment tends, to consolidate the powers of all the depart- 
ments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of govern- 
ment, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, 
and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the human 
heart, is sutBcient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. — 
The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of politicial 
power, b}' dividing and distributing it into different deposito- 
ries, arvd constituting each the guardian of public weal, against 
invasions by the others, has been evinced by experiments, an- 
cient and modern ; some of them in our country, and under 
our own eyes. To preser-^e them, must be as necessar)', as to 
institute them. It\ in the opinion of the people, the distribu- 
tion or modificaiion of the constitutional powers be, in any par- 
ticular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment, in the wa> 
which the constitution designates. But let there be no change 



APPENDIX, 421 

fey usurpation ; for though this, in one instance may be the 
instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free 
governments are destroyed. The precedent must always 
greatly overbalance in permanent evil, any partial or transient 
benefit, which the use can at any time yield. 

Of all the dispositions and habits, which lead to political 
prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. 
In vam would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who 
should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, 
these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. Thr 
mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect 
and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their con- 
nections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be 
asked, where is the security for property, for reputation, for 
life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths, which 
are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice ; and 
Jet us with caution indulge the supposition, that morality can 
be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded 
to the influence of refined education, on mmds of peculiar 
structure ; reason and experience both forbid us to expect, 
that national morality can prevail, in exclusion of religious 
principle. 'Tis substantially true, that virtue or morality is a 
necessary spring of popular government. The rule indeed 
extends, with more or less force, to every species of free gov- 
ernment. Who that is a sincere friend to it, can look with in 
difference upon th^ attempts, to shake the foundation of the 
fabric ? 

Promote then, as an object of primary importance, institu- 
tions for the general diffusion of knowledge. — In proportion 
as the structure of a government gives lorce to public opinion, 
it is essential, that public opinion should be enlightened. As a 
very important source of strength and security, cherish public 
credit ; one niethod of preserving it is, to use it as spanngly 
as possible ; avoiding occasions of expense, by cultivating 
peace ; but remembering also, that timely disbursements to 
prepare for danger, frequently prevent much greater disburse- 
ments to repel it ; avoiding likewise the accumulations of 
debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigo- 
rous exertions in time of peace, to discharge the debts which 
unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously 
throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves Ought 
to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your re- 
presentatives, but it is necessary that public opinion should 

36 



422 APPENDIX. 

co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of their 
duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in mind, 
that towards the payment of debts there must be a revenue : to 
have revenue, there must be taxes ; that no taxes can be devis- 
ed, which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant j 
that the intrinsic embarrassment, mseparable from the selection 
of the propel object, (which is always a choice of dithculties) 
ought to be a decisive motive, lor a candid construction of the 
conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of 
acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue, which 
the public exigencies may at any time dictate. 

Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; culti- 
vate peace and harmony with all ; religion and morality en- 
join this conduct ; and can it be, that good policy does not 
equally enjoin it ? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, 
and at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind 
the magnanimous and too novel example, of a people always 
guided by an exalted justice aiul benevolence. Who can 
doubt, that in the course of time and things, the fruits of such 
a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages, which 
might be lost by a steady adherence to it ? Can it be, that 
Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a na- 
tion, with its virtues ? 1 he experiment, at least, is recom- 
mended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. 
Alas I is it rendered impossible by its vices ? 

In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential, 
than that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular 
nations, and passionate attachments lor others should be ex- 
cluded, and that in place of thein, just and amicable feelings 
towards all, should be cultivated. The nation, which indulg- 
es towards another an habitual hatred, or an habilual fond- 
ness, is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity, 
or to its affection, either of which, is suificient to lead it 
astray, from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one 
nation against another, disposes each more readily to otfer 
insult and injury, to lay hold ot' flight causes of umbrage, 
and to be haughty and untractable, when accidental and tri- 
lling occasions of dispute occur. Hence frequent collisions, 
obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation 
prompted by ill will and resentment, sometimes impels to war 
the government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. 
The government sometimes participates in the national pro- 
pensity, and adopts through passion, what reason weuld reject : 



APPENDIX. 423 

at other times, it may be the animosity of the nation subservi- 
ent to projects of hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and 
other sinister and pernicious motives. — The peace often, 
sometimes perhaps the liberty of nations, has been the vic- 
tim. 

So Ukewise a passionate attachment of one nation for anoth- 
er, produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite na- 
tion, facilitating the allusion of an imaginary common interest, 
in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing 
into one the enmities of tlie other, betrays the former into a 
participation in the quarrels, and wars of the latter, without 
adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to conces- 
sions to the favorite nation, of privileges denied to others, 
which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the conces- 
sions, by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been 
retained ; and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition 
to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are. 
withheld ; and it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded 
citizens, (who devote themselves to the favorite nation) facili- 
ty to betray or sacrifice the interests of their country, with- 
out odium, sometimes even with popularity ; gliding with 
the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commenda- 
ble deference tor public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public 
good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, 
or infatuation. 

As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such 
attachments are particularly alarming, to the truly enlightened 
and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they 
afford, to tamper with domestic factions, to practice the arts of 
seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe thf 
public councils ! Such an attachment of small or weak, to- 
wards a great and powerful nation, dooms the former to be 
the satellite of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of for- 
eign influence, (1 conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) 
the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake ; 
since history and experience prove, that foreign influence is 
one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But 
that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial ; else it becomes 
the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of 
a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign na- 
tion, and excessive dislike of another, cause those whom they 
actuate, to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and 
even second the art of influence on the other. Keal patriots, 



4^4 APPENDIX, 

s?ho may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to be 
come suspected and odious ; while its tools and dupes usurp 
the applause and confidence of the pe©ple, to surrender their 
interests. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to for- 
eign nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have 
with them as little political connexion as possiule. So far as 
we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled 
with perfect good faith.^ — Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, 
or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in 
frequent controversies, the causes ol which are essentially 
foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be un- 
wise in us, to implicate ourselves by artificial ties, in the ordi- 
nary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations 
and collisions of her friendships, or enmities. Our detached 
and distant situation invite and enable us to pursue a difl'er- 
ent course. If we remain one people, under an efficient gov- 
ernment, the period is not far off, when we may d^fy material 
injury from external annoyance ; when we may take such an 
attitude as will cause the neutrality, we may at any time re- 
solve upon, to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent 
nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon 
us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when 
we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by jus- 
tice, shall counsel. 

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? Whj'^ 
quit our own. to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, by inter- 
>veaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle 
our peace and prosperity, in the toils of European ambition, 
rivalship, interest, humor or caprice ? 'Tis our true policy 
to steer clear of permanent alliances, with nny portion of the 
foreign world ; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do 
it ; for let us not be understood, as capable of patronizing infi- 
delity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less ap- 
plicable to public, than to private affairs, that honesty is al- 
TTaysthe best policy. 1 repeat it, therefore, let those engage- 
ments be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opin- 
ion, it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend them. 
Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establish- 
^ments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust 
to temporary alliances, for extraordinary emergencies. 

Harmony, and liberal intercourse with all nations, are re- 
rommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even oui 



APPENDIX. 425 

commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; 
neither seeking, nor granting exclusive favors or preferences ; 
consulting the natural course of things, diifusing and diversify- 
ing by gentle means, the streams of commerce, by forcing 
nothing ; establishing, with powers so disposed, (in order to 
give trade a stal)le course, to define the rights of our mer- 
chants, and to enable the government to support them) conven- 
tional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstan- 
ces, and mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable 
to be, from time to time, abandoned or varied, as experience. 
and circumstances shall dictate ; constantly keeping in view, 
that 'tis folly in one nation, to look for disinterested favor* 
from another ; that it must pay with a portion of its indepen- 
dence, for whatever it may expect, under that character ; that 
by such acceptance, it may place itselfin the condition of hav- 
ing given equivalent, for nominal favors, and yetof being re- 
proached with ingratitude, for not giving more. There can be 
no greater error, than to expect, or calculate upon real favors 
from nation to nation. ^I'is an allusion, which experience, 
must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. 

in offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old 
;iffectionate friend, 1 dire not hope they will make the strong 
and lasting impression I could wish ; that they will control 
the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation from 
running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of 
nations. But if I m;iy ever flatter myself, that they may be 
])roductivc of some partial benefit, some occasional good ; tha< 
they may now and then recur, to moderate the fury of party 
spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, and 
guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism ; this 
hope will be a full recompense, for the solicitude for your 
\veirare, by which they have been dictated. How far in the 
discharge of my official duties, 1 have been guided by the prin- 
ciples, which have been delineated, the public records, and 
other evidences of ray conduct, must witness to you and to the 
world. To myself, the assurance of my own conscience is, 
that I have at least believed myself to be guided by them. 

In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my procla- 
mation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. 
Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your rep- 
resentatives in both houses of congress, the spirit of that meas- 
ure has continually governed me ; uninfluenced by any at- 
tempt to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate exam 

3b* 



42G APPENDIXv 

Hiation, with the aid of the best hghts I coukl obtiiin, 1 \va? 
well satistiecl,that our country, under all the circumstances o! 
the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and inter- 
est, to take a neutral position. Having taken it, 1 determin- 
ed, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it wiih mod- 
eration, perseverance and firmness. 

The consideration which respects the right to hold thi? 
conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will 
only observe, that according to my understanding of the mat- 
ter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the bellig- 
erent powers, has been virtually admitted by all. The duty 
of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without any 
thing more, iVom the obligations, which justice and humanity 
impose upon every nation, in cases in which it is free to act. 
to maintain inviolate, the relations of peace and amity towards 
other nations. The inducements of interest, for observing 
that conduct, will best be referred to your own rellectionsand 
experience. With me, apredomin;«nt motive has been, to en- 
deavor to gain time to our country, to settle and mature its yet 
recent institutions, and to progress without interruption, to 
that degree of strength and consistency, which is necessary 
10 give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes. 
Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, 1 
am unconscious of intentional error ; 1 am nevertheless too 
sensible of my defects, not to think it probable, that 1 may have 
committed many errors. Whatever they may be, 1 fervent- 
ly beseech the Almighty to averts or mitigate the evils tr 
vsrhich they may tend. 1 shall also carry with me the hope, 
that my country will never cease to view them with indul- 
gence ; and that after forty-five years of my life, dedicated to 
its service, with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent 
•abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be. 
10 the mansions of rest. Relying on its kindness in this, as in 
the other things, and actuated by that fervent love towards it, 
which is so natural to a man, who views in it the native soil of 
himself, and his progenitors, tor several generations ; I anti- 
cipate with pleasing expectation, that retreat, in which I prom- 
ise myself to realise, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of 
partaking, in the midst of my lellow-citizens, the benign in- 
tluence of good laws, under a iVee government — the ever fa- 
'vorite object of my heart, and the liappy reward, as I trust, 
.''f owr mutual cares, labor? and dangers. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON 



A BRIEl'' 

GEOGRAPHICAL VIEW 

OF THE 

» 

l^oundaries. — The United States nre bounded on the north 
ynd northeast, by ihe dominions of Russia, unlocated regions 
ofGreat Britain, Upper and Lower Canada, and Nevv-fiiuns- 
wick ; southeast by the Athintic ocean ; south by the gnlf of 
Mexico ; and west by the Spanish dominions and the Pacitic 
ocean. 

Face of ike country, 4'c. — Tlie face of the countr}' is inter- 
sected, and variegated, with the most extensive ranges ol 
mountains, the longest and noblest rivers, the largest and most 
numerous lakes, the richest and most fertile basins, and the 
grandest, or most subhme natural scenes in the world. 

Mountains. — The l^ocky and Chip[)ewan ranges on the 
west, and the Allegany and Blue ixiilge ranges on the cast, 
are the great chains, that form tlie principal sources of all the 
great rivers, that fall into the Pacific ocean, on the west, the 
gulf of Mexico on the south, and the Atlantic ocean on the 
cast. 

The range of the Rocky mountains extend* from the isthmu.'^ 
of Darien, in a northerly direction to tiie northern ocean, with 
an average elevation of about 9000 feet above the level of 
the sea. Highest Peak and James^ Peak are lofty elevations* 
upon this range, that shoot up to the height of about I -,000 
feet, and are covered with {)erennial snows. Highest Peak is 
considered as the most elevated land in North America, be- 
cause it gives rise to the Colerado of the west, which falls in 
to the gulf of California, and the Yellow Stone, La Platte, Ar- 
kansas, and Rio del Norte, which run into the gulf of Mexico- 

West of the Rocky mountains, another range rises in Cali- 
fornia, and extending along the coast of the Pacific, at the dis- 
tance of about 100 miles, terminates in mount St. Elias, near 
the 60th degree of north latitude, which is an elevation ot 
about 18,000 feet above thjC sea. 



428 APPENDIX. 

The Chippewan range lies a few degrees east of the Rocky 
mountains, which extends irom the Artie ocean, down into 
Mexico, and forms the high table-lands ol'that region.! From 
the northern parts of this range, an extensive chain shoots off, 
and extends to the coast of Labrador. This range divides the 
waters that fall into the Artie ocean, iVom those of the St. 
Lawrence. 

The Masserne range shoots off from the Chip}>ewan range, 
and extends in a souther!)' direction, between Arkansas and 
Red rivers, down to latitude 39 deg. 34 min. where it divides 
into two branches ; the one extends down to the mouth of the 
Arkansas, where it terminates ; and the other extends north- 
.erl}', to the source of the Osage, and gives rise to that river. 
These mountains, collectively, give rise to the majestic rivers 
that tlow into the Pacific ocean, the Nortliern ocean, Hudson's 
bay, gulf of St. Lawrence, and the gulf of Mexico. 

The Apalachian or Allegany chain rises at the Chickasaw 
blulTs, on the southern borders of Tennessee, and taking hu 
easterly direction, through the northern sections of Mississip- 
pi, Alabama, and Georgia, enters South Carolina, and thence 
taking a north-eastern direction, runs nearly parallel with the 
coast, until it terminates at the Catskiil blutls, on the Hudson. 
The average height of this range is from lOOU to 4000 feet. 
:ind averaije breadth about fit'tv miles. 

The great Laurel ridge, and Cumberland mountains, that 
rise in \ irginia, and extend into Kentucky and Tennessee, 
are the most considerable branches of the Allegany range. 

The Blue Ilidge is connected with this range, as the Chip- 
])ewan is with the Rocky range ; it rises near the same 
source and running parallel with it, terminates at West-Point, 
on the Hudson. 

East of the Hudson, the Blue Ridge rises again, in one con- 
tinuous range, called the Taghonnuc, which unites with the 
Green mountain range, near Bennington, and extends to Onion 
liver, where it terminates in a bluif. It rises ag;. in north of 
the Onion river, and extends in broken ridges into Canada. 

Another range rises in Connecticut, at the New-Haven 
l)luff, and rumiing north through Connecticut and Massachu- 
setts, into Vermont, forms the Green mountain range, 
as above. A third range commences at East Rock, near New 

t All extensive level tracts of land, upon high elevations arc dcn«in 
ihated (able-lands. 



APPENDIX. 429 

Haven, and extending north, crosses the Conneclicut at North- 
ampton, and unites with a fourth range, that rises at Lyme, 
near Long-Ishmd sound, and this united range, embraces the 
White Hills of New-Hampshire, and extending along the 
northern boundary of the United States, dfvides the waters of 
Lower Canada from those of Maine. The White Hills of 
this range, are the highest land in New England ; being ele- 
vated about 7000 feet above the sea, caped ten or eleven 
months in the year with snow, and covered with white fleecy 
clouds, from which they derive their name. 

The other mountains of the United States are numerous ; 
but as they are insulated generally, and form no continuous 
ranges, their notice will not come under this head. 

The grand declivities of the aforementioned mountains, 
form the following basins, that drain off the waters of the fol- 
lowing rivers. 

Rivers. — The western declivity of the Rocky mountains, 
forms the basin through which the Columbia or Origon, with 
its grand tributaries, flows off into the Pacific ocean. This riv- 
er rises in the Rocky mountains, about lat. 64 or 55, accord- 
ing to Carver, and near the head waters of Mackenzie's riv- 
er, that flows 2000 miles into the Arctic ocean. The Origon, 
receives in its course, from the southeast, the following grand 
tributaries. 1. Clark's river, that interlocks with the head 
streams of the Missouri, which approach within the distance 
of 300 rods, and after winding in a broad circuitous course, 
unites with the Origin, about lat. 48 degrees. 2. Lewis' riv- 
er, which rises near the sources of the Yellow Stone, and 
winding a more angular course, meets the Origon about 180 
miles below the former,iin about lat. 46 deg. 3 min. 3d. The 
Multnomah, that rises under the Rocky mountains, in about 
lat. 42 degrees, and joins the Origon in about 45 degrees. 
It is about 500 yards wide at its junction ; but its course and 
length are very imperfectly known, having never been fully 
explored. From the last mentioned junction, the Origon 
flows about 100 miles, and then falls into the Pacific ocean. 

Under the eastern declivity ot the same cham, rises the 
majestic Missouri, or king of rivers, lat. 43 deg. 31 min. and 
west Ion. 34 deg. 54 min. The three principal head branch- 
es, are called Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin. From the 
mouth of the Jefferson, to its junction with the Mississippi, is 
3096 miles, and from thence to the gulf of Mexico, 134^ 
miles ; total 4491 miles, which exceeds in extent^ the naviga 



ISO APPENDIX. 

ble waters of any other river upon tlie globe. The cateracif 
ofthe Missouri, will compare well with those of Niagara. The 
descent ofthe former, is 362 feet in 18 miles, viz. 98 feet per- 
pendicular, at the tirst pitch, 19 at the second, 47 at the third, 
and 26 at the fourth, and the width of the river at this eater- 
act is about 350 yards ; but the cateract ofthe latter, is esti- 
mated at 157 feet perpendicular descent, and the width ofthe 
river at 1320 yards. 

Under, the southern declivity of the northern chain, rise? 
the great Mississippi, lat 47 deg. 47 min. that flows 3000 
miles, into the gulf of Mexico, through a divided confluence, 
like the Nile or Egypt, the principal of which is called the 
Balize. This river receives the majestic Missouri, 1345 
miles from its mouth, in lat. 38 deg. 50 min. It is navigable 
for boats of forty tons, to the falls of St. Anthony, 2400 miles 
from its mouth ; but large ships seldom ascend above Natch- 
ez, 447 miles above its mouth, and 322 above the city of 
New Orleans. The rapid current of this river has formerly 
greatly impeded its navigation ; but this obstruction is now 
overcome by the power of steam, and more than one hundred 
.^team boats, of from 40 to 5 or 600 tons, perform a regular 
course of navigation upon the Mississippi, and its tributary 
streams. 

Upon the western declivity ofthe Allegany range, rises the 
placid and beautiful Ohio, and after receiving numerous tribu- 
tary streams, falls into the Mississippi, after meandering a 
course of 1 1 80 miles from Pittsburg, at the head of navigation. 
The breadth of the river is from 4 to 1400 yards ; but the 
average breadth, about 534 yards, as at Cincinnati. 

All these rivers overflow their banks annually ; but none 
so extensively as the Mississippi. 

For a particular description of the numerous rivers, that 
rise under the declivities of the Allegany, Green, and White 
mountain ranges, see description of inland navigation. 

Lakes. — The lakes of the United States are more numer- 
ous, and larger in size, than those of any other country on the 
globe. Lake Superior, as its iiame imports, is 15 or 1600 
miles in circumference, which far surpases that of any other 
body of fresh water. It is surrounded with a rocky shore, is 
subject to storms more violent than the ocean ; contains nu- 
merous islands, and abounds with a great variety of valuable 
fish. 

The next in size are Michigan, Erie, Ontario, and Cham- 



APPENDIX. 43! 

plain, these are all navigable for vessels of the largest class, antl 
have become famous for their naval combats. The other nu- 
merous lakes are too small to admit of particular notice here. 
hiland navigation, — The navigation of the Hudson river is 
free for ships of the largest class to Hudson, and from thence to 
Albany and Troy, for sloops and steam-boats ; from thence in 
boats through the Erie, or western canal, more than 300 miles 
to Buffalo, on lake Erie, from thence to Detroit in Michigan 230 
miles, for large vessels ; from thence by the straits 28 miles, 
lake St. Clair 20 miles, and the river St. Clair 60 miles, into 
lakes Huron and .Michigan. From lake Huron through the ca- 
nal at the rapids of St. Mary, the navigation extends through 
lake Superior, to the 9 mile portage, which opens the naviga- 
tion ot the lake of the Woods, 1 100 miles from Montreal. — 
Here commences the navigation ,of the great north western 
chain of lakes, that extends to Hudson's bay. Another branch 
of this route extends from Waterford, through the northern 
canal to Whitehall, on lake Champlain, across the lake through 
the river Sorell, to the St. Lawrence, and Montreal, from 
thence in ships of 500 tons to the ocean on the e<ist,580 miles, or 
by a boat navigation 200 miles upon the rapids into lake Ontario, 
and across the lake, which is navigable for ships of the largest 
class, to the river Niagara 170 miles, thence by a 7 miles port- 
age, commences the naiJ'igation of lake Erie, where it unites with 
the former route. This grand route from lake Erie, admits of 
the following branches, viz. A canal of 306 miles in extent, is 
now opening from Cleaveland to the mouth of the river Scioto, 
which will unite the navigation of lake Ei'ie with the river 
Ohio. Another canal is contemplated from the head waters 
of the Cuyahoga to the Muskinghum, another from the head 
waters of the Maumee to the Wabash, for the same purpose of 
connecting lake Erie with the Ohio. Another canal from a 
branch of the Maumee, through the river St. Joseph, into lake 
Michigan, and another from Michigan through the Chicago, to 
the river Illinois, which will extend the navigation to the Mis- 
sissippi, and through the Missouri to its head waters, then by 
a portage of about one mile, through Clark's river, and down 
the river Origon, to the Pacific ocean ; a distance of inland 
navigation not surpassed upon the face of the whole earth ; 
not even in Russia. Several other canals are contemplated in 
the western country ; but the one at the falls of the Ohio, and 
the other from America, across the point to the Mississippi, 
are in great forwardness, if not already completed ; m order 



i32 APPENDIX. 

to faciUuuo ihe iatercoarse beuveen Piti«bui^ aoa Si Loiui 
as nell as between p; -;' — and >iew-Orleaus. 

CanaU east of the -^n^ij.uiiea are aUo numerou? and valua- 
ble, and others are yei in coniemplation only. The inland nav- 
igation of Maine will be improved, when the contemplated ca 
nal is accomplished between the river Penobscot or Kennebec, 
and' Chaudier, to open a trade with Quebec. The canal thai 
connect* the Mernmac with Boston, has long been usetul and 
valuable. The Ciinal to connect Boston harbor with Xarnt^ui- 
set bay. through Taunton river, .^ ' ,^lher to unite Barnsta- 
ble and Buzz.irds bavs. wi' r~ va\ iacilitate the c :rcial 
interests of Boston, panics, v. with Connecticu: li.crand 
Xew-Vork. The canal now in ibrwanine?^ from the Lekigh 
to New-York is much thought of, as a channel for the convey- 
ance of the Lehigh coal. The canals from Philadelphia *:ross 
to the Susquehannah. and from the Delaware bay, across to 
the Chesapeake bay, wdl promote the commercial interests of 
Philaiielphia and Baltimore. The Chesapeake bay, with its 
numerous inlets and streams, opens an inland communication 
with the states of Virsrinia, Mar\land, Delaware, and Pennsvl- 
V ' ^'v that extends to the sout' ► '-i Une of the state of New- 
\ , - .^ :a the north, and the Ai .. v range on the west. The 
great Cumberland road also, across the Allegany, from Cum- 
berland to' Wheeling, forms a strong commercial chain be- 
tween the eastern and western states ; but the contemplates 
i-anal from the Potomac through the Moooi^ahela to Pitts- 
burg, will greatly promote this commercial intercourse. The 
canal thr: :reat Dismal swamp, that connects the Chesa- 
peake wuii .^.^-emarle sound, is useful in time of peace : but 
will always become more so. in times of war. Great fie^;*- ^re 
coniemplvited tor useful ami valuable canal inland na^ ^. . a. 
at the south, which will doubtless be executed as the popula- 
tion ;ind resources of the country increase : but the contempla- 
ted ranal across Florida, to connect the Atlantic with the Gulf 
of Mexico, will undoubtedly become the mos: useful. The 
state of Alab-ima is wateretl extensively by the river Ala- 
bama, and i::s tributary ?- ">, which connect the internal 
Bavigation of that state wi... .^e Gulf of Mexico. No country 
upon the whole earth, is capable of such vast and extensive 
lul and improvements, for commerce and navigation, and no 
oouniry on earth has made such rapid adyances, in the space ot 
two centuries, as the United States hare done, aad are con- 
linu.ng t© do. 



!► , APPENDIX. 433 

Roads. — The improvements in roads in the Tnited States, 
nre the greatest, for the time, ot' any other nation. Turn- 
pike roads hare become general throughout the country, and 
bridges hare multipHed and improved, in connection with the 
roads . 

The first is the great post road that travei*ses the Athmtic 
states, from Maine to Florida, which is 1800 mile? in extent. 
The next in importance, are the great western turnpike from 
Albany to Bulfalo, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the 
great national or Cumberland road from Washington to Wheel- 
vag, on the Ohio ; also Jackson*s road from Nashville, in Ten- 
nessee, to lake Pontchartrain or New-Orleans. 

In 1790, the extent of post-roads was estimated at 1875 
miles ; in 1818, it ivas estimated at nearly oCOO miles, and in 
IS'24, the mail was transported '2000 miles per day, which 
will raise the amount of post-roads to 130 or 140,000 miles. 

Post-Offices. — The number of post-otfices in the United 
States, exceeds 5000. 

Climates^ Soil, Agricultural productions^ ^"C. — The cli- 
mates of the United States embrace all the variety, between 
the cold regions of the north, and the tropical regions of the 
south ; the sod is various, but remarkably good ; and the 
productions include all the variety that are common to all the 
climates in the world, and may be divided into the four follow- 
iug regions, viz : The northern, middle, sotithern, and trop- 
ical. 

1. The northern region ot the United States includes the 
states of Maine, New-Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, 
Connecticut. Rhode-Island, and the state of New York. — 
Wheat was formerly an important article among the products 
of New-England, when the country was new, but it is little 
attended to since the soil has been reduced by tillage ; rye has 
become a substitute for wheat, most generally ; this, and Indi* 
an corn, oats, barley, and potatoes, have become the staple 
vegetable products in N. England ; orchards flourish through- 
out, and cider is their common drink.; cider brandy is a very 
considerable article of export ; peaches flourish in the south- 
ern part. Wheat continues to be one of the staples of New- 
York ; the others are similar to those of New-England. 

'2. New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland anil 
Virginia, east of the Allegany ; Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Mis- 
souri, and Kentucky, west of the mountains, include the mid^ 
<ilc region. Wheat is among the staples of this region, »nd in 

37 



434 APPENDIX. 

many parts the principal ; and throughout, is the best io the 
United States, and one of their most valuable exports, either 
in grain or flour. In the Atlantic states of this region, orch- 
ards flourish well, and the Newark cider of New Jersey is the 
best in the w^orld.. In the western section cider is not so com- 
mon, and whiskey is used as a general substitute. Peaches 
flourish on both sides of the mountain, and are often used fer 
the distillation of peach brandy. The grape begins to be cul- 
tivated for wine on both sides of the mountain, and vineyard? 
have been planted at or near Philadelphia, and at Vevay, on 
the Ohio. Horses, cattle, and swine, are extensively raised 
on the grazing farms in this region, particularly in the west- 
ern section, and are an important article of commerce. 

3. The southern section of Virginia, the states of North and 
South Carolina, and Tennessee, and the northern sections of 
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, with the territory of Ar 
kansavT, include the southern region. Cotton, rice, indigo, 
and maze, or Indian corn, are the staples of this region ; to- 
bacco, oats, barley, and hemp will flourish, but the Irish po- 
tatoe cannot be cultivated to advantage. Peaches, figs, and 
pomegranates, flourish well : and oranges and lemons in the 
southern parts ; but apples, pears, plums, &c. will not flour- 
ish. 

4. The southern sections of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, 
with Louisiana and Florida, compose the tropical region. Su- 
gar, cotton, mdigo, oranges, lemons, figs, &.c. Maize, or In- 
dian corn yields most luxuriantly, and in East Florida produ- 
ces two crops in a year. Coff'ee and tea, will, it is most pro- 
bable, both flourish in this region. 

Mines and Minerals. — Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and 
cobalt are found in the United States ; the beryl has been 
found among the precious stones, but the true emerald has not 
been found. Marble of the finest texture and in great variety 
has beenfouid, together with sandstone and slate, and in great 
abundance tor the purposes of building. Among the inflam- 
mable minerals have been found bituminous coal, anthracite, 
or stone coal, peat, sulphur, and petroleum also, in very great 
abundance. 

Salines. — The U. States abound with saltsprings in the inte- 
rior, west of the Allegany, and in Louisiana ; and an extensive 
plainhas been discovered among the southern branches of the 
Missouri river, covered or incrusted with salt. 

Epsom salts are found in a cave in Illinois, and nitre is found 
in numerous caves in Kentucky and Tennessee. 



APPENDIX. 435 

Jllinc ml Springs. — These are numerous, and of various 
qualities ; and are found in almost all parts of the United States. 
Those of the greatest celebrity are the Saratoga, Ballstovvn, 
and New-Lebanon, in New- York. Stafford springs in Con- 
necticut. Hot and warm springs in Virginia ; but the hot 
springs near the Washita, in Arkansas territory, are the most 
celebrated. These springs issue from the south side of a high 
bluff; are thirty in nuQiber, and the largest does not exceed 
six inches in diameter ; they will boil an egg hard, in five min- 
utes. More than 300 invalids visited those springs in 1812. 

The following extract from Dana's Sketches of the western 
states, will shew the general and more important monuments 
of antiquity that have been found in that interior country. 

Antiquities. — " Near the confluence of the Ohio and Big Mi- 
ami, on the west bank, is an extensive rich bottom, consisting 
of several thousand acres ; on, and in the vicinity ot which, 
are several ancient mounds. Northwardly of Hardensburgh, 
one half mile from the Miami, on the top of a hill, supposed 
to be elevated above the adjoining bottom 160 feet, is a forti- 
fication inclo^-iing ten or twelve acres. The wall of earth, 
from four to five teet high, does not conform to any exact fig- 
ure, but is regulated in its direction by the extremities of the 
level ground round the top of the hill, at the highest points of 
declivity, in an irregular form, so as to enclose all the level 
ground. There are two or three gate ways. On the south, 
near whore the hill is very steep, within the fort, is a consid- 
erable mound, and on the south side of the hill, about one- 
third of the distance from the base to the top, is a spacious 
high way, more than thirty feet ii> width, remarkably level 
and straight, the excavation on the upper side of which, in some 
parts of the hill, is twelve or fifteen feet deep ; this highway 
extends in length, on the side of the hill, 160 rods, each end 
terminating at points where the declivity was gentle, and the 
ascent easy to the fortification ; within which are two consid- 
erable artificial concavitiesf The numerous human bones 
washed bare by the rains, on the sloping places, indicate that 
the ancient population here was great. 

" On the opposite side of the Miami, on the top of a hill, is 
another extensive fortification, described in doctor Drake's 
Picture of Cincinnati. Another is discovered on a hill two 
miles below Hamilton, containing more than fifty acres, near 
which is a mound. Various other monuments of ancient labors 
appear in the Miami country. 



436 APPENDIX. 

^'Mounds vary both in magnitude and form. Some are coni' 
cal from the base to the top ; others present only the lower 
segment of a cone ; others are semi-globular; others in the 
form of a parallelogram. At Marietta is one of a conical fig- 
ure, of seven rods diameter at the base, fifty feet high, and 
twenty feet diameter at top. 

" The largest mound which has been found in the Ohio val- 
ley, stands at Big Grave creek, near the Ohio, fourteen miles 
below Wheeling. It is between fifteen and twenty rods diam- 
eter at the base, its perpendicular height seventy feet. On 
the summit nearly sixty feet diameter, in the middle of which 
is a regular cavity, consisting of about 3000 cubical feet, on 
which is a handsome green white oak tree, three feet diame- 
ter and more than seventy feet high. Within a few rods stand 
five other smaller mounds. 

^' The most remarkable appearances of mounds or pyramids, 
in the western country, are on the Mississippi, consisting of 
two groupes. The one about ten miles above the Kahokiar, 
which empties near St. Louis ; and the other nearly the same 
distance below it- — whioh in all exceed one hundred and fift}^ 
Near St. Louis, within less than a mile of the Mississippi, on 
the east side, is the upper groupe, which at a little distance 
resembles a cluster of enormous hay stacks. They are gen- 
erally circular ; and some of tl^em, at a great height, have 
space enough on the top to contain several hundred men. — 
Xhe largest of these mounds is a stupendous pile of earth, tt> 
form which, must have required the labors of thousands, for 
years. It stands immediately on the bank of the Kahokia. 
Were it not for the regularity and design displayed, the plain 
alluvial ground on which it stands, and the great number of 
others scattered around it, we could scarce believe it the work 
of human hands. The shape is a parallelogram from north to 
south ; on the south is a broad apron, about halfway down, 
and from this another projection, nearly fifteen feet wide ; the 
whole circumference 800 yards, ^md the height of the mound 
about 90 feet. The monks of La Trappe have settled near 
it, who have made the apron into a kitchen garden, and sow- 
ed the top with wheat. The extraordinary appearance of this 
cluster of mounds, forces conviction on the- reflecting mind, 
that they are the only relics which time has secured from ob- 
livion, of a great and populous city. The large mounds were 
probably sites of temples, and many of the smaller ones mon- 
uments of distinguished chiefs. There is perhaps no spot in, 



APPENDIX. 437 

the w^st capable of producing more abundantly, and support- 
ing a more numerous population than this valley, called the 
American Bottom, which is a tract of rich alluvian, extending 
on the Mississippi from the Kaskaskia to the Kahokia rivers, 
about eighty miles in length, and from three to twelve miles 
in breadth. The great number of mounds, and the surprising 
quantity of human bones every where dug up, or found on the 
surface of the ground, with divers other appearances, prove 
this valley to have been anciently filled with the habitations 
of men. 

*' Near St. Louis is a curious work, much admired, called 
the Fallen Garden. It suggests to the spectator the idea of a 
situation for assembUng the people for public councils." 

Natural Curiosities. — *'The gates of the Rocky mountains, 
so called, on the Missouri, present a great curiosity. For the 
distance of more than five miles, the rocks rise in perpendic- 
ular height, from the surface ®f the water, nearly 1200 ^^e{. 
There the waters of that great river are compressed within 
the compass of 150 yards wide ; and for three miles, there is 
but one small space, on which a man can stand, between the 
water and the perpendicular ascent of the mountain. 

" There are numerous caverns, of great extent and magni- 
tude, in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Indiana, in 
which large quantities of salt petre are made. In Rock Cas- 
tle county, Kentucky, there is a cave so large, that a yoke of 
oxen and cart can be driven in at one side of a hill, half a 
mile through, and out at the other. In the county of Warren 
is another, which has been explored for seven miles, without 
finding the extremity. There are three natural fountains of 
bitumen, which, it is said, have proved a useful substitute for 
lamp oil. '' 

" In the state of Indiana, not far from Big Blue river, is a 
spacious cave, more than two miles in extent. The entrance 
is in the side of an elevated hill. Large quantities of Epsom 
salt, and salt petre, are found in this cave. Here numerous 
calcareous exudations are displayed in a variety of shapes, re- 
sembling artificial carvings. Bats inhabiting this cave are nu- 
merous ; and it is necessary for an adventurer who would ex- 
plore it, to preserve his torch or candle from extinguishment 
by those creatures, with a lantern. Within the tract called 
the barren., expanding in divers directions several miles, there 
are various other large caves ; ^n the bottoms of some of 
nhich flow streams of vrater, large enough to drive mills.— 

37» 



43e APPENDIX. 

There is in the county of Orange, a large stream, called Lo?b' 
rirer : — alter flowing several miles on the surface, the whole 
current suddenly sinks into the earth, and is never seen or 
heard of more. Ne.ir a creek that joins the Ohio, about a 
mile west of New- Albany, is aspriag, so strongly impregnated 
with sulphurated hydrogen gas, as to produce combustion, by 
placing a torch or lighted candle a little above the water. A- 
bout six miles norlhwe-;t of Corydon, near the Big Blue river, 
just above the base of an elevated hill, bursts from amidet the 
rocks, a cold sp'^ing which in the dryest seasons is copious 
enough to drive two pair of stones and a saw, in an elegant 
stone mill, built just by its mouth. There are many other 
spriniis of this description, cold as any well water, on which 
profitiible mills are built, within this^tate." 

The cateract of Niagara is esteemed the grandest object 
of the kind in the world. The distance of the falls above lake 
Ontario, is fourteen miles, and below lake Erie, twenty-three 
miles on the American side, twenty-one on the Canada side- 
At the distance of one ;uid three-quarter miles above the falls, 
the river begins to descend with a rapid and powerful current. 
At the falls, it turns with a right angle to the NE. and is sud- 
denly contracted in w^dth, iVom three to three-fourths of a mile. 
Below the falls, the river is only about one half mile wide, 
but Its depth is said to exceed 300 leet. The precipice over 
which the cateract descends, is formed by the brow of a vast 
bed of lime stone ; and the perpendicular descent, according 
to major Prescott's survey, is 151 feet. The descent is per- 
pendicular, except that the rocks are hallowed underneath 
the surface, particularly on the western side. The cateract 
is divided into two parts, by Goat or Iris island, which occu- 
pies one fifth or sixth of the whole breadth. The principal 
channel is on the western side, and is called the Horse-shoe 
fall, from its shape. The eastern channel is divided by an- 
other little island. The descent on the eastern side is greater 
by a ie,Yr feet than on the other, but the water is more shallow. 
The noise of these falls is frequently heard at York,^tifty miles 
distant ; and the cloud of vapour thrown, is seen seventy 
miles. The descent within ten miles is about 300 feet, and 
from lake Erie to lake Ontario, 329 feet. The quantity of 
water* discharged in an hour, is computed by Dr. Dwight, at 
102,093, 750j tons. The spray which rises from the water, 
serves as a medium for forming by the sun's rays the mest bril- 
iiant rainbows 



CHRONOLOGICAL 

T^^Bli; or CO^TSNT^. 

PART L 
CHAPTER L 

COMMENCEMEMT OF THE SETTLEMENT OF NFW-EXGLAND. 

14th C. Rise of John Wickliffe and the Puritan church P^^S ^3 

1608 Retreat of the church to Holland 

1619 Commenced their preparations to remove to America 

1620 Embarked for England, and from thence to America . 14 
Landed at Cape Cod, Nov. 20th 

Adventures and distresses of the Pilgrims 15 

1621 Adventures and distresses continued 16 



CHAPTER n, 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

1625 Sketch of the persecutions HI England IT 

162"? First patent, &c. 

Settlement at Salem 18 

1629 Patent confirmed by charter of Charles J. 

1630 Gov. Winthrop arrives in the colony 

1631 First general court, &;c. 

1632 Settlements rapidly progress, &c. 19 

1634 Fundamental principles of liberty guaranteed by ^ bill of 

rights 

1635 American slavery introduced 

First attempts to settle New Hampshire failed, 1629 20 

1638 Great earthquake 

1639 Originof a permaneet system of education. Harvard 

College 

1640 First general code of laws, styled "■ Body ©f Liberties'- -21 
1643 Confederacy of New-England 

CHAPTER in. 

CONNECTICUT. 

1630 First charter, Szc. 22 

1632 Connecticut river first explored by the English 
Sketchof the first settlements of the Dutch 

1636 First English settlements commence 33 
1639 First civil compact 

Causes that led t© the Pequot war 26 

War commenced 28- 

War ended 3J. 
i-638 Settlement of the g^ltny of Now Haven 

# 



440 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER IV. 

RHODE-ISLAND. 

Introduction 32 

1636 Roger Williams commences a settlement at Providence 33 

1638 Rhode-Island settled and a civil compact formed 

1640 Providence and Rhode Island associate 

1644 First patent obtained 

1647 First civil cede 34 

1652 Patent revoked by order of parliament 

1663 Charter granted by Ciiarles II. 

1686 Religious persecutions, civil revolutions, &c. 

CHAPTER V. 

GENERAL VIEW OF THE NATIVES OF NEW-ENGLAND, 

1675 Philip's war 39 

1678 Peace restored 43 

CHAPTER VI. 

NEW-HAMPSHIRK. 

1679 First charter of Charles n. 45 

1680 First legislative assembly. Proprietary claims, &;c. 46 
1686 Charter revoked by writs of quo warranto. Szc. 47 
1688 Revolution in England causes New-Hampshire to return 

to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts 48 

1692 Proprietary claims continued 

CH \PTER VII. 

NEW-HAMPSHIRE CONTINUED. KING WILLIAM's WAR. 

1690 Indian ravages commence. Schenectady burnt, vtc. 51 

1697 Failure of the French armada against N. England 

Proprietary elaims continued 

Peace icstored 52 

CHAPTER VIII. 

HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS CONTINUED. MASSACHUSETTS. 

1692 Introduction; new charter, &;c. 

Salem witchcraft 

1696 Lord Belomont succeeds sir Wm. Phipps ' 55 

1701 Gov. Dudley succeeds lord Bolomout. Queen Ann's war 

1704 Capture and destruction of Deerfield 56 

1710 Port Royal taken 

1711 Expedition against Quebec failed. Peace 57 
1714 Death of queen Ann and accession ef George I, &c, 

CHAPTER IX. 

HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS CONTINUED. 

1644 General affurs of Connecticut 58 

1662 Charter ef Charles II. embraces Connecticut and N. Havtn 



CONTENTS. 441 

1665 Colonies of Connecticut and New-Haven unite 5t 

1672 MS. laws of the colony first printed at Cambridge 59 

1674 Claims of N. Yorlc repelled at Saybrook by a military force 

1675 Philip's war 

1677 Controversy with Rhode-Island 

1685 Controversy with the crown, to vindicate chartered rights 
1689 Closed, and Connecticut retained her charter 
1694 Gov. Fletcher renews the claims of N. York upon Connec- 
ticut, and failed 
1798 Upper and lower house of assembly formed 61 

1708 Synod ©f Saybrook published their platform 
Yale College . 

CHAPTER X. 

MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW-HAMPSHIRE CONTINUED — f-OURTH INDIAN WAR. 

1717 Introduction — war commenced 6'2 

1726 Peace restored 

1729 Political divisions ©f Massachusetts recommence 

1740 Spanish war commenced ^^ 

1744 France joins with Spain in the war. Indian war 

1745 New England confederates for the capture of Louisburg 66 
Louisburg taken 1 'th of June ^H 

1746 Bold measures of France. Loss of her armanda, &;c. 68 

1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle upon the basis of uti possidetis 

1749 Indian peace ^'^ 

CHAPTER XI. 

GENERAL AFFAIRS OF THE COLONIES. 

Introduction 
1754 French and Indian war commences '^W 

General congress at Albany — plans of union proposed, k*-. 71 
iToS Campaign of 

Braddock's defeat, &c. 7.i 

1656 Campaign of "75 

Fall of Oswego 76 

1757 Campaign of 

■ Fort Wm. Henry taken by the French — general massacre 77 

CPIAPTER XII. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1758, IN AMERICA. 

Introduction 2^ 

1 758 Louisburg taken *^ 
Defeat of gen. Abercrombie before Ticonderoga ^'^ 
Capture of Frontenac — Duquesne, &c. ^ 

CHAPTER XIII. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1759. 

Introduction ^^ 
'759 Capture of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, (fee- 
siege of Quebec 82 — 8.^5 
Battle and fall of Quebec 88—8^ 



44e CONTEXTS. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

CAMPAICN OK 1760. 

1*60 General operations to recover Quebec 89 

Quebec relieved — Montreal taken, and the French war 
closed in America 90 

CHAPTER XV. 

GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS IN EUROPE TO PROSLECXTTE THE WAR, WITH A 
VIEW TO OBTAIN AN EQJTABLE PEACE. 

1761 Introduction--faniiIy compact, between France and Spain — 

chanjfe of Bniish mmistry * 91 

1762 War in the West Indies 92 
Capture of Havanna — Peace of Paris, 1763 93 

CHAPTER XVI. 

* INDIAN WAR. 

Introduclion 
ir63 General operations 94 

Peace 95 

CHAPTER XVn. 

-L*SQrEHA>\VAH CLAIMS CONTESTED BETWEEN COXNECTICUT AND 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Introduction 

1763 Wyoming: settler- "* 'cnuuenccd 95 
I7r3 Westmoreland St , oiit commenced — Conn, claims lost 97 

• 

CHAPTER XVni. 

VERMONT. 
l741 liuroductson— Bennington settled fS 

Controversy between 2s. York and X. Hampshire, about 
jurisdiction 
irr4 Controversy continued 100 

1775 Battle of Lexington suspends tiie controversy for a time 101 

1776 \'erniont declares her independence of New York and New- 

Hampshire ■ IOC 

Gov. Chittenden's correspondence with gen. Washington 
1790 Vermont settles her controversy with New York, and the 

next vrar i.-vins the federal union 103 

PART II. 
CHAPTER I. 

VIRGINIA. 

Introduction 
1607 Commencement of the settlement of Jamestown 107 

Adventures of captain Smith, Pocahontas, &c. 108 

General view of the colonv, ilicc. 



CONTENTS. 443 

1610 Lord Delaware commences his administration under tiie 

new charter 109 

CHAPTER IT. 

HERE COMMENCES THE HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. 

General view of the colony continued 
1619 Maidstown settled 112 

1621 First elective assembly in America ' 

1624 King James I. dissolved their charter 

1625 Charles I. succeeds his father, James I. and grants a new 

charter 114 

1653 Oliver Cromwell compels Virginia to submit to his govern- 
ment 11^ 

1660 Charles II. upon his accession, continued to oppress the 
colony 

J675 Indian war — rebellion, &c. — peace 

1579 Lord Culpepper commences his administration, and troubles 
continue 

1688 Upon the accession of Wm. and Mary to the crown of Eng- 
land, affairs became more prosperous 117 

CHAPTER in. 

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Introduction 

1584 Anecdote of Dr. Williamson. 119 

1585 AdventHrps of captain Lane 120 
1625 First charter granted by Charles I. 121 
1660 Charles II. declares this charter null and void, and grants 

a new charter 

CHAPTER IV. 

CAROLINA CONTINUED. 

Two settlements only, attempted in 60 years 122 

i667 The first general assembly held in Carolina 123 

1669 Port Royal settled under gov. Sayle 

Constitution of John Locke 
1671 Two governments formed 124 

1680 Attempts made to form a general staple, failed 

Mai administration and rebellion I*'* 

1695 Gov. Archdale restores order in the southern colony 126 

CHAPTER V. 

CAROLINA CONTINUED. 

Gov. Archdale softens the barbarous customs •£ the Indians 

Reformed the governments of both colonies 128 

1690 A sweeping sickness destroys the Indians 
1700 North and South Carolina distinctly named 

Laws of Carolina not yet printed 129 

.1704 Rice and tar become the first staples 
\1705 Religion began to be encouraged 

Carey's rebellion 13® 



444 CONTENTS. * 

CHAPTER VI. 

CAROLINA CONTINUED. 

1690 French Huguenot colony 13 1 

1709 German colony, speculation, ice. 13* 

1711 Indian massacre, and Indian war KM 

17 12 Peace restored, and the Tuscaroras removed to join the 

Five Nations 135 

1717 General state of Carolina 136 

CHAPTER VII. 

CAROLINA CONTINUED. 

1722 General state of the northern colony 137 

1725 General state of the southern colony 13S 

1774 General state of both colonies 139 

CHAPTER VIII. 

CAROLINA CONTINUED. 

l754 General view of the several emigrations into Carolina 140 — 1 

CHAPTER IX. 

NEW YORK — ITS DISCOVERY — RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. 

1608 Henry Hudson discovers the country 142- 

1614 Settlements commence. &c. 

1664 General view of the colony, to the grant of Charles II. to 

the duke of York 144 

Taken by the English, and named in honor of the duke tf 

Yoik and Albany 14$ 

1667 Confirmed to the English by the peace of Breda 
1673 Retaken by the Dutch 
1764 Restored to the English by the peace of Westminster 

General view of the colony 14^ 

CHAPTER X. 

NEW YORK CONTINUED. 
ITOI General view of the colony continued, to the peace of Paris, 
1763 

CHATER XI. 

RISE AND PROGRESS OF NEW JERSEY. 
1664 Recapitulation of the view taken under N. York. 154 

1673 Conquered by the Dutch — civil divisions, &;c. 155 

1674 Restored to the English by the peace of Westminster 
1676 Divided into East and West Jersey, and the latter conveyeil 

to New York 
General view of the colony continued 

CHAPTER XII. 

RISE AND PROGRESS OF DELAWARE. 

i«27 General Tiew of the colony to the peace of Paris, 1763 158 



CONTENTS. 44^ 

CHAPTER XIII. 

RISE ^ND PROGRESS OF PENNSYLVANIA, TO THE PEACE OF 

PARIS, 1763. 

1,781 Granted to Wra. Penn.by king Charles II. JS8 

General view of the colony to the commencement of the 

revolution, 1775 166 

CHAPTER XIV. 

RISE AND PROGRESS OF MARYLAND, &C. 
1631 First patent of Charles I. to lord Baltimore, He. 

General view of the colony, to the revolution, 1776 17 1 

CHAPTER XV. 

RISE AND PROGRESS OF GEORGIA, TO THE AMERICAN REVOLU- 
TION. 

1732 Charter of king George II. 

1733 First settlement commenced 172 
General view of the colony, to the year 1798 !7" 

PART III. 

CHAPTER I. 

CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIO^- 
•1764 *A general view of the oppressive acts of Britain, (o th« 

recall of governor Bernard .^8,7 

CHAPTER II. 

CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, CONTINUEJL). 
1.770 General viev/ of affairs, from tlie Boston massacre, to. the 

Boston port bill 192 

CHAPTER HI. 

CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, CONTIKUEl>. 

1774 First general congress at Philadelphia, general doings, &c. 
Session of parliament, &;c. — speech of earl Chatham i9'4 

1775 Battle of Lexington 19!; 

CHAPTER IV. 

AMERICAN REVOLUTION CONTINUED, FROM THE BATTLE ©F LEJC ' 

INGTON TO THE FALL OF MONTGOMERY BEFORE Q.UEBEO. 
f 775 Circular address of the provincial congress of Mass. 290 

Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point 20,1 

Battle of Bunker hill 20^. 

Meeting of the second congress at Philadelphia^-^Tijpporiit- 

ment of gen. Washington • <2fJ!* 

38 



4i& CONTENTS. 

1775 General view of afFairs 206 
Expedition of colonel Arnold, &c. — gen. Montgomery, &c, 209 
Capture of St. Johns, Montreal, &c. 

Attempt made to storm Quebec — d«ath of gen. Montgora- 

erj, &c. . . 210 

CHAPTER V. 

REVOLUTrON CONTINUED, FROM THE FALL OF BIONTGOMERY TO 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
■1775 General operations in America, continued 211 

3776 General movements in Europe to prosecute the war in 

America 214 

Siege and defence of Charleston, (S. C.) 215 

Declaration of Independence 

CHAPTER VI. 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED — CAPTURE OF NEW-YORK — EXPEDITION 

INTO NEW-JERSEY, &;C. 

1776 General movements 216 
Battle of Long Island 219 
Capture of New -York by the British 221 
Battle of White Plains — capture of fort Washington, Sec. 222 
Retreat into New-Jersey 

Battle of Trenton— Battle of Princeton, &c. 22.'i 

British expedition to Danbury 224 

CHAPTER VII. 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED EVACUATION OF CANADA FAIL OF 

BURGOYNE CAPTURE OF PHILADELPHIA. 

1776 Retreat of the Americans out of Canada 2.24 

Naval victory on lake Champlain 225 

Humanity of sir Guy Carlton towards American prisoners 

l(rt'7 Gen. Burgoyne succeeds sir Guy Carlton, and invades the 
slate of New-York 
Capture of Crown Point and Ticonderoga 

Bailie of Castleton 226 

Capture of fort Ann 227 

Story of Jano McCrea 

Capture of fort i^dv/ard 228 

X^xpcdition of St. Ledger, &c. 229 

Bati le of Bennington 23© 

Battle of Stillwater 231 

ij^aptv-rc of West Point 

Battle of Stillwater — death of gon. Frazer " 232 

Burgoyjie retreats to Saratoga 

Capture of Burgoyne and. ail his army 233 

Esopus burnt 

F.xpedition of general Howe 234 

Battle of Brandywine 
Capt»re of FhiJadelphia — battle of Gerrartntown, &c. ^?> 



CONTENTS. 44^ 

CHAPTER VIII. 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED— PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS MILI- 
TARY OPERATIONS, &C. 

iTfT President Hancock retires from the chair 235 

Hon. Henry Laurens succeeds him — general doings of con- 
gress 236 

1778 Treaty of alliance with France 237 

Toulon fleet sails for America 
Earl of Chatham dies 

Naval war between France and England 238 

Adventure of marquis La Fayette 239 

British commissioneis, &c. 

Gen. Clinton evacuates Philadelphia 241 

Gen. Washington with his army pursues 
Gen, Gates with his army arrives at Fishkill 
Gen. Washington prepares to attack the enemy 242 

Battle of Monmouth 243 

Toulon fleet arrives off" the capes of the Delaware, lands 

T'rench minister 244 

Blockades the British fleet at Sandy Hook 
Sails to co-operate with gen. Sullivan against Rhode Island 
Naval action, &c. 245 

Retires to Boston to refit 

Gen. Sullivan evacuates Rhode Island > 24G 

Expedition of sir Henry Clinton and lord Howe 
Extract from gen. Washington's letter 

CHAPTER IX. 

GENERAL OPERATIONS OF THE REVOLUTION, CONTINUED, 
1778 Aff'air of British commissioners and Mr. Reed 247 

Declaration of congress 248 

French minister accredited in due form 
Gen. La Fayette obtains leave to return to France 
Indian and tory cruelties at Wyoming 249 

Expedition of colonel Clark 250 

Expeditions of gen. Gray and capt. Ferguson 
Arrival of admiral Graves — sails for Boston 251 

Count de Estaing sails for the West Indies 
Expedition of col. Wm. Butler — also of col. John Butler 
General operations in Georgia 252 

Gen. Lincoln takes the command of the American army at 

the south 253 

General operations continued 

Gen. Prescott invades Charleston 255 

Overtures of the civil authority of Charleston 256 

Gen. Lincoln, by forced marches, raises the siege of Charles- 
ton 25i» 
Successful movements of the enemy in Virginia and else- 
where 
1779 Second expedition of col. €lark against the Indian's 257 



448 



CONTENTS. 



f 



ITYP Marauding expedition from New-York into Connecticut 
Capture of Stony Point by gen. Wayne 
Expedition of gen. Sullivan against the Indians 
Naval exploit of John Paul Jones 



258 .■*.{ 
250 



CHAPTER X. 



GENERAL OPERATIONS OF THE REVOLUTION, CONTINUED. 



Southern war continued 
British evacuate Rhode-Island 

1780 Sir Henry Clinton sails from New York — arrives and lays 

siege to Charleston 
Fall of Charleston — gen. Gates takes the command 
Southern war continued 
Operations from New York 
Gen. La Fayette returns from France — sir Henry Clinton 

returns to New Yoik 
French fleet arrives at Newport, R. I. 
Movements of sir Henry Clinton and gen. Washington 
Operations in the south continued — buttle of Camden 
Gen, Greene takes command in the south 

1781 Battle of Cowpens— Battle of Guilford 
Operations in Virgmia 

Southern war continued 
Operations in Virgmia continued 
Marquis La Fayette takes the command 
General movements 



26^ 
260 



264 n 




268 i 
269 



270 

271 



CHATER XL 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED. 

1780 Adventures in the north— detection of Arnold 
Fate of Andre 

Remarks of gen. Washington— adventures of sergeant 

Champe 
Congress reward the captors of Andre 
Expedition of Arnold into Virginia 
Death of admiral De Terney, at Rhode Island 

1781 General movements in the north 
Admiral De Barras arrives at Newport 

Conference of American and French officers at Wethers- 
field 
French army joins gen. Washington at White Plains 
Movement against New York 
Count de Grasse arrives in the Chesapeake bay 
French fleet sails from Newport to join him 
Naval battle off the Chesapeake 
Allied armies move to the south 
Gen. Washington's general orders before Yorktown 
General operations of the siege 
Fall of Yorktown, and capture of lord Cornwallis 
General expressions of joy, gratitude and praise t© Go^ 



273 

274 
277 

27« 
27? 

280 



2S0 



282 
283 
284 

285 



CONTENTS. 44?' 

Doings of congress, &c, 

Address of Mons. de Bandole ^^^ 

CHAPTER XII. 

REVOLUTION CONTINUED. 

1781 Marauding expedition of mold into Connecticut 28^ 
Adventures of the southern war continued 289 
Battle of Eutaw Springs, &c. 29® 

1782 Letters of genera) Greene 

Letters of baron Steuben 291 

Negotiation for a general peace at Paris 292 
General meeting in the army of general Washington 

1783 Peace of Paris announced by marquis La Fayette 294 
Order of Cmcinnati 298 
Circular of gen. Washington 

General Washington's farewell orders 279 

Evacuation of New York " • 

Parting scene between gen. Washington and his principal 

officers 
Gen. Washington resigns liis commission to congress 
Definitive treaty arrives in America 29o 

Remarks on Part III. 29f 

PART IV. 
CHAPTER I. 

CAUSES THAT LED TO A CHANGE IN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE U. STATKS, 

1783 Commercial competitions 303 

1784 Doings of congress 

1785 Further proceedings of congress — Mission of John Adams 

to Great Britain 
Proceedings at the British court 304 

1786 Doings of Virginia — Convention at Annapolis, &c. 

1787 Doings of Congress, &c. 

General convention at Philadelphia, to frame a new consti- 
tution 39i> 
New constitution transmitted to congress, &c. 

1788 Constitution adopted by eleven states — George Washing- 

ton chosen president, and John Adams vice president. 30(5 

CHAPTER n. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT — ORIGIN OF PARTY. 

1789 Congress convened at New-York 
President Washington inducted into office 
Proceedings of Congress 

Particular resolutions, &c. — Congress adjourn — Remarks 308 
President Washington's northern tour 
'175§ Congress convener-President's speech, kc 3G9 

Report of the secretary of the treasury 
Articles of the report, v%c. 31* 



' 



450 CONTENTS. 

ir90 Debates of congress — Report accepted, and funding system 

introduced 311 

Happy effects of these measures upon public credit 
Congress adjourn to meet at Philadelphia 
Negotiations and treaty with the Creek Indians 
Causes that led to a war with the north western Indians 
Congress convene agreeable to adjournment 312 

Secretary of the treasury reports — warm debate — report 

carried 
National bank — warm debates- northern and southern in- 
Jfcterests displayed 313 

Bill passed- -party strife— important question of party 
1/91 Congress adjourn— -party spirit in congress becomes na- , 
tional * 

CHAPTER m. 

• ISBlm WAR— AFFAIRS OF GOVERNMENT, &C. 

1^91 Military operations eommerice — gen. Harmer's defeat- 
gen. St. r lair succeeds him 34L| 
President's tour to the south, &c. 

Military operations recemmence under gen. St. Clair 315 

Congress convene— president's speech 
Doings of congre^ 
Mew military system 316" 

Gen. St. Clair's defeat-— court of enquiry 
iTP2 Doinars of conore.-s—s'en. Wavne succeeds tren. St. Clair 318 
Conzress adjourn-— remarks— -president's letters to heads 

of departments 
Disaffection in the western counties of Pennsylvania 326 

Congref^s convene— president's speech— Doings of congress 
Final proceedings 
1703 Doings of congress — Mr. Giles resolutions — congress ad- 
journ 
Party name?, federalist democrat— remarks 322 

President Washington and vice-president Adams re-elected 
Indian affiirs - afiairs of the French revolution 
The president convenes his cabinet council---Issues a proc- 
lamation of neutrality 323 
Mr. Genet arrives in America ; authorises a system of pri- 
vateering 
Arrives at Philadelphia, and is accredited by the president 

—new cabinet council 324 

Further proceedings of Mr. Genet « 

Mr. Genet succeeded by Mr. Fauchet 325 

Congress convene 32ti 

ir94 Secretary Jefferson resigns, and is succeeded by ^L•. Ran- 
dolph 
Depredations of Algiers upon the American commerce 
Congress proceed to authorise the building of six frigates 
Depredations of France and England- -general embargo 32/ 
Mr, Jay appointed minister to Great Britain, to negotiate 
a commercial treaty 



CONTENTS. 451 

Indian war progresses— -battle at the rapids of the Miami 

of the lake, or iVIaumee 
Congress convene —president's speech 329 

Secretary Hamilton resigns, and is succeeded by Oliver 

Wolcott 
The secretary at war, gen. Knox, resigns, and is succeed- 
ed by colonel Pickering 
Mr. Jay succeeds in negotiating a treaty with G. Britain 
1.795 President, with advice of the senate, ratifies the treaty 320 

Effects that result- treaty with Algiers —treaty with Spain 
1796 Mr. Adet, successor to Mr. Fauchet 

The president declines another election 

Mr. Adams chosen president and Mr. Jefferson vice pres't 332 

President Washington retires to private life 

CHAPTER IV. 

PRESIDENT ADAMs' ADMINISTRATION. 

-1.797 President Adams inducted into ofiice— judge Marshairs 
remarks 
Difficulties with France 333 

1798 Provisional army 334 

Death of president Washington, in Dec— doings of con- 
gress, and the nation 

1800 Congress adjourned 
Peace with Franc;6 

Electioneering campaign- Mr. Jefferson appointed presi- 
dent by congfess —Mr. Burr becomes vice president 
Causes supposed to have defeated Mr. Adaras' re-election 

1801 Mr. Jefferson's inaugural speech 33t 
Doings of congress 33|p 

X803 Collisions with Spain— purchase of Louisiana 

Tripolitan war 
3804 General Eaton's expedition — peace with Tripoli 33f) 

Mr. Jefferson re-elected president and Mr. ( linton V. P. 

Impeachment of judge Chase 
1806 Burr's expedition, &c.— Trial 340 

British and French restrictions on neutral commerce 341 

American embargo 

1809 Mr. Jefferson declined a re-election- Mr. Madison chosen 

1810 Controversy with the belligerents of Europe continued 34^2 
1812 Declaration of war . 344 

CHAPTER V. 

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN". 

'4812 Invasion of Canada 

Detroit taken by the British 34^ 

Trial of gen. Hull 

Naval affairs, &c. 

War on Canada frontier renewed — battle ©f Qu^e.RStown 340 

Frontier v^^ar continued 349 

1^13 Naval war renewed 35O* 



4^2 CONTENTS. 

CHAPJER VI. 

BRITISH WAR CONTINUES, &C. 

British ravages in the Chesapeake ^254 

Frontier war continued 355 

Perry's victory ' 357 

-l«il4 Loss of the frigate Essex 358 
Negotiations for peace 

Canada war continued 359 

Macdonough's victory 366^ 
Invasion of the Chesapeake continued 

The British take the city of Washington under gen. Ross 361 
They commence an attack upon Baltimore, but were de- 
feated with the loss of gen. Ross, killed 

British depredations upon the sea coast of New England 362 

-11^13 Doings of Mass. general court —Hartford Convention 

British prepare to attack New Orleans 363 

Jackson''s victory 364 

Capture of the frigate President 365 



o 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Introduction 3fiS 

Sketches of their several histories , 368 to 37-T 

Remarks on Part IV. 



ERRATA. 

page line 

75 18 from bottom, for preparations read operation?; 

(87 18 bottom, for Poarquoi read Pourquoi. 
132 4 bottom, add, their arrival in Carolind, 

143 1 ■ bottom, for 1727 read 1627. 

154 10 bottom, for has read have. 
175 9 top, for settlers read settlements, 

255 16 top, for make read made 

261 12 bottom, for who read whose. 

299 12 bottom, for were read where. 

310 3 top, for popular read peculiar. 

333 7 top, for designed read designated. 

353 15 bottom, for cannonade read carron^^de. 

423 1 top, for may be read makes. 

425 19 top, for allusion read illusioni 

431 23 bottom, for upon read tijiS^''^i»^ 



Peace with Grsat Britain ' i 

War with the Barbary Powers — peace 366 

National Bank 
11310 Mr. Madison declines a re-election — Mr. Monroe elected 

Florida ceded to the United States 367 

)821 Mr. Monroe and Mr. Tompkins re-elected 
3 825 Mr. J. Q. Adams elected president and Mr. Calhoun V. P. 

CHAPTER VII. 



4ff2 CONTENTS. 

CHAPJER VI. \ 

BRITISH WAR CONTINUES, &C. ) 

British ravages in the Chesapeake ^4 } 

Frontier war continued 355 

Perry's victory ' 35*< i 

^Uil4 Loss of the frigate Essex 358 | 

Negotiations for peace '.i 

Canada war continued 359 s 

Macdonough's victory 360^ s 

Invasion of the Chesapeake continued 'i 

The British take the city of Washington under gen. Ross 361 i 

They commence an attack upon Baltimore, but were de- . I 

feated with the loss of gen. Ross, killed ] 

British depredations upon the sea coast of New England 362 jj 

-1^13 Domgs of Mass. general court —Hartford Convention ; 

British prepare to attack New Orleans 363 ' j 

Jackson's victory 364 'i 

Capture of the frigate President 365 ^ 

Peace with Great Britain i 

War with the Baroary Powers — peace 366 j 

National Bank '• 

;1310 Mr. Madison declines a re-election — Mr. Monroe elected "t 

Florida ceded to the United States 367 }{ 

}821 Mr. Monroe and Mr. Tompkins re-elected ' < 

"3823 Mr. J. Q. Adams elected president and Mr. Calhoun V. P. 

CHAPTER VII. 



SOUTHKU.V AND WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Introduction 36.; 

Sketches of their several histories . 368 to 37 

Remarks on Part IV, 



ERRATA. 

from bottom, for preparations read operationf. 
bottom, for Poarquoi read Pourquoi. 
bottom, add, their arrival in Carolina^ 
bottom, for 1727 read 1627. 
bottom, for has read have, 
top, for settlers read settlements, 
top, for make read made 
bottom, for v.'ho read whose, 
bottom, for were read where, 
top, for popular read peculiar, 
top, for designed read designated, 
bottom, for cannonade read carroni^de, 
top, for may be read makes, 
top, for allusion read illusion.' 
bottom, for upon read t>|*5B»^|^ 



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12 


299 


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3 


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7 


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15 


423 


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425 


19 


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